• The majority of interleukins are synthesized by CD4 helper T-lymphocytes, as well as through monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Programmed death 1 (PD-1) is an immunoreceptor of the CD28/CTLA-4 family whose expression is induced in activated T- and B-cells and in macrophages ( 1 , 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Lymphocytes, alveolar macrophages and endothelial cells contain PDE IV and PDE III, and in addition, PDE I is measured in macrophages and PDE II in endothelial cells. (ersjournals.com)
  • Corresponding to isoenzyme analysis, it was demonstrated that both PDE III and PDE IV have to be inhibited for complete suppression of either tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) release from macrophages, or lymphocyte proliferation (PDE III/IV cells). (ersjournals.com)
  • CH25H manifestation was interferon-dependent and induced by SIV disease in monkey-derived PBMC and macrophages cells, and 25-HC inhibited SIV disease both in permissive cell lines and major monkey lymphocytes. (iassist2012.org)
  • Cat's claw has been shown to stimulate production of interleukin-1 and -6 in alveolar macrophages, suggesting a strong immunostimulant effect. (drcshaw.com)
  • CD40 molecule involved in regulation of B-cell growth, differentiation and Isotype-switching of Ig and up-regulates adhesion molecules on dendritic cells as well as promotes cytokine production in macrophages and dendritic cells. (opioid-receptors.com)
  • They are produced by cells of the innate immune system such as neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. (mhmedical.com)
  • 2 Macrophages' other roles include removal of senescent cells, antigen presentation, immune-regulation, and tissue repair. (mhmedical.com)
  • While leptin appears to be involved in the regulation of T lymphocytes, IL-6 activity may specifically lead to the proliferation and differentiation of macrophages, which are involved in both inflammation and tissue repair [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Peyote extract (0.18-18 micro g/mL) activated nitric oxide production by murine macrophages, and stimulated up to 2.4-fold proliferation of murine thymic lymphocytes. (mescaline.com)
  • IL-11 is an anti-inflammatory factor that can inhibit inflammation by directly acting on macrophages and NK cells. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • Dendritic cells and macrophages found in large quantities at the corticomedullary junction arise from mesodermal tissues (bone marrow). (medscape.com)
  • Our results indicate that several dozens of proteins for each cell type, are PE-lipoxidated in HT-22, MLE, and H9c2 cells and M2 macrophages after they were induced to undergo ferroptosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Enhances dendritic cell immunogenicity by affecting dendritic cell costimulatory molecule expression and cytokines and chemokines secretion (By similarity). (qedbio.com)
  • RANK (receptor) was originally identified as a dendritic cell-membrane protein, which, by interacting with RANKL, augments the ability of dendritic cells. (moviplans.com)
  • These dendritic cells then stimulate naïve T-cell proliferation in a mixed lymphocyte reaction, promote the survival of RANK+ T-cells, and regulate T-cell-dependent immune response. (moviplans.com)
  • Desk 2 Anti\cytotoxic T\lymphocyte antigen\4 (CTLA\4) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) augment alloimmune response of individual T cells in secondary combined lymphocyte response (MLR) Anti\CTLA\4 mAbs were also added to main MLR of peripheral blood T lymphocytes against allogeneic monocyte\derived dendritic cells, acquired by tradition of purified peripheral blood monocytes with GM\CSF and IL\4 for 7 days. (technuc.com)
  • CD40 also expressed on dendritic cells and CD34+ hemopoietic cell progenitor. (opioid-receptors.com)
  • Vitamin D is known to have immunomodulatory effects on T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and dendritic cells. (holtorfmed.com)
  • One of the most compelling ways vitamin D suppresses autoimmunity and subsequent tissue destruction is through dendritic cells (DCs). (holtorfmed.com)
  • Dendritic cells aid in protective immunity through mature DCs activating T cells. (holtorfmed.com)
  • Dendritic cells also help with self-tolerance as immature DCs promote T cell tolerance. (holtorfmed.com)
  • Active vitamin D inhibits the maturation of dendritic cells, allowing them to maintain a tolerogenic property and avoid the activation of markers such as MHC class II, CD40, CD80, and CD86. (holtorfmed.com)
  • Skin-resident dendritic cells act as a first line of defense, ingesting foreign substances, processing them, and presenting them to lymphocytes to activate the immune system. (ernolaszlo.com)
  • The lymphocytes' selection process and developmental progression are influenced by direct contact between the TCR-CD3 complex on the thymocyte and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-antigen complex on thymic epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes. (medscape.com)
  • Gene expression experiments indicated that CARD9, BNIP3(L), TNFRSF-1B, and TNFRSF-25 genes are highly expressed in Ramos BL cells following treatment with CDBPA. (longdom.org)
  • Jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) generate a diverse repertoire of B and T cell antigen receptors through the rearrangement of immunoglobulin V, D, and J gene fragments, whereas jawless fish (agnathans) assemble diverse lymphocyte antigen receptor genes through the genomic rearrangement of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) - encoding molecules. (scielo.br)
  • CTCF regulates many genes very important to regulations of advancement [5, 6]. (opioid-receptors.com)
  • VDREs also contain the receptors for 1,25(OH)2D and regulate the expression of certain genes. (holtorfmed.com)
  • The structural and functional similarity of leptin with IL-6 has led to the leptin receptor regulates the expression of certain genes that also target IL-6 signaling, which indicates a certain amount of interaction between the two molecules [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Additionally, RNA-seq was employed to compare the differences in gene expression profiles between the two cultures, facilitating the identification of pathways and genes associated with cell aging. (bvsalud.org)
  • Moreover, bioreactor-cultured cells differ significantly from planar cultures in the expression of genes associated with the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix. (bvsalud.org)
  • Genes up-regulated in B lymphocytes stimulated by anti-IgM for 12h: wildtype versus ZFX [GeneID=7543] knockout. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • IL-11 can regulate the expression of plasma protein genes in hepatocytes and induce acute phase protein production. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • The mutated genes responsible for this proliferation are called cancer genes, or oncogenes, but this is a misnomer. (the-scientist.com)
  • Meanwhile, more-appropriately named tumor suppressor genes recognize the illegitimate activation of proliferation-driving genes and hit the brakes. (the-scientist.com)
  • These genes recognize and stop the illegitimate activation of proliferation-driving genes. (the-scientist.com)
  • Yet another group of genes associated with cancer formation regulates programmed cell death, or apoptosis. (the-scientist.com)
  • The normal function of the proteins expressed by these genes is to recognize superfluous, damaged, aged, or aberrant cells that must be eliminated. (the-scientist.com)
  • The importance of apoptosis is exemplified by the vertebrate adaptive immune system, in which B lymphocytes, as they differentiate from their precursor cells, rearrange the DNA of immunoglobulin genes to generate a vast number of potential antibodies. (the-scientist.com)
  • Subsequent differentiation allows for rear- analysis of a set of mouse B lineage cell lines rep- rangements of the Ig light-chain (IgL) genes that replace the resenting defined stages of B cell development us- surrogate light-chain genes on the surface of the B cell [8]. (lu.se)
  • To reduce the risk of analyzing cell line- pathway can be divided into distinct stages based on the specific features, we used several representative cell lines for recombination status of the Ig genes and on the expression each of four major stages in B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, pattern of surface markers and the presence of intracellular proteins [1- 6]. (lu.se)
  • 2009) and control cell proliferation, survival and cytokine production in non-excitable tissues (Kawashima and Fujii, 2008). (heparin-cofactor-ii-precursor-fragment-homo-sapiens.com)
  • 2015). Previously we showed that α7 nAChRs are required for B lymphocyte survival during differentiation in the bone marrow (Skok et al. (heparin-cofactor-ii-precursor-fragment-homo-sapiens.com)
  • Purified B cells were cultured ex lover vivo in the absence or presence of stimuli of NB-598 hydrochloride B cell survival, proliferation, and activation. (mingsheng88.org)
  • We next investigated the potential involvement of Sox5 up-regulation in the survival, proliferation and activation of B lymphocytes. (mingsheng88.org)
  • Next, we summarize various cytokines produced by adipocytes that regulate the survival, activation and differentiation of B cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • To be able to know how CTCF regulates the cell development and survival, it's important to further research the function of CTCF in stress-induced signaling and loss of life pathways in a variety of cell and tissues types. (opioid-receptors.com)
  • In target cells rapamycin binds to the cytoplasmic receptor FK506-binding protein-12, which is a serine threonine-specific protein kinase that regulates cell growth, proliferation, survival, mobility, and angiogenesis.mTOR regulates the downstream signaling pathways involved in cell survival, such as the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase signaling pathway. (veeprho.com)
  • In addition to its roles in the regulation of inflammatory diseases and the maintenance of local immune cells, CCL5 expressed by cancer cells plays diverse roles in shaping cancer microenvironments toward their own survival. (nature.com)
  • Zfx-deficient B cells showed normal proximal BCR signaling, but impaired BCR-induced proliferation and survival. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Upregulate the expression in various malignant diseases, and play a role in promoting cancer proliferation, tumor survival and metastasis by activating JAK / STAT3, RAS / ERK, PI3K / mTOR and other signaling pathways. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • Although NK precursors and immature NK cells have been identified in mice and humans, the precise sites where NK cell maturation take place are not yet fully defined. (scielo.br)
  • In the presence of human IL-17A, fibroblasts can sustain the proliferation of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors and induce maturation into neutrophils. (thermofisher.com)
  • The epithelial cells and these other stromal tissues of the thymus influence the selection and maturation of the T lymphocytes. (medscape.com)
  • and tumor necrosis factor, which activates cytotoxic T lymphocytes 1 The magnitude of chemokine and cytokine expression are related to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP). (mhmedical.com)
  • RANKL, which is expressed in a variety of cells, including osteoblasts, fibroblasts, activated T-cells and bone marrow stromal cells, is also capable of interacting with a decoy receptor called OPG. (moviplans.com)
  • Conditional Zfx deletion in the bone marrow blocked B cell development at the pre-BCR selection checkpoint. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Interleukin (IL) -11 is an IL-6 family cytokine found in primate bone marrow stromal cells with a molecular weight of 23KD. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • For the reconstruction of bone marrow hematopoietic function after bone marrow transplantation and radiotherapy Sexual blood cell deficiency is of great value. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • IL-11 used in vivo can effectively shorten the period of bone marrow suppression, accelerate the recovery of white blood cells and platelets. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • Castration of normal male mice induces expansion of the bone marrow B cell population, an effect that can be reversed by androgen replacement. (jci.org)
  • Immature B cells from normal mouse bone marrow were not responsive to the suppressive effect of androgens unless they were cocultured with marrow stromal cells or with supernatants from androgen-treated stromal cells, suggesting that the androgen effects are exerted through marrow stromal elements by production of a diffusible mediator. (jci.org)
  • Further experiments revealed that bone marrow stromal cells produced TGF-β in response to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and neutralization of TGF-β in the DHT-treated stromal cells reversed the suppressive effects. (jci.org)
  • The stromal cell requirement for androgen-mediated effects was confirmed in vivo by experiments using chimeric animals created by bone marrow transplantation in which androgen receptor expression was restricted to either the stromal or lymphoid cells of the bone marrow. (jci.org)
  • These experiments suggest that effects of androgens on developing B cells are mediated through androgen receptors in bone marrow stromal cells. (jci.org)
  • Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that gonadal steroids exert effects on the development of B cells in bone marrow. (jci.org)
  • Androgens also exert effects on B cell development in bone marrow. (jci.org)
  • In the normal thymus, bone marrow-derived precursor cells destined to become thymocytes (or T lymphocytes) enter the thymus at the corticomedullary junction and differentiate as they pass through the thymus. (medscape.com)
  • Cancer cells, particularly those arising from the bone marrow or lymphatic system, may have a short generation time, and there usually are a smaller percentage of cells in G0 (resting phase). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Leukocytes are produced in stem cells in bone marrow. (lu.se)
  • B lymphocyte development is a highly ordered process pro- expression analysis without the use of intermediate amplifica- ceeding from the progenitor cells in the bone marrow (BM) to tion steps. (lu.se)
  • Moreover, other scientific studies have revealed how artemisinin stimulates TH1 immune pathway by activating the generation of T helper lymphocytes (CD4 and CD8), NK and IFN-gamma in both the spleen and circulation. (artennua.com)
  • Compelling evidence has however shown that without the assistance of the helper T lymphocytes, it is indeed difficult for the "helpless" B cells to become functional enough to trigger SLE-related inflammation. (hindawi.com)
  • T helper (Th) 2 cells, which recruit and accumulate in the lungs and produce a range of different effector cytokines. (cdc.gov)
  • However, more recent studies have revealed the potential collaboration of other helper T cells and their cytokines in this process. (cdc.gov)
  • The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the possible roles of newly identified helper T cells derived cytokines (IL-9, 17, 22, 25 and IL-33) in asthma. (cdc.gov)
  • ABSTRACT To test the role of T helper cell Th1 immunity we recruited 24 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenia associated with H. pylori seropositivity. (who.int)
  • Finally, and importantly, blockade of the connection of CTLA\4 with its ligands using Toceranib soluble anti\CTLA\4 mAbs, in undamaged form or as Fab fragments, Toceranib enhanced T\cell activation in several polyclonal or alloantigen\specific CD80\ or CD80/CD86\dependent assays, as measured by cytokine production, cellular proliferation or cytotoxic reactions. (technuc.com)
  • Number 5 Blocking anti\cytotoxic T\lymphocyte antigen\4 (CTLA\4) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) increase cytokine production inside a polyclonal CD80\dependent T\cell activation assay. (technuc.com)
  • In eosinophils (PDE IV cells) platelet-activating factor (PAF)-induced chemotaxis or C5a-stimulated degranulation are only weakly inhibited by rolipram alone. (ersjournals.com)
  • In these cells, IL-21 does not promote proliferation but enhances apoptosis and chemotaxis. (intechopen.com)
  • The affect for cross-cell communication with out stimulating chemotaxis is an intriguing mode, which may be utilised a lot more in alignment with intracellular signalling or to provide comparable or other cytokine molecules. (translateinthetownships.com)
  • Canonically, IL-15 is recognized to stimulate the proliferation of T lymphocytes in adaptive immunity.Int. J. Mol. (translateinthetownships.com)
  • The adaptive immune response consists of T cell-mediated cellular immunity and B cell-mediated humoral immunity. (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, adipocytes play an important role in B cell-mediated adaptive immunity. (frontiersin.org)
  • This review describes how adipocytes participate in adaptive immunity from the perspective of T cells and B cells, and discusses their role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • There are two main mechanisms in the adaptive immune system-humoral immunity and cellular immunity, which are mediated by antibodies and cells respectively. (frontiersin.org)
  • The T and B cells are the major components of adaptive immunity. (frontiersin.org)
  • Adipocytes can regulate adaptive immunity, which is involved with various metabolic diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Since there have been many reports on the regulation of metabolic diseases through adaptive immunity ( 9 - 11 ), we focus on how adipocytes regulate adaptive immunity in this review. (frontiersin.org)
  • First, we introduce adipocytes as APCs to participate in T cell-mediated adaptive immune response. (frontiersin.org)
  • Emerging evidences suggest that artemisinin and its derivatives possesses an immunomodulatory effect during either innate and adaptive immune responses in diverse cell types. (artennua.com)
  • During the process of airway inflammation, complex interactions of innate and adaptive immune cells as well as structural cells and their cytokines have many important roles. (cdc.gov)
  • Deficiencies are highly variable with regard to symptoms, phenotype, genotype, severity, etc, because many cells and molecules are required for both natural and adaptive immunity . (lu.se)
  • Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is produced by activated T cells and it plays many diverse roles by regulating the functions of normal and abnormal cells. (intechopen.com)
  • Abnormal cell division is a hallmark of tumor cells. (the-scientist.com)
  • In comparison with healthy subjects, a number of studies have demonstrated that T cells isolated from patients with SLE are abnormal, with regard to their phenotypes and functions [ 4 , 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • 2003. Identification of an abnormal beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test. (cdc.gov)
  • Patients with thymoma may experience dysregulation of the lymphocyte negative and positive selection process leading to abnormal proliferation, autoimmunity, and/or immunodeficiency. (medscape.com)
  • Binding of soluble OPG to sRANKL inhibits osteoclastogenesis by interrupting the signaling between stromal cells and osteoclastic progenitor cells, thereby leading to excess accumulation of bone and cartilage. (moviplans.com)
  • Enhances CD4+ T-cell differentiation and proliferation (PubMed:20959412). (qedbio.com)
  • Thus, in the presence of CD80+ cells, blockade of relationships between CD80 and CTLA\4 enhances polyclonal T\cell reactions. (technuc.com)
  • Number 6 Blocking the cytotoxic T\lymphocyte antigen\4 (CTLA\4)CCD80/CD86 connection enhances T\cell proliferation and cytotoxic reactions. (technuc.com)
  • CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate that our microcarrier-bioreactor culture method enhances the proliferation efficiency of hUC-MSCs. (bvsalud.org)
  • Its roles include regulation of proliferation, promotion of immune system and activation of apoptosis in B cells. (intechopen.com)
  • BL cells and normal fibroblasts were exposed to CDBPA for cytotoxicity screening by XTT assay, followed by cell cycle arrest, determination of apoptosis using Flow Cytometry and by annexin V/FITC/PI assay. (longdom.org)
  • We demonstrated that CDBPA significantly reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis via the extrinsic and the intrinsic apoptotic pathways of Burkitts lymphoma cells without causing cell cycle arrest but reduction of the various phases. (longdom.org)
  • Nevertheless, the function of CTCF in regulating cell development and apoptosis continues to be not clearly grasped. (opioid-receptors.com)
  • Deposition of CTCF within the nucleoli relates to development arrest and apoptosis during differentiation in individual K562 myeloid cells and in individual breasts carcinoma cells, respectively [16, 17]. (opioid-receptors.com)
  • Nevertheless, other research demonstrate unlike the pro-apoptotic function of CTCF that knockdown and over-expression of CTCF in breasts cancer cells bring about triggering apoptosis and safeguarding ectopic appearance of Bax-induced apoptosis, respectively [18]. (opioid-receptors.com)
  • Ultraviolet (UV) and hyper-osmotic strains can induce activations of different signaling pathways, such as for TAK-438 manufacture example JNK and p38 signaling pathways, leading to programmed cell loss of life (apoptosis) [19]. (opioid-receptors.com)
  • Studies have found that miRNA can affect a variety of biological effects, such as DNA damage repair, cell cycle arrest, cell hypoxia, proliferation and apoptosis, etc. (researchsquare.com)
  • It has complex functions and can inhibit cell apoptosis, promote cell transformation, participate in cell mitosis, angiogenesis, and cause tumor cells to develop drug resistance [ 7 , 8 ] . (researchsquare.com)
  • thus, those cells that fail to receive a signal (ie, do not recognize self) die by apoptosis or become inactive. (medscape.com)
  • 50], in which IL-15 was found for being differentially expressed in distinct subsets of stromal cells akin to this examine. (translateinthetownships.com)
  • The mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have immunomodulatory properties and a high regenerative capacity. (frontiersin.org)
  • Adipose tissue (AT) represents a commonly used source of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) whose proregenerative potential has been widely investigated in multiple clinical trials worldwide. (mdpi.com)
  • Mouse, rat, and human IL-17A can induce IL-6 secretion in mouse stromal cells, indicating that all homologs can recognize the mouse IL-17A receptor. (thermofisher.com)
  • IL-11 is a cytokine produced by hematopoietic microenvironmental stromal cells with multiple functions. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • Androgens only affected B cell development in chimeric mice with androgen-sensitive stromal cells. (jci.org)
  • The stromal cell products responsible for these effects of estrogens have not been identified. (jci.org)
  • Stimulates plasminogen activation (PubMed:15016824). (qedbio.com)
  • 2022, 23,13 ofFascinatingly, it was also found to manage proliferation and self-renewal of grownup neural stem cells as being a crucial mechanism for JAK/STAT and ERK pathway activation [49]. (translateinthetownships.com)
  • The TRAF1 blot was used as control of successful B cell activation, and the actin blot was used as loading control. (mingsheng88.org)
  • It has been previously shown that the human hemopoietic growth factor IL-3 (hIL-3), predominantly produced by activated T lymphocytes, stimulates both endothelial cell proliferation and functional activation. (unito.it)
  • Obese adipocytes overexpress MHC class II molecules and costimulators to act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and promote the activation of CD4 + T cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Several studies have shown that adipocytes highly express CD1d, which presents lipid antigens to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and stimulates the activation of iNKT cells ( 5 - 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Occupancy of CTLA\4 (cytotoxic T\lymphocyte antigen\4 or CD152) negatively regulates the activation of mouse T lymphocytes, seeing that indicated with the destiny of CTLA\4\deficient mice, with the influence of anti\CTLA\4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) on mouse T\cell activation and by the influence of CTLA\4 blockade within the course of experimental tumoral, autoimmune, alloimmune or infectious disease with this animal. (technuc.com)
  • profoundly inhibited the activation of T cells by immobilized anti\CD3 mAb in the absence of anti\CD28 mAb, but co\stimulated T\cell activation in the presence of anti\CD28 mAb. (technuc.com)
  • The alkaloids in cat's claw are effective not only in the inhibition of platelet aggregation and associated thrombosis, but also in protection of cells against destructive oxidative damage by inhibiting iNOS gene expression and activation of NF-kappaB. (drcshaw.com)
  • The field of Lymphocyte Surface Antigens and Activation Mechanisms is examined in two chapters. (scielo.br)
  • Signal transduction down the Ras/MAPK pathway, including that critical to T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation, has been generally considered to occur at the plasma membrane. (scielo.br)
  • As evidenced by our prior studies, CTCF is certainly up-regulated by EGF-stimulated activation from the Erk signaling pathway leading to suppression of appearance during EGF-induced corneal epithelial cell proliferation [12]. (opioid-receptors.com)
  • TAK-438 manufacture Stress-induced activation of particular signaling pathways may also be frequently resulted from arousal from the cell membrane Kv stations and cytokine receptors, including epidermal development aspect (EGF), tumor necrosis aspect (TNF) TAK-438 manufacture and interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptors [20C23]. (opioid-receptors.com)
  • UV and hyper-osmotic stress-induced corneal epithelial cell loss of life is certainly connected with activation of NH2-terminal kinase/stress-activated proteins kinase (JNK/SAPK) and p38 cascades that elicit mobile apoptotic reactions [19, 22, 24]. (opioid-receptors.com)
  • Nevertheless, over-expression of CTCF in transfected HCE cells led to a counter impact against UV irradiation-induced caspase 3 activation and reduced CTCF manifestation (Fig. 2A). (opioid-receptors.com)
  • 3-8 It has also been associated with use of muromonab-CD3 (OKTS), Coley's toxins, genetic diseases such as inappropriate inflammasome activation or idiopathic multicentric Castleman's disease, CAR T-cell therapy, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and most recently SARS-CoV-2 infection. (mhmedical.com)
  • It is one of impurity present in Rapamycin, Rapamycin works by inhibiting T-lymphocyte activation and proliferation stimulated by antigens and cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and IL-15. (veeprho.com)
  • Here, potential mechanisms involving alterations in T-cell receptor expressions, postreceptor downstream signalling, epigenetics, and oxidative stress which favour activation of lupus T cells will be discussed. (hindawi.com)
  • This results in the proliferation and activation of t-lymphocytes, and stimulates a t-cell-mediated immune response against tumor cells. (goldfarmcosmetics.ru)
  • This binding results in the activation have been implicated with streptococcal toxic shock syn- of a large proportion of antigen-presenting cells and T drome (STSS). (cdc.gov)
  • The activation of these cells leads to the release of chemical mediators such as histamine and arachidonic acid metabolites, which increase vascular permeability and tissue swelling 9 . (bvsalud.org)
  • The name "interleukin" was chosen in 1979, to replace the various different names used by different research groups to designate interleukin 1 (lymphocyte activating factor, mitogenic protein, T-cell replacing factor III, B-cell activating factor, B-cell differentiation factor, and "Heidikine") and interleukin 2 (TSF, etc. (wikipedia.org)
  • Consistent with the role of STAT5 proteins in regulating IL-3-mediated mitogenic signals, we herein report that, in hIL-3-stimulated HUVEC, the recruitment of STAT5A and STAT5B, by the beta common (betac) subunit of the IL-3R, was not affected by PAF receptor blockade. (unito.it)
  • We analyzed 19 acute-phase serum sam- cells, with subsequent release of high systemic levels of ples for mitogenic activity from patients with severe strepto- cytokines (12-15). (cdc.gov)
  • Two types of IL-1 receptor, each with three extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains, limited sequence similarity (28%) and different pharmacological characteristics have been cloned from mouse and human cell lines: these have been termed type I and type II receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, it acts on some B cells, via receptor-specific binding, as a growth factor and antibody production stimulant. (wikipedia.org)
  • These include agonistic anti-CD40 Abs, LPS (TLR4 agonist), anti-B cell receptor (BCR) crosslinking Abs, and CpG2084 (TLR9 agonist), alone or in combination. (mingsheng88.org)
  • Evidence has recently been obtained that two very different recombinatorial systems for lymphocyte antigen receptor diversification appeared at the beginning of vertebrate evolution approximately 500 million years ago. (scielo.br)
  • The development, homeostasis and function of B lymphocytes involve multiple rounds of B cell receptor (BCR)-controlled proliferation and prolonged maintenance. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Thus, Zfx restrains the stress response and couples antigen receptor signaling to B cell expansion and maintenance during development and peripheral homeostasis. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • simultaneously bind to major histocompatibility complex published a study of seven patients with severe streptococ- class II molecules and T-cell receptor molecules bearing a cal infections: SPE-A was detected in serum samples from four patients (27). (cdc.gov)
  • These cells can be characterized in their developmental progression by changes in expression of 3 cell surface markers: CD4, CD8, and the T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex. (medscape.com)
  • Vaccine strategies that concentrate on stimulating T cell immunity will at best generate reactive and persisting T cell responses that can suppress virus without preventing infection, limiting or preventing the damage the virus cause. (scielo.br)
  • In a very interesting chapter, Z. PANCER and M. D. COOPER first consider the emergence of lymphocytes as a novel circulatory cell type in vertebrates and then discuss phylogenetic aspects of the superfamily of LRR - containing proteins and their role in immunity. (scielo.br)
  • Zinc is known to modulate antiviral and antibacterial immunity and regulate inflammatory response. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • However, when mice with this genetic deletion have wild-type neural precursor cells injected into their hippocampus and these cells are allowed to mature into astrocytes containing the interleukin-1 receptors, the mice exhibit normal hippocampal-dependent memory function, and partial restoration of long-term potentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Introduction Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ligand-gated ion channels expressed in many kinds of both excitable and non-excitable cells. (heparin-cofactor-ii-precursor-fragment-homo-sapiens.com)
  • The presence of chemotactic molecules enveloped within extracellular vesicles may have less of the chemoattractant property as being a bypass of surface receptors on immune cells, consequently increasing the chance of EV interaction with other cells by membrane fusion events. (translateinthetownships.com)
  • 1,25(OH)2D suppresses T cell proliferation that is induced by T cell receptors. (holtorfmed.com)
  • Phenotypic and functional alterations in lupus T cells including expansion of the Th17 population, perturbations of the physiology of T-cell receptors (TCRs) and postreceptor downstream signalling, oxidative stress, and epigenetic changes result in exaggeration of TCR response to stimuli and the propensity of lupus T cells to get activated [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Multiple lineages of immune cells possess receptors for sex hormones that regulate their function. (goldfarmcosmetics.ru)
  • C and D)Potential rules of the manifestation of the Sox5 gene in response to B cell stimuli. (mingsheng88.org)
  • HMGCS2 , the gene that regulates ketone body production, is expressed in liver and several extrahepatic tissues, such as the colon. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Based on these findings, we propose that ketogenesis is an undesirable metabolic characteristic of the proliferating cell, which is down-regulated through c-Myc-mediated repression of the key metabolic gene HMGCS2 . (aacrjournals.org)
  • Determined by its dose-dependent ability to induce reporter gene in HT-29 NF-κB Luc reporter cells. (moviplans.com)
  • CTCF interacts with binding motifs upstream in the P0 promoter of gene and down-regulates appearance to control eyes advancement [11]. (opioid-receptors.com)
  • A manifestation vector comprising cDNA encoding full-length CTCF gene (referred to as pcDNA4-CTCF) was transfected into HCE cells to improve mobile CTCF expression amounts through the use of lipofection, while cells within the control group had been transfected with pcDNA4 vector just. (opioid-receptors.com)
  • immature cell is then subjected to negative selection to delete grouped based on their previously defined pheno- self-reactive cells before it leaves the BM to enter peripheral typic features, and a gene expression pattern for lymphoid organs, where it becomes a mature B cell [9]. (lu.se)
  • Human RANKL is reactive on murine cells. (moviplans.com)
  • In an excellent issue, J.P. Di SANTO focuses on murine NK cells, although parallels to human NK cell biology are also made. (scielo.br)
  • Also examined were the effects of peyote extracts on murine lymphoma L5178Y-R and fi broblastoma L929, and human myeloid U937 and mammary gland MCF7 tumour cell growth using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). (mescaline.com)
  • ch effects may be also due to the deficiency of regulatory T and/or B lymphocytes. (heparin-cofactor-ii-precursor-fragment-homo-sapiens.com)
  • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) were shown to express α7 nAChRs and to be subjected to cholinergic regulation (Galitovskiy et al. (heparin-cofactor-ii-precursor-fragment-homo-sapiens.com)
  • 2011). Here we put an aim to investigate whether α7 nAChRs are important for generation, induction and functioning of regulatory B lymphocytes (Bregs) and to study in more details the mechanisms of cholinergic regulation of the antibody immune response. (heparin-cofactor-ii-precursor-fragment-homo-sapiens.com)
  • Recent studies using neutralizing anti-CCL5 antibodies have suggested that the constitutive expression of CCL5 plays a regulatory role in maintaining tissue-resident memory (Trm) T cells in the human vaginal tract 9 and mouse skin 10 , suggesting that constitutive CCL5 expression in noninflamed conditions, hereafter referred to as homeostatic CCL5 expression, might be important for homeostasis of tissue-resident lymphocytes. (nature.com)
  • Additionally, the failure of the regulatory CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in alleviating the proinflammatory milieu occurring in SLE is contributory to the pathogenicity of the condition [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In this brief review, a detailed account of the putative mechanisms by which the normal physiology of T cells are disturbed and why regulatory T cells fail to alleviate proinflammatory response in SLE will be discussed. (hindawi.com)
  • Zinc possesses anti‑inflammatory activity by inhibiting NF‑κB signaling and modulation of regulatory T‑cell functions that may limit the cytokine storm in COVID‑19. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The steady deterioration of the dermal and epidermal layers of the skin with age is caused by a combination of factors including reduced cellular proliferation and collagen synthesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and changes in epidermal morphology (Crane 2015). (ernolaszlo.com)
  • 25-HC also highly inhibited bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated inflammation and limited mitogen-stimulated proliferation in major monkey lymphocytes. (iassist2012.org)
  • CCL5 is a unique chemokine with distinct stage and cell-type specificities for regulating inflammation, but how these specificities are achieved and how CCL5 modulates immune responses is not well understood. (nature.com)
  • Besides, IL-11 can increase the production of proteins in the liver during acute inflammation, and inhibit the formation of fat cells. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • After a short period, capillary vasodilatation occurs secondary to local histamine release, and the cells of inflammation are able to migrate to the wound bed. (medscape.com)
  • Recently, a number of phenotypic and functional alterations which increase the propensity to trigger lupus-related inflammation have been identified in lupus T cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Breakdown of immune tolerance is believed to be one of the major mechanisms which triggers the production of autoantibodies by B cells and antibody forming cells, leading to inflammation upon binding to autoantigens and consequent tissue damage [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Interleukin (IL)-9-producing subset called Th9 cell, Th22 cells which primarily secrete IL-22, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor- and Th25 cells via producing IL-25 are believed to be important for initiating allergic reactions and developing airway inflammation. (cdc.gov)
  • Mast cells play an important role in a variety of biological processes including allergic reactions, atherosclerosis and inflammation 7,8 . (bvsalud.org)
  • MSCs have the capacity of multiple differentiations and self-renewal and have been proven to be able to differentiate into a series of cell lineages, such as adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondroblasts, and hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs). (springer.com)
  • Recent compelling evidence has demonstrated that T cells are actually crucial in the pathogenesis of SLE in that they enhance the production of autoantibodies by offering substantial help to B cells through stimulating the latter to differentiate, proliferate, and mature, in addition to their support on class-switching of autoantibodies which B cells are expressing [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Endothelial cell proliferation is a major component of angiogenesis and it is regulated by several growth factors. (unito.it)
  • Likewise, they have the ability to activate the angiogenesis, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of the main cell types involved in skin regeneration. (frontiersin.org)
  • mesenchymal stem cells are most commonly used because they are easy to obtain and present no ethical problems. (springer.com)
  • The aims of this article are to review the current knowledge regarding therapeutic mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cells in acute liver failure, to discuss recent advancements in preclinical and clinical studies in the treatment of mesenchymal stem cells, and to summarize the methodological improvement of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in treating liver failure. (springer.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) are widely used in cell therapy due to their robust immunomodulatory and tissue regenerative capabilities. (bvsalud.org)
  • RESULTS: In this study, we synthesized polyethylene glycol-packed CeONPs (PEG-CeONPs), which were loaded into the human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) to counteract oxidative damage. (bvsalud.org)
  • both substances are toxic to immature lymphocytes, which thus fail to mature. (qedbio.com)
  • However, clear evidence for functional NK cell subsets exists in humans and the presence of NK cells in the thymus and immature NK cells in the liver suggests specific functions for NK cells in the tissues. (scielo.br)
  • High levels of IL-17A homodimer are produced by activated peripheral blood CD4+ T-cells. (thermofisher.com)
  • Nonetheless, a shared attribute amongst them is inside the recruitment of specialised immune cells. (translateinthetownships.com)
  • In inflammatory conditions, these molecules are secreted from cells to mediate the migration of immune cells toward the site of interest. (translateinthetownships.com)
  • Recently, an increasing number of studies have shown that adipocytes have immunological functions capable of recruiting and activating immune cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • As each of these types of immune cells express VDRs and produce the enzymes 1α-OHase and 24-hydroxylase, they are capable of producing active forms of vitamin D such as 1,25(OH)2D. (holtorfmed.com)
  • Other studies reported that some cancer cells could repress their own CCL5 expression to hinder migration of anticancer immune cells toward cancer sites 15 , 16 . (nature.com)
  • This review discusses the anti-inflammatory properties of cannabinoid compounds at molecular, cellular and whole animal levels, first by examining the evidence for anti-inflammatory effects of cannabinoids obtained using in vivo animal models of clinical neuroinflammatory conditions, specifically rodent models of multiple sclerosis, and second by describing the endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system components in immune cells. (420magazine.com)
  • specifically, evidence showing that cannabinoids inhibit neuroinflammation and that immune cells express the entire machinery that constitutes a functional cannabinoid signaling system. (420magazine.com)
  • 1993), expressed primarily by immune cells. (420magazine.com)
  • 2) T cell deficiencies affect the function in killing infected cells or helping other immune cells. (lu.se)
  • Theophylline inhibits PDE isoenzyme activities and functions of inflammatory cells with similar potency, and exhibits higher functional efficacy as compared to rolipram. (ersjournals.com)
  • Additionally, in animal studies, 1,25(OH)2D has been shown to suppress Th17, a subset of T cells that play a critical role in inducing an inflammatory response. (holtorfmed.com)
  • Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is a CD4+ T cell-derived cytokine that promotes inflammatory responses in cell lines and is elevated in rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and transplant rejection. (thermofisher.com)
  • Mast cells play an important role in a variety of biological processes and actively participate in the inflammatory response. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this investigation we sought to answer the question concerning the presence of mast cells in human and rat dental pulp tissues, under normal and inflammatory conditions. (bvsalud.org)
  • The role of mast cells in the inflammatory dental pulp response is not clear. (bvsalud.org)
  • Since mast cells are active during inflammatory responses it becomes crucial to find out if these cells are actually present and play a role in dental pulp under normal and inflammatory conditions either in humans or in rats. (bvsalud.org)
  • Moreover, lymphocytes collected from recipients transferred by lymphocytes from transgenic mice revealed less proliferative potential than lymphocytes obtained from control recipients. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • B) The corresponding proliferative rate of recurrence of mitogen-driven B cells, with data prepared by FlowJo software program and displayed as the mean SD. (iassist2012.org)
  • In these ethnicities, anti\CTLA\4 mAb again improved the T\cell proliferative response over a range of stimulatorCresponder ratios from 1 : 4 to 1 1 : 40 (Fig. 6a). (technuc.com)
  • Thus, these cells are capable of entering a proliferative state. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Human IL-3 stimulates endothelial cell motility and promotes in vivo new vessel formation. (unito.it)
  • Challenge of HUVEC with hIL-3 lead to the synthesis of platelet-activating factor (PAF), which was found to act as secondary mediator for hIL-3-mediated endothelial cell motility but not for endothelial cell proliferation. (unito.it)
  • This is followed by their culture on extracellular matrix (ECM) protein coated tissue culture flasks in presence of endothelial cell growth medium. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the last few decades, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) have come to be regarded as a standard model system by vascular biologists to understand general principles of endothelial cell biology and dysfunction. (bvsalud.org)
  • Some interleukins are classified as lymphokines, lymphocyte-produced cytokines that mediate immune responses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Programmed death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), the interacting ligand for PD-1, widely expressed in many cell types, acts as a tissue-specific negative regulator of pathogenic T-cell responses. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • We record here that 25-HC regulates immune system responses for controlling viral infection effectively. (iassist2012.org)
  • Strikingly, 25-HC advertised SIV-specific IFN-producing mobile responses, but selectively suppressed proinflammatory Compact disc4+ T lymphocytes secreting TNF- and IL-2 cytokines in vaccinated mice. (iassist2012.org)
  • Discussion Dopamine regulates behavioral responses to nicotine in Drosophila (Bainton et al. (heparin-cofactor-ii-precursor-fragment-homo-sapiens.com)
  • It is concluded that connection of CTLA\4 with its practical ligands, CD80 or CD86, can down\regulate human being T\cell responses, probably by intracellular signalling events and self-employed of CD28 occupancy. (technuc.com)
  • While T\cell proliferation in principal civilizations had not been changed in the current presence of soluble anti\CTLA\4 mAb regularly, responses had been significantly improved in supplementary MLR in comparison to isotype\control mAbs (Desk 2). (technuc.com)
  • Anti-HIV-1 T cell responses are evaded by continuous mutation of the virus. (scielo.br)
  • Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) (also known as CD152) is a major negative regulator of T cell responses which interacts with the B7-1 (CD80) / B7-2 (CD86) ligands on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell. (scielo.br)
  • Therefore, host CCL5 can obviously work as an anticancer molecule to mount relevant immune responses against some cancer cells. (nature.com)
  • Zfx deficiency in peripheral B cells caused impaired generation of the B-1 cell lineage, accelerated B cell turnover, depletion of mature recirculating cells, and delayed T-dependent antibody responses. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Stimulation of TCRs upon antigen binding triggers downstream signalling pathways which enables various physiological functions of the T cells. (hindawi.com)
  • On the other hand, the niche notion might coincide with place purpose variation being a latest research discovered that G-CSF in ADSCs can modulate the cell mobility and metabolism of hyaluronan [51]. (translateinthetownships.com)
  • Relevant scientific publications have shown that artemisinin compounds have the ability to modulate the immune response by regulating cell proliferation and reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that directly will benefit the host. (artennua.com)
  • Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signal molecules) that are expressed and secreted by white blood cells (leukocytes) as well as some other body cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Total cellular proteins were prepared from purified LMC splenic B cells or splenic B lymphomas or ascites of different individual B-TRAF3-/-mice. (mingsheng88.org)
  • Interestingly, Sox5 proteins were not detectable in normal LMC or premalignant TRAF3-/-B cells after treatment with any examined B cell stimuli, although TRAF1 proteins were potently induced by these stimuli (Fig. 1D). (mingsheng88.org)
  • CTCF, a nuclear transcriptional element, is really a multifunctional proteins and involves rules of development element- and cytokine-induced cell proliferation/differentiation. (opioid-receptors.com)
  • The blood circulating miRNA is mainly derived from a type of exosomes containing a variety of proteins and miRNAs that can be passed between cells and endocytic vesicles. (researchsquare.com)
  • Pretreatment of cells with the strong nucleophile, 2-mercaptoethanol, prevented the formation of PE-lipoxidated proteins and blocked ferroptotic death. (cdc.gov)
  • and T-cell proliferation, adoptive transfer, and islet transplantation were performed to evaluate the PD-L1 transgene-mediated immune-protective mechanisms. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The signaling mechanisms of IL-21 in different cell types have been identified. (intechopen.com)
  • Nicotine and neonicotinoids stimulate dopamine release that lasts longer than acetylcholine-stimulated release, likely due to higher affinities and fewer mechanisms for their metabolism and clearance. (heparin-cofactor-ii-precursor-fragment-homo-sapiens.com)
  • Frequencies of practical Compact disc8+ T cell populations secreting IFN-, IL-2, or TNF- cytokine only (B), aswell as dual TNF-/IL-2 cytokines (C) or IFN-/IL-2 (D) are demonstrated. (iassist2012.org)
  • Transcriptomic profiling of T-cell populations in non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder cancer. (lu.se)
  • Under zinc deficiency condition, organisms are more susceptible to toxin-producing bacteria or enteroviral pathogens that activate guanylate and adenylate cyclases, stimulating chloride secretion, causing diarrhea and diminishing absorption of nutrients, thus exacerbating an already compromised mineral status. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Pathophysiologically, asthma exert different effects at different concentrations, can is characterized by constriction of airway smooth synergize or antagonize the effects of other cytokines muscle, hyper secretion of mucus, edema and airway and regulated in a complex manner and function via hyper responsiveness (AHR),[3] mucus secretion and cytokine cascade. (cdc.gov)
  • IL-11 can enhance the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells under the growth factor, and promote the differentiation of B cells that produce immunoglobulin under T cell dependence. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • IgAD is commonly associated with normal B lymphocytes in peripheral blood, normal CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, and, usually, normal neutrophil and lymphocyte counts. (medscape.com)
  • Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were from mice infected with a SAg-producing S. pyogenes purified from blood of a healthy donor by using strain (29). (cdc.gov)
  • Our results showed that ME49Δ cdpk3 vaccination triggered a strong immune response marked by significantly elevated proinflammatory cytokine levels, such as IFN-γ, IL-12, and TNF-α, and increased the percentage of CD4 + and CD8 + T-lymphocytes. (nature.com)
  • no studies have addressed the effect of mTOR inhibitors on ovarian cancer cells that have acquired resistance following the contact with platinum agents. (deubiquitinase.com)
  • More over, since most tumor specimens Decitabine Antimetabolites inhibitor and tumor derived cell lines utilized in these investigations have now been ovarian SACs, the position of mTOR in CCC remains largely as yet not known. (deubiquitinase.com)
  • More over, we examined the function of AKT/mTOR signaling in the acquired resistance to cisplatin in CCC cells. (deubiquitinase.com)
  • Physical exercise stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may have positive or negative effects on health, depending on their level, exposure time, and one's physical fitness. (hindawi.com)
  • Phophodiesterase (PDE) isoenzyme profiles of human cell preparations and tissues have been analysed by a semiquantitative method using selective PDE inhibitors and activators. (ersjournals.com)
  • As greater understanding of the growth factors involved in wound healing emerges, future patient care may include scarless wound healing and transplant of tissues engineered from stem cell progenitors. (medscape.com)
  • Although most circulating cancer cells die, an occasional cell may penetrate into tissues, generating a metastasis at a distant site. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A) CFSE-labeled mice B220+ B cells had been cultured in conditional moderate including 1 g/ml R848 and 100 U/ml IL-2 with or without 25-HC for 3 times, and stained with antibodies for analysis by movement cytometry then. (iassist2012.org)
  • Accordingly, immunohistochemistry with specific antibodies shows that HMGCS2 is expressed mainly in differentiated cells of human colonic epithelium. (aacrjournals.org)
  • CD40 antibodies has been reported to co-stimulate B-cell proleferation with anti-m or phorbol esters. (opioid-receptors.com)
  • cells are activated by interaction with antigens and obtain T indicated that the cell lines representing a defined cell help, they mature into terminally differentiated plasma stage generally presented a high similarity in over- cells secreting large amounts of antibodies [10 -12]. (lu.se)
  • Adipocytes can directly activate CD4 + T cells through antigen:MHCII complex in a contact-dependent manner. (frontiersin.org)
  • Picture_4.TIF (158K) GUID:?3A1BD4CA-063B-4729-8A5C-216C3457BEE1 Supplementary Shape 5: 25-HC caused zero functional adjustments of antigen-specific Compact disc8+ T cells. (iassist2012.org)
  • These factors, which include interleukin 2 (IL2), are secreted by lectin- or antigen-stimulated T cells, and have various physiological effects. (wikipedia.org)
  • The EV composition depends on the producer cell type and its physiological conditions. (frontiersin.org)
  • IL2 is a lymphokine that induces the proliferation of responsive T cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here we identify two stage-specific enhancers: the proximal enhancer mediates the constitutive CCL5 expression during the steady state, while the distal enhancer located 1.35 Mb from the promoter induces CCL5 expression in activated cells. (nature.com)
  • T cells recognize antigens presented to them by the major histocompatibility complex of antigen-presenting cells via the TCRs expressed on their surface. (hindawi.com)