• Mice (around 280 strains which include inbred, out bred and genetically engineered lines), Rats (out bred stocks like Wistar, Sprague Dawley, Long Evans and several transgenic rat strains), Xenopus laevis and Zebra fish . (ncbs.res.in)
  • A total of 337 F344 rats,20 Sprague Dawley rats, and 40 OF1 mice were all given initiating dose(s) of colon carcinogen, and were randomly allocated to experimental groups 7 d later. (aacrjournals.org)
  • PEG was active in F344 rats, in Sprague Dawley rats ( P =0.0005), and in OF1 mice ( P = 0.001). (aacrjournals.org)
  • While less commonly used for research than laboratory mice, rats have served as an important animal model for research in psychology and biomedical science. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inbred strains are also available, but are not as commonly used as inbred mice. (wikipedia.org)
  • This was the first in a series of developments that have begun to make rats tractable as genetic research subjects, although they still lag behind mice, which lend themselves better to the embryonic stem cell techniques typically used for genetic manipulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many investigators who wish to trace observations on behavior and physiology to underlying genes regard aspects of these in rats as more relevant to humans and easier to observe than in mice, giving impetus to the development of genetic research techniques applicable to rats. (wikipedia.org)
  • Selective inbreeding of this mutant led us to the establishment of a colony of inbred hydronephrosis mice. (mahidol.ac.th)
  • After inbreeding for 20 generations, a surprisingly high incidence of hydronephrosis was encountered and we finally obtained a strain of mice with a very high incidence of severe hydronephrosis affected on both sides of kidney and in both sexes as the process of inbreeding has been increased. (mahidol.ac.th)
  • Reproductive performance consisting of mean litter size, number of pups that wean (wean: born ratio) and mean reproductive index of three inbred mice strains, which are BALB/cMlac, C57BL/6Mlac and DBA/2Mlac, were investigated to provide some basic information on the breeding and maintaining of a foundation colony. (mahidol.ac.th)
  • This study determined the immune correlates induced by serial dilutions of rAd vaccines delivered intramuscularly (IM) and intranasally (IN) to mice and rats. (mdpi.com)
  • The IM immunized mice and rats also showed significant dose-dependent T cell responses to the rAd vaccine. (mdpi.com)
  • However, the T cell immunity plateaued in both mice and rats at 10 9 and 10 10 vp/animal, respectively. (mdpi.com)
  • Additionally, the highest dose of vaccine in mice and rats did not improve the T cell responses. (mdpi.com)
  • [4] Familiar albino animals include in-bred strains of laboratory animals (rats, mice and rabbits), but populations of naturally occurring albino animals exist in the wild, e.g. (wikipedia.org)
  • These mice have both BALB/c inbred and NIH(S) outbred stock in their genetic background. (vivobio.com)
  • Other common strains are the Sprague Dawley, Fischer 344, Holtzman albino strains, Long-Evans, and Lister black hooded rats. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the beginning preimplantation blastocysts (embryonic day time 4.5) from an outbred strain of CD:VRL1 rats (also called Sprague-Dawley (SD)) and inbred strains of Fischer 344 and Brown-Norway (BN) rats were individually seeded onto mitomycin C-treated mouse embryonic fibroblast cells in N2B27 medium supplemented with 2i-LIF (Supplementary info Data S1 Number 1A and ?and1B).1B). (researchhunt.com)
  • In the present study we investigated the effect of a brief exposure (15 s) to a conditioned aversive stimulus (CS) on the proliferative response of spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in Lewis, Fischer 344 and Sprague-Dawley rats. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • Enhancement of PBL responsiveness to mitogens was observed in Fischer and Sprague-Dawley rats immediately after exposure to the CS. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • The PBL response of Sprague-Dawley and Fischer rats returned to baseline at 30 min, but not in Lewis rats. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • Fischer rats had the largest percentage of suppression. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • The earliest suppression of spleen mitogenic function after exposure to the CS was in Fischer rats, while the Lewis rats had the latest onset of suppression, with the Sprague-Dawley rats being intermediate. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • This study was conducted to investigate the chemopreventive potential of camel ( Camelus dromedarius ) and bovine milk as well as the impact of fermenting these milks with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptococcus thermophilus against early colon carcinogenesis as measured by the reduction of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in azoxymethane (AOM)-treated Fischer 344 rats. (scialert.net)
  • differential effects in Sprague Dawley and Brown Norway rats. (cdc.gov)
  • Both the inbred Brown Norway and the outbred Sprague Dawley rat strains were included to study the influence of strain on the detection of toxicity. (cdc.gov)
  • GMA-SS exposure lowered daily sperm production compared to air controls in Sprague Dawley rats, but only in GMA-SS Brown Norway rats also fed the HF diet. (cdc.gov)
  • Metal content in the testes was assessed in a limited number of samples in Brown Norway rats, but no increase was obsedrved. (cdc.gov)
  • At week 24, bronchoalveolar lavage cell counts had returned to background levels for GMA-SS exposed Sprague Dawley rats but remained elevated in Brown Norway rats. (cdc.gov)
  • The studied reproductive outcomes seemed more prone to disruption in the Sprague Dawley compared to the Brown Norway strain. (cdc.gov)
  • Accordingly, male Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Brown Norway (BN) rats were maintained on either regular (Reg) or high fat (HF) diets for 24wk. (cdc.gov)
  • The Brown Norway (BN) rat model has been extensively characterized and appears to be among the best animal models thus far described. (indexarticles.com)
  • At 7wk, HF-fed animals exhibited several immune alterations (blood leukocyte/neutrophil number, lymph node B-cell proportionality)-effects which were more pronounced in SD rats. (cdc.gov)
  • In BN rats, resolution of immune alterations was further compromised by HF diet, as many exposure-induced alterations in local/systemic immune markers were still evident in HF/WF animals at 24wk. (cdc.gov)
  • These data suggest that a brief psychological stressor results in activation of the HPA axis and is associated with strain-dependent alterations of lymphocyte responsiveness to non-specific mitogens. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • Control Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats showed consistent alterations in mRNAs that are modulated by GC, such as type II GC receptor (GR) and metallothionein-1 (MT-1). (elsevierpure.com)
  • The data support the hypothesis that the increased vulnerability exhibited by LH rats is correlated with alterations in GC-mediated gene expression in limbic structures. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 5-azacytidine (5-aza), a chemical which is incorporated into DNA and RNA with consequent alterations in the expression of mammalian genes, was administered to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats on single days during gestation. (epa.gov)
  • The alterations in Sprague-Dawley rats were accompanied by an increase in anxiety-like behavior in those animals as measured with the elevated plus maze. (nature.com)
  • Deficits in shock-induced freezing and naltrexone enhancement of freezing in fawn hooded rats. (omeka.net)
  • The acquisition of freezing appears to be mediated, at least in part, by endogenous opioids since the duration that a rat spends freezing is increased by pretreatment prior to training with naltrexone (NTX), an opioid receptor antagonist. (omeka.net)
  • A three-day PEG treatment was sufficient to halve the number of azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci in F344 rats ( P = 0.0006). (aacrjournals.org)
  • However, compared to traditional laboratory animals like rats, very little is known about its behavior, either in the wild or in a laboratory setting. (researchgate.net)
  • In this case, the nine families could reach a total population between one thousand and ten, but the actual diversity genetically would be far lower, and there could very easily be inbreeding problems at that point. (stackexchange.com)
  • Genetically divergent strains of rats given identical shock conditioning differ in the degree of freezing observed. (omeka.net)
  • Over time, breeding the rats for these contests may have produced variations in color, notably the albino and hooded varieties. (wikipedia.org)
  • Genetic analysis of 117 albino rat strains collected from all parts of the world carried out by a team led by Takashi Kuramoto at Kyoto University in 2012 showed that the albinos descended from hooded rats and all the albinos descended from a single ancestor. (wikipedia.org)
  • As there is evidence that the hooded rat was known as the "Japanese rat" in the early 20th century, Kuramoto concluded that one or more Japanese hooded rats might have been brought to Europe or the Americas and an albino rat that emerged as a product of the breeding of these hooded rats was the common ancestor of all the albino laboratory rats in use today. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most are derived from the albino Wistar rat, which is still widely used. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rats were fed regular or high fat (HF) diet for 24 weeks and were exposed to 20 mg/m3 of gas metal arc-stainless steel (GMA-SS) welding fumes or filtered air for 3 h/day, 4 days/week for 5 weeks, during weeks 7-12. (cdc.gov)
  • Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were evaluated for neurobehavioral, neuroinflammatory, and neural damage endpoints both acutely and longer-term (up to 72 h) post-TBI following impact with either an aluminum or stainless-steel projectile. (cdc.gov)
  • Moreover, alignment of cytokine mRNA expression from the cortex of these rats with a computational model of neuronglia interaction found that the moderate-severe TBI produced by the stainless-steel projectile strongly associated with the neuroinflammatory state, while the mild TBI existed in a state between normal and inflammatory neuronglia interactions. (cdc.gov)
  • An automated electric arc wire thermal spray coating aerosol generator and inhalation exposure system was developed to simulate an occupational exposure and, using this system, male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to stainless steel PMET720 aerosols at 25 mg/m 3 × 4 h/day × 9 day. (bvsalud.org)
  • Two series of experiments were performed to determine the possible involvement of Ca++ channels in the thermolytic action of ethanol administered at a room temperature of 22 degrees C. In one group of 11 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats, stainless steel guide cannulae were implanted stereotaxically above the lateral cerebral ventricle. (duke.edu)
  • A significant decrease in the response of PBL to mitogens was found in Lewis and Sprague-Dawley rats 10 min after exposure to the CS. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • Lewis rats show increased anxiety-like behaviors and drug consumption compared with Sprague-Dawley rats. (nature.com)
  • We found that NE release evoked by electrical stimulus and its subsequent uptake was dysregulated in the more anxious Lewis rats. (nature.com)
  • Following naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal, NE release and uptake dynamics were not changed in Lewis rats but were significantly altered in Sprague-Dawley rats. (nature.com)
  • Lung transplants were performed using Lewis donors and Sprague-Dawley recipients (allografts) or the same strain (isografts). (nih.gov)
  • Because addiction is a multifaceted disease influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, we hypothesized NE dynamics would vary in these strains after the induction of a physical dependence on morphine. (nature.com)
  • The magnitude of hormonal elevation differed in the different rat strains, suggesting that corticosterone may not have a variable immunomodulatory role in each strain. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • Catechol estrogen formation in liver microsomes from female ACI and Sprague-Dawley rats: comparison of 2- and 4-hydroxylation revisited. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
  • Food Chem Toxicol 2001 Jun;39:557-61 Wilson AM, Reed GA. Predominant 4-hydroxylation of estradiol by constitutive cytochrome P450s in the female ACI rat liver. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
  • However, the vitamin A liver concentration in the study rats was significantly lower compared to the naive rats. (indexarticles.com)
  • To elucidate whether allergic bronchitis interferes with vitamin A metabolism, we measured the vitamin A levels in the serum, the lung, and the liver following repeated allergen challenge in a rat model and compared them to normal rats. (indexarticles.com)
  • The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of human adipose stem cell (h-ASC) infusion in rats with chronic liver damage. (bvsalud.org)
  • Rats with thioacetamide- induced liver fibrosis were grouped into: group I control that did not receive thioacetamide and h-ASC, group II received thioacetamide and saline i.v., group III received thioacetamide and h-ASC 1 x 106/ kg i.v. via tail vein. (bvsalud.org)
  • There is evidence that if done correctly inbreeding / line-breeding can be done is such a way to limit "bad genes" in a species. (stackexchange.com)
  • When inbreeding is not practiced, any lethal, semi-lethal & undesirable recessives present in that line, are being passed down to future generations along with the good genes, without any apparent signs to you, the breeder. (stackexchange.com)
  • 1978. Effects of short-term administration of maleic hydrazide or hydrazine on rat hepatic microsomal enzymes. (cdc.gov)
  • A strong genetic component underlies the development of learned helplessness as shown by the emergence of a line of highly vulnerable rats (LH strain) through selective inbreeding. (elsevierpure.com)
  • However, under the same experimental conditions, LH rats showed more selective hormone induced changes since GC had no effect on hypothalamic and hippocampal GR mRNA whereas a significant increase in MT-1 mRNA was observed. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Under our experimental conditions, both GR and MT-1 mRNA are significantly increased in the hippocampus of hormone-treated SD rats. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The authors performed histologic studies of neuronal survival in the rat hippocampus after traumatic brain injury and treatment with blood glutamate scavengers. (asahq.org)
  • GMA-SS did not affect daily sperm production statistically significantly at this time point, but testicular weights were lowered in GMA-SS Sprague Dawley rats. (cdc.gov)
  • Results: The study rats showed severe bronchoconstriction after allergen challenge compared to the naive rats, and ex vivo TNF-[alpha] and NO production was significantly higher in the sensitized rats. (indexarticles.com)
  • Glucose rapidly increased DAG content and PKC enzyme activity in microsomes, but not in plasma membranes or other membranes, during a 30-min treatment of rat adipocytes. (jci.org)
  • All but one of the testicular tumors occurred in the rats from a single supplier. (wikipedia.org)
  • A 1972 study compared neoplasms in Sprague Dawleys from six different commercial suppliers and found highly significant differences in the incidences of endocrine and mammary tumors. (wikipedia.org)
  • There were even significant variations in the incidences of adrenal medulla tumors among rats from the same source raised in different laboratories. (wikipedia.org)
  • Strain susceptibility and resistance to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced enteric tumors in germfree rats (40146). (cdc.gov)
  • Prevention Of Solely Estrogen-Induced Mammary Tumors In Female Aci Rats By Tamoxifen: Evidence For Estrogen Receptor Mediation. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
  • Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fitted with IT catheters. (omeka.net)
  • Each of 60 weanling male rats was assigned to one of 6 experimental diet groups: Fermented and unfermented camel milk with AOM, fermented and unfermented bovine milk with AOM and positive (PC, AOM only) and negative (NC, saline vehicle only) control groups. (scialert.net)
  • Traumatic brain injury was induced on anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats by a standardized weight drop. (asahq.org)
  • Rat-catchers would not only make money by trapping the rodents, but also by selling them for food or, more commonly, for rat-baiting. (wikipedia.org)
  • N/Nih and Fawn Hooded (FH), with that seen in the more commonly employed Sprague-Dawley strain (SPD). (omeka.net)
  • Conversely, we postulate that the deficit in escape avoidance behavior exhibited by the LH strain may be associated with an alteration in GC-mediated gene expression in the brain. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Breeder selection for breeding was carried out by using the progeny selection method, which selects offspring based on their characteristics, in combination with the breeding principle of maximum avoidance of inbreeding and the rotational mating system. (mahidol.ac.th)
  • The objective of the present studies was to compare the shock-induced freezing and its enhancement with NTX in two unique strains of rats, viz. (omeka.net)
  • Collectively, these results suggest that the level of freezing and NTX enhancement of freezing in the N/Nih rat strain are equivalent to SPD. (omeka.net)
  • In comparison, FH rats show deficits in freezing and are insensitive to NTX enhancement of freezing. (omeka.net)
  • Results: At week 12, the GMA-SS exposure induced pulmonary inflammation in both strains, without consistent changes in markers of systemic inflammation (CRP, MCP-1, IL-6 and TNFá). (cdc.gov)
  • Rats were euthanized at 7, 12, and 24wk to evaluate local and systemic immune markers corresponding to the baseline, exposure, and recovery phases of the study, respectively. (cdc.gov)
  • We have previously shown that dietary polyethylene-glycol (PEG)suppresses the occurrence of azoxymethane-induced cancers in an accelerated rat model of colon carcinogenesis. (aacrjournals.org)
  • 1987. The influence of physical activity in 1 ,2dimethylhydrazine induced colon carcinogenesis in the rat. (cdc.gov)
  • The first rat colony in America used for nutrition research was started in January 1908 by Elmer McCollum and then, nutritive requirements of rats were used by Thomas Burr Osborne and Lafayette Mendel to determine the details of protein nutrition. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study established a low incidence hydronephrosis Wistar rat (Mlac:WR) colony at the National Laboratory Animal Center, Mahidol University, Thailand. (mahidol.ac.th)
  • however, diet appeared to preferentially impact SD rats at this time point, as several inflammatory markers (lymph node cellularity, lung neutrophils) were further elevated in HF over Reg animals. (cdc.gov)
  • Collectively, HF diet appeared to have a greater impact on global immune status and exposure-induced lung injury in SD rats, but a more pronounced effect on inflammation resolution in BN rats. (cdc.gov)
  • The purpose of this study was to determine if pirfenidone was protective against the development of fibro-collagenous injury in rat lung orthotopic transplants through altering L-arginine-arginase metabolic pathways. (nih.gov)
  • Moreover, PEG is one of the most potent inhibitors of colon tumor in the standard rat model. (aacrjournals.org)
  • J Endocrinol 2002 Nov;175:297-305 Shiraki K, Lu H, Ishimura Y, Kashiwabara S, Uesaka T, Katoh O, Watanabe H. Effects of weaning by surrogate mothers (ACI) on tumor development in SD rats treated with methylnitrosourea (MNU) and/or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
  • 9) Allergen inhalation in sensitized BN rats causes an increase in production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-[alpha] and nitric oxide (NO) by alveolar macrophage and airways epithelial cells, and it can be inhibited by dexamethasone. (indexarticles.com)
  • The reproductive function of rats was studied at the Institute for Experimental Biology at the University of California, Berkeley by Herbert McLean Evans and Joseph A. Long. (wikipedia.org)
  • When a rat is returned to a context associated with mild electric foot shock (1 mA/0.75 s), the environmental cues elicit a species-specific defensive behavior termed freezing. (omeka.net)
  • Rats, Inbred Strains" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (wakehealth.edu)
  • We conclude that although rats and opossums share many similar characteristics, including ecological niche, their divergent evolutionary heritage results in vastly different behavioral capabilities. (researchgate.net)
  • Rats did not show dose-dependent antibody responses to increasing vaccine doses. (mdpi.com)
  • Objective: To examine whether repeated allergen challenges could increase vitamin A consumption in a rat model. (indexarticles.com)
  • Plasma levels of ACTH and corticosterone peaked at 10 min in all strains of rats. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • After i.v. bolus administration of a single dose of 10 mg/kg to Sprague-Dawley rats, the plasma drug concentration-time profile of TMC353121 exhibits multicompartmental pharmacokinetics. (medchemexpress.com)
  • Transformation of znuA mutant with a shuttle vector pBBR1MCS-4 containing znuA gene restored the growth in zinc chelated medium and intracellular replication in HeLa cells and macrophages to a level comparable to that of wild-type strain. (go.jp)
  • Bacterial internalization into HeLa cells and macrophages and co-localization with either late endosomes or lysosomes of znuA mutant were not different from those of wild-type strain. (go.jp)
  • MVP is not a minimum threshold below which all populations will inevitable decline and go extinct due to inbreeding depression. (stackexchange.com)
  • In Japan, there was a widespread practice of keeping rats as a domesticated pet during the Edo period and in the 18th century guidebooks on keeping domestic rats were published by Youso Tamanokakehashi (1775) and Chingan Sodategusa (1787). (wikipedia.org)
  • The practice of inbreeding does not 'create' the resulting condition. (stackexchange.com)
  • After 14 days, repeated allergen inhalation challenges were performed in the sensitized rats for 2 weeks. (indexarticles.com)
  • Depending on the requirements of the approved research protocol, the ACRC imports new strains of animals from commercial suppliers and/or collaborators from abroad. (ncbs.res.in)
  • Design: Allergic bronchitis was induced in 12 animals, and 12 rats remained naive. (indexarticles.com)
  • Domestic rats differ from wild rats (various spp. (wikipedia.org)
  • Freezing in NTX treated FH rats did not differ from VEH. (omeka.net)
  • Preferential activation of microsomal diacylglycerol/protein kinase C signaling during glucose treatment (De Novo phospholipid synthesis) of rat adipocytes. (jci.org)
  • To determine the consistency of this preventive effect, we carried out a long-term study in rats fed the standard American Institute of Nutrition 1976 diet, and 7 short-term prevention studies in rodents. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Glucose has been reported to increase the de novo synthesis of diacylglycerol (DAG) and translocate and activate protein kinase C (PKC) in rat adipocytes. (jci.org)
  • NTX-treated SPD and N/Nih rats displayed an equivalent 130% increase in freezing in comparison to their respective saline controls. (omeka.net)
  • Age-matched female rats from these three strains were observed for freezing after shock conditioning. (omeka.net)
  • Laboratory rats are frequently subject to dissection or microdialysis to study internal effects on organs and the brain, such as for cancer or pharmacological research. (wikipedia.org)
  • The rats were weighed at the beginning and end of the study, and their food intake was measured every other day. (indexarticles.com)
  • Allergic bronchitis was induced in the test group rats at the beginning of the study according to a protocol described by Du et al. (indexarticles.com)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Central Ca++-channel blockade reverses ethanol-induced poikilothermia in the rat. (duke.edu)
  • These potential health benefits are attributed to the presence of a plethora of bioactive zoochemicals, including lactoferrin, immunoglobulins and peptidoglycan recognition protein 11 , however, other functional components could be derived from camel milk proteins via fermentation using probiotic strains 12 . (scialert.net)
  • Significant differences were found in both the kinetics and the magnitude of altered mitogenic responsiveness of PBL between the different strains of rats. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • Diet-gene interactions in estrogen-induced mammary carcinogenesis in the ACI rat. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
  • The rats were randomly assigned to either the test group (n = 12) or the control group (n = 12). (indexarticles.com)