Spinal neurons. Medical search. Frequent questions

Neurons or nerve cells are the core components of the brain and spinal cord of the central nervous system (CNS), and of the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) controlling many motor and sensory functions of the body. (wellcomecollection.org)
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) is an essential enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin, dopamine, and certain trace amines and is present in a variety of organs including the brain and spinal cord. (lu.se)
Overview of the Peripheral Nervous System The peripheral nervous system refers to the parts of the nervous system that are outside the central nervous system, that is, those outside the brain and spinal cord. (msdmanuals.com)
Motor neuron diseases may involve the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) as well as the peripheral nervous system (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord). (msdmanuals.com)
Your PNS works to connect the rest of your body with your CNS, which is made up of your brain and spinal cord. (healthline.com)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a rapidly progressive, fatal neurological disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, causing nerves in the muscle to die, thereby affecting voluntary muscle movement. (cdc.gov)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), sometimes called Lou Gehrig's disease, is a rapidly progressive, fatal neurological disease caused by degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. (cdc.gov)
Normal voiding is essentially a spinal reflex modulated by the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), which coordinates function of the bladder and urethra. (medscape.com)

But it doesn't coordinate it," said study senior author George Mentis, a neuroscientist at Columbia University who investigates the neural circuits controlling walking in order to find new treatments for patients with health conditions such as spinal cord injuries, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or spinal muscular atrophy. (earth.com)
A number of plastic events were described in the spinal cord in the course of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). (fupress.net)
Researchers at the Francis Crick Institute and UCL have shown that hundreds of proteins and mRNA molecules are found in the wrong place in nerve cells affected by Motor Neuron Disease (MND), also known as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). (news-medical.net)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a fatal motor neuron disease that causes people to gradually lose control of their muscles. (news-medical.net)
New research offers clues about the biology of cells in the spinal cord that die off in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other neurodegenerative diseases. (news-medical.net)
Lower motor neurons have long been understood to be particularly vulnerable to diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). (nature.com)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig disease) is the most common form of motor neuron disease. (msdmanuals.com)

In addition to motor neurons, V2bs inhibit other prominent interneuron classes including V2a, V1 and other V2b neurons, but neither of two categories of dorsal horn sensory neurons. (biorxiv.org)
These results suggest that Zic2 neurons integrate sensory input from cutaneous afferents with descending signals from the brain to promote corrective movements and transmit processed touch information back to the brain. (listlabs.com)
1. Capsazepine is a synthetic analogue of the sensory neurone excitotoxin, capsaicin. (nih.gov)
However, a third of sensory neurons do not express receptors for the neurotrophins. (jneurosci.org)
The trk receptors in general are expressed in a nonoverlapping manner by sensory neurons in combination with the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75 ( Wright and Snider, 1995 ). (jneurosci.org)
There is growing evidence that GDNF can have a trophic action on sensory neurons. (jneurosci.org)
A recent report has also demonstrated localization of TRPA1 to a subclass of large diameter primary afferent sensory neurons and epidermal kerantinocytes [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Contusive SCI in rats at T10 results in hyperexcitability of primary sensory neurons, which contributes to chronic pain. (johnshopkins.edu)
Second, treatment with retigabine, a specific KCNQ channel opener, profoundly decreased spontaneous activity in primary sensory neurons of SCI animals both in vitro and in vivo without changing the peripheral mechanical threshold. (johnshopkins.edu)
Some evidence shows that the upper cervical spinal cord might play an important role in propriospinal processing as a sensory filter and modulator for visceral afferents. (okstate.edu)
Results of these data supported the concept that a group of C 1 -C 2 spinal neurons might play a role in processing sensory information from the stomach that travels in vagal and spinal visceral afferent fibers. (okstate.edu)
The impulse travels along a sensory nerve to the spinal cord. (msdmanuals.com)
The impulse crosses a synapse (the junction between two nerve cells) between the sensory nerve and a nerve cell in the spinal cord. (msdmanuals.com)
The impulse is sent up the spinal cord and through the brain stem to the thalamus, which is a processing center for sensory information, located deep in the brain. (msdmanuals.com)
Your spinal nerves help to relay sensory, motor, and autonomic information between the rest of your body and your central nervous system (CNS). (healthline.com)
This is because the C1 spinal nerve typically doesn't have a sensory root. (healthline.com)

Spontaneous burst firing is not localized to projection neurons within the neonatal superficial dorsal horn. (jneurosci.org)
The present work was designed to check for the possibility of interactions between mechanical innocuous and chemically induced noxious muscle afferent inputs on discharge behavior of nociceptive superficial dorsal horn neurons (SDHNs) of the spinal cord in decerebrated cats. (uaeu.ac.ae)

The mechanism of the stretch modulation is proposed to reside in a segmental spinal control of the nociceptive transmission. (uaeu.ac.ae)
Spinal neurons exhibiting a specific nociceptive response receive abundant substance P-containing synaptic contacts. (ulaval.ca)
Substance P has been implicated in nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord. (ulaval.ca)
However, evidence for a direct correlation between a specific nociceptive response in spinal dorsal horn neurons and substance P input is lacking. (ulaval.ca)
In this study, we combine intracellular recording from dorsal horn neurons in vivo, characterization of their nociceptive responses, intracellular labeling by injection of horseradish peroxidase, and immunocytochemical demonstration of substance P at the electron microscopic level. (ulaval.ca)
Systemic injection of A-967079 (30 μmol/kg, i.v.) decreased the responses of wide dynamic range (WDR), and nociceptive specific (NS) neurons following noxious pinch stimulation of the ipsilateral hind paw in uninjured and CFA-inflamed rats. (biomedcentral.com)
In order to further delineate the role of TRPA1 receptors in normal and pathological mechanotransmission, we administered a selective TRPA1 receptor antagonist, A-967079 (Figure 1 ), to examine its effects on spinal nociceptive neurons in uninjured, inflamed, and osteoarthritic (OA) rats. (biomedcentral.com)
KCNQ channels are widely expressed in nociceptive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, are important for controlling their excitability, and their activation has proven effective in reducing pain in peripheral nerve injury and inflammation models. (johnshopkins.edu)
We have previously reported a vibration-induced, adenosine-mediated inhibition of nociceptive dorsal horn neurons in the cat spinal cord. (ulaval.ca)
These results confirm our previous finding that vibration-induced inhibition of nociceptive dorsal horn neurons is mediated via the release of an endogenous purine compound and further suggests that this inhibition involves a postsynaptic inhibitory mechanism. (ulaval.ca)
Conversely, mimicking the upregulation of CBX2 in the spinal cord facilitated the activities of neurons and astrocytes and produced evoked nociceptive hypersensitivity and spontaneous pain. (bvsalud.org)

We also found spatially restricted alpha motor neurons, and validated combinatorial markers for digit-innervating motor neurons and the diaphragm-innervating phrenic motor neurons. (nature.com)
The analysis of the Timp3 reporter mouse line showed that in adult mice TIMP3 is expressed in gamma motor neurons but not in alpha motor neurons. (rwth-aachen.de)
The cumulative death of alpha-motor neurons leads to breathing problems and progressive muscle weakness in children with SMARD1. (medlineplus.gov)

SMN2 splicing modifiers improve motor function and longevity in mice with spinal muscular atrophy. (broadinstitute.org)
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disease caused by mutation or deletion of the survival of motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. (broadinstitute.org)
Columbia researchers have discovered how a genetic defect leads to spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a critical piece of information about the disease that neurologists have been seeking for decades. (news-medical.net)
Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1) is an inherited condition that causes muscle weakness and respiratory failure typically beginning in infancy. (medlineplus.gov)
Spinal muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a childhood form of Motor Neurone Disease. (abdn.ac.uk)

The study suggested parts of the cervical spinal cord that control the diaphragm muscles, which are largely responsible for breathing, might reap the most benefit from such a therapy. (medindia.net)
During the study, the researchers had transplanted about 900,000 glial restricted precursors overall to specific sites in the cervical spinal cord of each model rat in early stages of disease. (medindia.net)
This targeted cell delivery to the cervical spinal cord is a promising strategy to slow that loss of motor neurons in ALS. (medindia.net)
Our dataset uncovered an unexpected spatially restricted diversity of preganglionic visceral motor neurons and a large population of these neurons in the cervical spinal cord. (nature.com)
The aims of this study were to determine (1) the responses of C 1 -C 2 spinal neurons to gastric distension and (2) the relative contribution of vagal and spinal visceral afferent pathways for transmission of gastric input to the upper cervical spinal cord. (okstate.edu)

Thus, the present study has shown an anatomical substrate for the extensive inhibitory projections of single BOT E-AUG neurons to the areas spanning the bilateral medulla and the pons. (nih.gov)
Furthermore, V2b inhibition exhibited a distinct pattern of contacts along the R-C axis, providing long-range inhibition to motor neurons and V2as but more localized innervation of inhibitory V1s. (biorxiv.org)
however, neurons with inhibitory responses were in laminae III, IV. (okstate.edu)
Peripheral vibration causes an adenosine-mediated postsynaptic inhibitory potential in dorsal horn neurons of the cat spinal cord. (ulaval.ca)
however, dysfunction of the inhibitory system via spinal interneurons may increase motor neuron excitability. (medscape.com)

BOT E-AUG neurons (n = 11) had extensive axonal projections to the brainstem, but E-AUG neurons (n = 5) of the cVRG sent axons that descended the contralateral spinal cord without medullary collaterals. (nih.gov)
A subset of Zic2creER neurons are PSDC neurons that project to brainstem dorsal column nuclei, and chemogenetic activation of Zic2 PSDC neurons increases sensitivity to light touch stimuli. (listlabs.com)
Zic2 neurons receive direct input from the cortex and brainstem motor nuclei and are required for corrective motor movements. (listlabs.com)
A motor unit comprises a motor neuron in the spinal cord or brainstem together with the squad of muscle fibers it innervates. (medscape.com)
The signal transmitted by the brain is routed through 2 intermediate segments (the brainstem and the sacral spinal cord) prior to reaching the bladder. (medscape.com)

C , Example of a rat sagittal spinal cord section (50 μm) after exposure to avidin-rhodamine, illustrating the axon of a bursting neuron which sends collaterals to the SDH (arrowhead), the deep dorsal horn (boxed region) (see D-F ), and the ventral horn (arrows). (jneurosci.org)
Second, several BOT E-AUG neurons sent long ascending collaterals to the pons, which included an axon that reached the ipsilateral parabrachial and Kölliker-Fuse nuclei and distributed boutons. (nih.gov)
Using viral tracing, we show that a significant minority of RVLM neurons send axon collaterals to disparate spinal segments (T 2 and T 10 ). (bris.ac.uk)
We investigate the extent of spinal axon collateralization of rat rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) sympathetic premotor neurons and its functional consequences. (bris.ac.uk)
The latter result demonstrates that axon collaterals of lumbar-projecting RVLM neurons project to, and excite, both functionally similar (forelimb and hindlimb muscle) and functionally dissimilar (lumbar and cardiac) preganglionic neurons. (bris.ac.uk)
Jeffrey Macklis, director of the MGH-Harvard Medical School Center for Nervous System Repair, said: "Our findings that IGF-1 specifically enhances both the speed and extent of axon outgrowth of corticospinal motor neurons are the first direct evidence of growth factor control over the differentiation of these neurons. (sci-info-pages.com)
Besides the axon, neurons have other branches called dendrites that are usually shorter than axons and are unmyelinated. (britannica.com)
Minimally, a recep- tor includes a peripheral axon terminal of one pri- mary afferent neuron, whose cell body is sited proximally in the dorsal root ganglion. (cdc.gov)

We studied their axonal projections morphologically using intracellular labeling of single E-AUG neurons with Neurobiotin, in anesthetized, paralyzed and artificially-ventilated rats. (nih.gov)
In order to enhance understanding of TRPA1 contributions to mechanotransmission, we examined the effects a selective TRPA1 receptor antagonist, A-967079, on spinal neuronal activity following peripheral mechanical stimulation in uninjured, CFA-inflamed, and osteoarthritc (OA) rats. (biomedcentral.com)
Similarly, A-967079 reduced the responses of WDR neurons to high-intensity mechanical stimulation (300 g von Frey hair) of the knee joint in both OA and OA-sham rats. (biomedcentral.com)
Additionally, the spontaneous activity of WDR neurons was decreased after A-967079 injection in CFA-inflamed rats but was unaltered in uninjured, OA, and OA-sham animals. (biomedcentral.com)
Blockade of TRPA1 receptors disrupts transmission of high-intensity mechanical stimulation to the spinal cord in both uninjured and injured rats indicating that TRPA1 receptors have an important role in noxious mechanosensation in both normal and pathological conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
Extracellular potentials of single C 1 -C 2 spinal neurons were recorded in pentobarbital anesthetized male rats. (okstate.edu)
Figure 3: Blockade of KCC2 with DIOA increases polysynaptic reflexes in the in vitro spinal cord preparation isolated from neonatal rats. (nature.com)
Li, Y., Gorassini, M.A. & Bennett, D.J. Role of persistent sodium and calcium currents in motoneuron firing and spasticity in chronic spinal rats. (nature.com)
Examination of cervical spinal cords of untreated and ibuprofen treated HRHF rats showed increased IL-1beta, an inflammatory cytokine, in neurons. (cdc.gov)

We know that certain subtypes of these neurons die in these diseases while others are spared, but we don't understand why. (nature.com)
What is it about subtypes of these spinal cholinergic neurons that makes them more susceptible or resilient to disease? (nature.com)
One of the biggest gaps in knowledge that makes it difficult for us to answer this question has been the field's limited understanding of spinal cholinergic neuron subtypes. (nature.com)
With the advent of single cell RNA sequencing technologies, it became possible to ask what subtypes actually exist as defined by their transcriptomes, and how distinct subtypes of these neurons differ from one another. (nature.com)
Although much of our goal was to identify more specific markers for cholinergic neuron subtypes involved in disease, we made many other unexpected discoveries along the way. (nature.com)
Spinal motor neurons are classified into functional motor neuron types and subtypes based on the muscle fibre type they innervate and they possess distinct morphological as well as electrophysiological properties. (rwth-aachen.de)
Also, the different motor neuron subtypes express specific molecular markers and show differential susceptibility towards neurodegenerative diseases. (rwth-aachen.de)
Although MN subtypes can be clearly defined by both anatomical distribution and ontogenetic specification, the pattern of trophic factor responsiveness of neurons from the MMC was indistinguishable from that seen in the LMC. (wustl.edu)
Zhuang, BQ, Su, YRS & Sockanathan, S 2009, ' FARP1 Promotes the Dendritic Growth of Spinal Motor Neuron Subtypes through Transmembrane Semaphorin6A and PlexinA4 Signaling ', Neuron , vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 359-372. (johnshopkins.edu)

Motor neuron disease. (broadinstitute.org)
Research at The University of Queensland could eventually help develop viable treatments - and ultimately a cure - for motor neuron disease (MND). (news-medical.net)
Patients with motor neuron disease (MND) are generally free of cognitive impairment, but evidence is growing to support an association between MND and frontal lobe or frontotemporal dementia (FTD). (medscape.com)
Worldwide, frontotemporal lobe dementia with motor neuron disease (FTD/MND) is a sporadic condition with an unknown etiology. (medscape.com)
The research may lead to treatments for motor neuron disease and spinal cord injury. (sci-info-pages.com)

It is characterized by pyramidal cell loss in the frontal and temporal lobes and degeneration of motor neurons in the hypoglossal nucleus and spinal motor neurons. (medscape.com)
Data now suggest that delocalization, accumulation, and ubiquitination of TDP-43 in the cytoplasm of motor neurons are early dysfunctions in the cascade of the events leading to motor neuron degeneration in ALS. (medscape.com)
Phrenic motor neurons are highly resistant to degeneration in ALS and, if preserved, could keep an ALS patient alive. (nature.com)
In suckling mouse: myositis of limb and paravertebral muscles, necrosis of brown fat and degeneration of spinal cord neurons. (cdc.gov)

1998). Bistability in spinal motoneurons in vivo: systematic variations in persistent inward currents. (modeldb.science)
In vivo intracellular recording was obtained from dorsal horn neurons in the lower lumbar segments of the anaesthetized cat. (ulaval.ca)

I was fully immersed in the data and learned more about cholinergic neurons than I'd ever known, including interneurons and preganglionic neurons in addition to the skeletal MNs that had motivated the work. (nature.com)
We also uncovered a third type of skeletal motor neuron that likely represents beta motor neurons. (nature.com)

Author Dr Jonathan McDearmid said: "Our research is aimed at understanding how dopamine, a neurochemical secreted by nerve cells (neurons) in the brain, influences neuronal networks in the spinal cord that control motor behaviour. (spinalcordinjuryzone.com)
Motor neuron diseases are characterized by progressive deterioration of the nerve cells that initiate muscle movement. (msdmanuals.com)
Muscle movement is initiated by nerve cells (neurons) that are located in the spinal cord and in the front part of the brain (called the motor cortex). (msdmanuals.com)
Nerve cells in the motor cortex connect with the nerve cells in the spinal cord that stimulate muscles to move (called motor nerves). (msdmanuals.com)
In motor neuron diseases, these nerve cells progressively wither away and the peripheral nerves that connect them to the muscle deteriorate. (msdmanuals.com)

We found that dopaminergic neurons exhibited low levels of activity when the animal was not moving. (spinalcordinjuryzone.com)

C , D , Spino-PB ( n = 30) projection neurons showed significantly more spontaneous activity during the neonatal period compared with spino-PAG ( n = 28) neurons ( p = 0.003, Fisher's exact test), but neither population exhibited rhythmic burst firing. (jneurosci.org)
However, dorsal horn projection neurons that contribute to the postsynaptic dorsal column (PSDC) pathway transmitting tactile information to the brain are poorly characterized. (listlabs.com)

These findings suggest the existence of individual RVLM neurons for which the axons branch to drive sympathetic preganglionic neurons of more than one functional class and may be able to produce global changes in sympathetic activity. (bris.ac.uk)
Taken together, these findings show that the axons of a significant proportion of RVLM neurons collateralise widely within the spinal cord, and that they may excite preganglionic neurons of more than one functional class. (bris.ac.uk)
We don't yet know what functions these cervical-level preganglionic neurons are responsible for, but we were able to confirm their presence. (nature.com)

Tactile stimuli are integrated and processed by neuronal circuits in the deep dorsal horn of the spinal cord. (listlabs.com)
Here we have employed a primary rodent neuronal culture model to study the cellular effects of TDP-43 dysfunction in hippocampal and cortical neurons. (nature.com)
Blocking the SNL-induced increase of spinal CBX2 attenuated the neuronal and astrocytes hyperactivities and pain hypersensitivities in both the development and maintenance phases. (bvsalud.org)

Researchers have found that the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) dramatically increases the in vitro growth of corticospinal motor neuron (CSMN) axons - projections that carry nerve impulses to the spinal motor neurons that connect to muscles. (sci-info-pages.com)
It was shown that the established in vitro differentiation protocol results in a highly pure motor neuron cell culture consisting of 90% ChAT-positive cells. (rwth-aachen.de)
Moreover, it was proposed that ESC-derived motor neurons possess some degree of diversity in vitro as both, alpha and gamma motor neuron-like phenotypes, are present in cell culture. (rwth-aachen.de)

GDNF therefore may be useful in the treatment of peripheral neuropathies and may protect peripheral neurons that are refractory to neurotrophin treatment. (jneurosci.org)
Spinal nerves are part of your peripheral nervous system (PNS). (healthline.com)
By comparing RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and ribosome profiling sequencing (Ribo-seq) data, we identified an upregulated protein, chromobox 2 (CBX2), with its mRNA level unchanged in the spinal cord after peripheral nerve injury. (bvsalud.org)

D , Section (of same spinal cord as shown in C ) illustrating axonal boutons from the bursting neuron (arrowheads) in the deep dorsal horn of the rat (see inset for higher magnification of boxed region). (jneurosci.org)
F , Numerous axonal boutons from the bursting neuron (red) demonstrated VGLUT2 immunoreactivity (green) as evidenced by colocalization in a single 0.5 μm optical plane (yellow). (jneurosci.org)
Histological analysis revealed that ∼21% of RVLM bulbospinal neurons were retrogradely labelled by both vectors, indicating substantial axonal collateralization to disparate spinal segments. (bris.ac.uk)
We hypothesize that the alteration in the function of the Kv7.2 channel (which carries the M current) and changes in the axonal initial segment (AIS) properties are the primary mechanisms of adaptation of spinal motoneurons to prolonged network activation. (emerging-researchers.org)

Local neurons within the spinal cord guide activity of specific motor neurons and muscles for execution of different movements. (biorxiv.org)
According to Professor Mentis and his colleagues, the coordination of our numerous walking muscles is handled by neurons in the spinal cord. (earth.com)
Only neurons up to approximately 1mm depth and those that responded to noxious pinch of the gastrocnemius muscles were selected for further analysis. (uaeu.ac.ae)
These spinal cord neurons are cholinergic, meaning they use acetylcholine communicate with the muscles they control. (nature.com)

These findings could have important applications in medicine, by helping develop novel treatments for patients with motor disorders or spinal cord injuries. (earth.com)
In addition to providing insight into the development and circuit formation of this critical population of neurons, these results might lead to the future ability to treat motor neuron disorders and spinal cord injuries. (sci-info-pages.com)

Now we can observe mice as they move about freely and examine the role that neurons play in complex movements like walking and swimming, in an ecological environment. (sciencedaily.com)
If these ventral spinocerebellar tract neurons were silenced in freely moving adult mice, the animals could not move properly. (earth.com)
Furthermore, if the neurons were activated by light or drugs, they could reliably induce locomotor behavior in juvenile mice. (earth.com)
Summary: Using a skin rash model created by inoculating mice with human herpes virus, bombesin receptor-expressing spinal neurons were lesioned intrathecally with 400 ng of Bombesin-SAP (Cat. (atsbio.com)

Several spinal interneuron populations have been implicated in tactile information processing. (listlabs.com)

One of the biggest challenges in developing the technology was finding a way to administer light pulses that penetrate into the depth of the spinal cord without being absorbed and reflected by nerve fibers. (sciencedaily.com)

1988). Electrotonic architecture of type-identified alpha-motoneurons in the cat spinal cord. (modeldb.science)

Although their cell bodies are located in the brain, CSMN axons extend down to the neurons they control in the spinal cord - extending as far as three feet in adult humans. (sci-info-pages.com)

The aim of this study was to investigate the preventive effect of the polyamine component N, N, N´, N´-tetrakis(2-aminoethyl)2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine (tdmtn) on apoptotic motor neurons in adult mouse spinal cord slices. (celljournal.org)

Spontaneous activity of WDR neurons is heightened following a chronic injury and is an indication of central sensitization and possibly non-evoked or ongoing pain [ 22 - 27 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Molecular mechanisms underlying spinal motor neuron diversification and differe. (rwth-aachen.de)
The mechanisms by which trophic factors bring about spinal motor neuron (MN) survival and regulate their number during development are not well understood. (wustl.edu)
Our results also revealed that activating the ERK pathway, upregulating CXCL13 in neurons, and CXCL13 further inducing astrocyte activation were possible downstream signaling mechanisms of CBX2 in pain processing. (bvsalud.org)

Thoracic region of adult mouse spinal cords was sliced by a tissue chopper into 400 μm slices and cultured in medium in the presence or absence of tdmtn for 6 hours. (celljournal.org)
We sequenced a large diversity of adult mouse spinal cholinergic neurons and provide a resource for the study of motor neuron diseases. (nature.com)

These autonomic neurons are canonically found in thoracic and sacral levels, not cervical. (nature.com)

The researchers also discovered that these neurons are highly interconnected, a feature which likely contributes to their capacity to generate the complex rhythmic patterns sustaining locomotion. (earth.com)
Dr McDearmid said that to date, researchers had not been able to get such clear insights into the inner workings of the brain: "Spinal cord projecting dopamine neurons are found across vertebrate species, including humans, so they are likely to have important roles in controlling behaviour. (spinalcordinjuryzone.com)
Experiments conducted on rat models of ALS, also called Lou Gehrig's disease, have shown that transplanting a new line of stem cell-like cells reduces neuron loss, and extends life, Johns Hopkins researchers have revealed. (medindia.net)
A neurotechnology that stimulates the spinal cord instantly improves arm and hand mobility, enabling people affected by moderate to severe stroke to conduct their normal daily activities more easily, report researchers from the University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University today in Nature Medicine. (news-medical.net)
Researchers from Zurich have developed a compact, energy-efficient device made from artificial neurons that is capable of decoding brainwaves. (scitechdaily.com)

in the presence of chronic lithium, such increased NPCs differentiate towards a neuron-like rather than a glial phenotype. (fupress.net)
In the white matter a large number of glial cells were AADC-immunopositive in different spinal segments and the vast majority of these cells expressed oligodendrocyte and radial glial phenotypes. (lu.se)
Here we show that these neurons express the receptor components for glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) signaling (RET, GFRα-1, and GFRα-2). (jneurosci.org)
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP promoted the survival of a proportion of the neurons, but glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was the most effective trophic factor, supporting ∼60% of MNs for 1 week in culture. (wustl.edu)

The results reveal that dorsal horn neurons that respond to noxious cutaneous stimulation with a slow, prolonged excitatory postsynaptic potential receive a preferentially high number of substance P fibers compared with nonnociceptive neurons, which scarcely receive any substance P input. (ulaval.ca)

These neurons degenerate in motor neuron diseases, and their damage contributes to loss of motor function in spinal cord injuries. (sci-info-pages.com)

Like the lumbar spinal nerves, you also have five pairs of sacral spinal nerves. (healthline.com)

FARP1 is expressed in subsets of motor neurons and is enriched in dendrites of lateral motor column (LMC) neurons that innervate the limb. (johnshopkins.edu)

We show that V2b neurons are active during fictive swimming, providing on cycle inhibition that mostly leads the motor burst. (biorxiv.org)
In these neurons, the stretch usually counteracted the bradykinin-induced response, i.e. shortening and reducing bradykinin-induced excitation and re-exciting the cells after bradykinin-induced inhibition. (uaeu.ac.ae)
Hyperexcitability of spinal reflexes and reduced synaptic inhibition are commonly associated with spasticity after spinal cord injury (SCI). (nature.com)
Mazzocchio, R. & Rossi, A. Involvement of spinal recurrent inhibition in spasticity. (nature.com)
Boorman, G.I., Lee, R.G., Becker, W.J. & Windhorst, U.R. Impaired 'natural reciprocal inhibition' in patients with spasticity due to incomplete spinal cord injury. (nature.com)

In the gray matter, AADC neurons immunolabeled for NeuN were not only found in the region around the central canal but also in the dorsal horn, intermediate zone, and ventral horn. (lu.se)
For example, throughout cervical and lumbar segments AADC neurons in the intermediate zone and ventral horn tended to be rather large and weakly immunolabeled, whereas those in comparable regions of sacrocaudal segments were smaller and more densely immunolabeled. (lu.se)
Ventral horn neurons, no. (cdc.gov)

Unlike their midbrain counterparts, these neurons extend projections to the spinal cord, a region that is dedicated to the production of motor behaviours (such as walking and swimming). (spinalcordinjuryzone.com)

Pyramidal neurons in the premotor cortex usually are preserved. (medscape.com)

Gata3 + V2b neurons send ipsilateral, descending neurons that inhibit their postsynaptic targets. (biorxiv.org)

Our understanding of dopamine function is largely derived from the study of dopamine-releasing neurons that are located within the midbrain, a structure located near to the base of the brain. (spinalcordinjuryzone.com)

Spinal transection at C 6 -C 7 abolished responses of the other four neurons that still responded to gastric distension after bilateral vagotomy. (okstate.edu)

Twenty-eight of thirty-two (87.5%) neurons responded to mechanical stimulation of somatic fields on head, neck, ears or shoulder. (okstate.edu)

Excess glutamate overstimulates the motor neurons that spark muscle movement, causing death. (medindia.net)
Previous studies suggest the existence of RVLM neurons with distinct functional classes, such as neurons that target sympathetic nerves bound for functionally-similar tissue types (e.g. muscle vasculature). (bris.ac.uk)
Signs and symptoms reflect frontal and temporal lobe dysfunction with lower motor neuron-type weakness, muscle atrophy, and fasciculations. (medscape.com)
Spinal motor neurons are the elements of the neuromuscular system that regulate muscle fibre contractions. (rwth-aachen.de)
The onset of spinal poliomyelitis is associated with myalgia and severe muscle spasms, with the subsequent development of an asymmetrical, predominantly lower limb, flaccid weakness that becomes maximal after 48 h 2 . (bvsalud.org)

Anatomy89

Organisms15

Diseases26

Chemicals and Drugs63

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment25

Psychiatry and Psychology5

Phenomena and Processes36

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Health Care1

Brain and spinal cord8

Amyotrophic lateral s7

Sensory16

Superficial dorsal horn2

Nociceptive11

Alpha motor n3

Muscular5

Cervical spinal cord5

Inhibitory5

Brainstem5

Axon8

Rats9

Subtypes9

Motor neuron5

Degeneration4

Vivo2

Skeletal2

Nerve cells5

Dopaminergic neurons1

Projection neurons2

Preganglionic neurons3

Neuronal3

Vitro3

Peripheral3

Axonal4

Muscles4

Disorders2

Mice4

Interneuron1

Reflected by nerve1

Motoneurons1

Axons1

Mouse spinal cord1

Spontaneous activity1

Mechanisms3

Adult mouse spinal2

Thoracic1

Researchers5

Glial4

Noxious1

Contributes1

Sacral1

Innervate1

Inhibition5

Ventral horn3

Projections1

Premotor1

Postsynaptic1

Midbrain1

Transection1

Stimulation1

Muscle5