• The physical role of the centromere is to act as the site of assembly of the kinetochores - a highly complex multiprotein structure that is responsible for the actual events of chromosome segregation - i.e. binding microtubules and signaling to the cell cycle machinery when all chromosomes have adopted correct attachments to the spindle, so that it is safe for cell division to proceed to completion and for cells to enter anaphase. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is now believed that this complex is mostly released from chromosome arms during prophase, so that by the time the chromosomes line up at the mid-plane of the mitotic spindle (also known as the metaphase plate), the last place where they are linked with one another is in the chromatin in and around the centromere. (wikipedia.org)
  • The position of the centromere relative to any particular linear chromosome is used to classify chromosomes as metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, telocentric, or holocentric. (wikipedia.org)
  • When the centromeres are metacentric, the chromosomes appear to be "x-shaped. (wikipedia.org)
  • Telocentric chromosomes have a centromere at one end of the chromosome and therefore exhibit only one arm at the cytological (microscopic) level. (wikipedia.org)
  • Identification of individual chromosomes in a complement is usually a difficult task in the case of most plant species, especially for those with small, numerous, and morphologically uniform chromosomes. (nih.gov)
  • In this paper, we demonstrate that the landmarks produced by cross-species fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) of Brachypodium distachyon derived bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones can be used for discrimination of Brachypodium pinnatum (2n = 18) chromosomes. (nih.gov)
  • Analysis of the morphometric features of B. pinnatum chromosomes was performed to establish their total length, the position of centromeres, and the position of BAC-based landmarks in relation to the centromere, thereby enabling their effective karyotyping, which is a prerequisite for more complex study of the grass genome structure and evolution at the cytomolecular level. (nih.gov)
  • Just like you might use a belt to keep your clothes in place, the centromere holds a pair of chromatids together and attaches it to the mitotic spindle during cell division to ensure that each daughter cell ends up with the correct number of chromosomes. (genengnews.com)
  • This default mode of centromere distribution is called the Rabl configuration after the 19th century cytologist Carl Rabl who was the first to note the continuity of chromosomes throughout cell division. (genengnews.com)
  • Furthermore, the telomeres and centromeres of all chromosomes were visualized using FISH. (bioone.org)
  • By comparative genomic hybridization using DNA from sperm and unfertilized eggs of this coral, we offer evidence suggesting the existence of sex chromosomes in this species. (bioone.org)
  • The holokinetic chromosomes of Lepidoptera respond differently to radiation than do species where there is a localized centromere. (usda.gov)
  • Ergaleium D.C., potentially linked to atypical centromeres that span much of the length of the chromosomes. (researchgate.net)
  • The species exhibited 2n=56 chromosomes (42 metacentrics, 12 submetacentrics and 2 subtelocentrics) and the nucleolus organizing region located near to the centromere on the long arm of the largest metacentric pair. (scielo.br)
  • The presence of 2n=56 chromosomes in T. diabolus is an interesting characteristic since until now all cis-Andean species karyotyped presented 2n=54 chromosomes while almost all trans-Andean species presented different diploid numbers. (scielo.br)
  • Surprisingly, they've shown that these crucial translocations occurred at the centromeres, the twisty ties that hold together chromosomes at the center of an x-shaped pair. (phys.org)
  • Regardless of the name or species, Heitman contends that some universal principles could govern the evolution of all sex chromosomes. (phys.org)
  • The researchers sequenced the entire genome of C. amylolentus , mapping the location of all the genes as well as the centromeres on each of the organism's 14 chromosomes. (phys.org)
  • For example, chromosome 1 of C. neoformans contained pieces of four different chromosomes from C. amylolentus , providing evidence of multiple translocations, some within the centromere. (phys.org)
  • Four types of chromosomes have been recog-nised basing upon the position of the centromere. (preservearticles.com)
  • The chromosomes may also be called acen-tric , dicentric and polycentric when they possess no centromere, two centromeres or many centromeres, respectively. (preservearticles.com)
  • Cytogenetically, the species of the genus Melipona show variation in the amount and distribution of heterochromatin along their chromosomes and can be separated into 2 groups: the first with low content of heterochromatin and the second with high content of heterochromatin. (karger.com)
  • In general, Melipona species have 2n = 18 chromosomes, and the species of each subgenus share the same characteristics in relation to heterochromatin regions, DAPI/CMA 3 fluorophores, and the number and distribution of 18S rDNA sites. (karger.com)
  • Centromeres are the differentiated chromosomal domains that specify the mitotic behavior of chromosomes. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • The centromere of eukaryotic chromosomes is essential for the faithful segregation and inheritance of genetic information. (aber.ac.uk)
  • Centromere Enumeration Probes (sub-CEPs) from KromaTiD are available for all human chromosomes as standard products. (biocat.com)
  • Telomeric Probes (sub-Telos) from KromaTiD are available for the p- and q-arms of all human chromosomes as standard products, other sequenced species are available by request. (biocat.com)
  • How the kinetochore couples microtubule force and centromere stretch to move chromosomes. (duke.edu)
  • In situ hybridization was carried out using cloned satellite DNAs from the domestic cat and domestic dog as probes to metaphase chromosomes from 12 species of felids and 10 species of canids. (nova.edu)
  • Autoradiographic silver grains along metaphase chromosomes were counted and analyzed with regard to the mean number of grains per cell in each species, their chromosomal location, and their presence or absence on specific autosomes or sex chromosomes, where known. (nova.edu)
  • For example, the Asian golden cat and the Bornean bay cat showed substantial labeling at the centromeric region of chromosome A1, and a number of species showed some labeling at the short-arm telomeres of B-group chromosomes. (nova.edu)
  • Among the canids, about 90% of all grains were located at autosomal centromeres, and grains were absent from the sex chromosomes. (nova.edu)
  • In eukaryotes, the number and rough organization of chromosomes is well preserved within isolates of the same species. (wellnessresources.com)
  • In humans, centromere positions define the chromosomal karyotype, in which each chromosome has two arms, p (the shorter of the two) and q (the longer). (wikipedia.org)
  • Chromosomal centromeres attached to microtubules and pulled to opposite poles of the cell during mitosis are retained in the chromatin structure even when the cell is done dividing. (genengnews.com)
  • The importance of chromosomal rearrangements for speciation can be inferred from studies of genetic exchange between hybridising chromosomal races within species. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • Chromosomal Localization of Satellite DNA Sequences Among 22 Species o" by William Modi, T. G. Fanning et al. (nova.edu)
  • Using the plant Arabidopsis thaliana , also known as thale cress, as their model for non-Rabl configuration, and its mutant form with a Rabl configuration, the scientists found the protein complexes CII (condensin II) and LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) work together to determine centromere distribution during cell division. (genengnews.com)
  • The centromere distribution for non-Rabl configuration is regulated independently by the CII- LINC complex and a nuclear lamina protein known as CRWN (crowded nuclei)," Matsunaga said. (genengnews.com)
  • This gene encodes a centromere protein which contains a histone H3 related histone fold domain that is required for targeting to the centromere. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • Centromere protein A is proposed to be a component of a modified nucleosome or nucleosome-like structure in which it replaces 1 or both copies of conventional histone H3 in the (H3-H4)2 tetrameric core of the nucleosome particle. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • Decreased expression of six RNA species was seen at various time points in all cell strains analyzed, these were: plasminogen activator (PLAT), centromere protein F (CPF), replication factor C (RFC3), thymidylate synthetase (TYMS), a putative mitotic checkpoint kinase (BUB1) and a gene of unknown function (GenBank accession number AI859865). (cdc.gov)
  • Centromere-associated protein-E (CENP-E) is an essential mitotic kinesin that is required for efficient, stable microtubule capture at kinetochores. (rupress.org)
  • We divided mice into three groups: human recombinant centromere protein-A (human CENP-A, HA) and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) were used to immunize mice for the study group (HA + CFA), and mice injected with CFA (CFA group) or saline (Saline group), respectively, served as controls. (biomedcentral.com)
  • More recently, we found that embryos cultured with anti-CENP-A (centromere protein-A) antibody had significant growth impairment and/or high mortality [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human Centromere Protein F (CENPF) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates or other biological fluids. (kits-elisa.com)
  • Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Centromere protein F(CENPF) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. (kits-elisa.com)
  • Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Centromere Protein F (CENPF) in Tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. (kits-elisa.com)
  • Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Human Centromere Protein F (CENPF) in samples from Tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (kits-elisa.com)
  • Mn, serum Mn, urine Mn, Centromere-positive micronuclei in periphery blood lymphocytes, DNA protein-crosslinks in peripheral white blood cells, oxidative stress as urinary 8OHdG, and long-term oxidative damage measured as erythrocytic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (measure of systemic oxidative stress) and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) (product of lipid peroxidation and reflect tissue injuries). (who.int)
  • The best characterized point centromeres are those of the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the 1980's, a seminal paper by Duke colleague Tom Petes demonstrated recombination could occur across the centromeres in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but some attributed the finding to a quirk of the favored model organism with its tiny point centromeres. (phys.org)
  • In the Rabl configuration, the free ends of the chromatids-another region of condensed chromatin called telomeres-are clustered at the opposite end of the nucleus, with respect to the centromeres. (genengnews.com)
  • On the other hand, in some species centromeres and telomeres are evenly distributed at the periphery of the nucleus. (genengnews.com)
  • This is called the non-Rabl configuration and involves an active rearrangement of centromeres and telomeres during interphase-the period between mitosis. (genengnews.com)
  • One might expect that the position of centromeres and telomeres could influence the organization of chromatin and thereby regulate gene expression. (genengnews.com)
  • Metacentric means that the centromere is positioned midway between the chromosome ends, resulting in the arms being approximately equal in length. (wikipedia.org)
  • Regarding mitotic chromosome structure, centromeres represent a constricted region of the chromosome (often referred to as the primary constriction) where two identical sister chromatids are most closely in contact. (wikipedia.org)
  • The centromere or kine-tochore is the con-stricted region present on the chromosome re-sponsible for mitotic spindle attachment during cell division. (preservearticles.com)
  • They found that the genomes had undergone quite a bit of rearrangement since the two species shared a common ancestor, at least 50 million years ago. (phys.org)
  • Inherently, these diagnostic assays cannot detect interspecific autosomal admixture shown to be extensive at the westernmost and easternmost extremes of the species range. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Third, we developed an easy-to-use, cost-effective PCR approach for genotyping two AIMs on chromosome-3 among those included in the multilocus approach, opening the possibility for advanced identification of species and of admixed specimens during routine large scale entomological surveys, particularly, but not exclusively, at the extremes of the range, where WGS data highlighted unexpected autosomal admixture. (ox.ac.uk)
  • To their surprise, they found little difference in gene expression, indicating the robustness of chromatin organization regardless of the type of centromere distribution. (genengnews.com)
  • Together with LINC, CII plays a role in scattering centromeres around the nuclear periphery during late anaphase, when the cell membrane invaginates, and telophase, when daughter cells physically separate during the terminal stages of cell division. (genengnews.com)
  • Submetacentric means that the centromere is positioned below the middle, with one chromosome arm shorter than the other, often resulting in an L shape. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recombination at the centromere doesn't have to happen frequently, it just has to happen often enough that it punctuates the evolution of the organism," said Joseph Heitman, MD, PhD, senior study author and professor and chair of molecular genetics and microbiology at Duke University School of Medicine. (phys.org)
  • A schematic figure from the paper illustrates how recombination occurred at the centromere and then genes migrated and fused to leave Cryptococcus with just two sexes, when before it had many. (phys.org)
  • The highly skewed distribution of recombination events towards the chromosome ends in zebra finches and other estrildid species may function to minimize crossovers in the inverted regions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • With each translocation, the genome is altered again and again, until you have evolved an entirely new species. (phys.org)
  • As part of the genome sequencing initiative for the tammar, we have explored the evolution of each of the major classes of mammalian small RNAs in an Australian marsupial for the first time, including the first genome-scale analysis of the newest class of small RNAs, centromere repeat associated short interacting RNAs (crasiRNAs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • We examined each of these small RNA classes with respect to the newly assembled tammar wallaby genome for gene and repeat features, salient features that define their canonical sequences, and the constitution of both highly conserved and species-specific members. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The study of structural variation within species and the characterization of the pan-genome has revealed extensive genome content variation among individuals within a species that is paradigm shifting to crop genomics and improvement. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ability to produce crops that meet societal needs is enhanced by a thorough understanding of the genome of a species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent innovations are driving a paradigm shift in which the extent and relevance of structural variation within the pan-genome of crop species are now being considered. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Within species, genomes vary in both gene content (e.g., tandem duplicated genes, CNVs dispersed throughout the genome, and PAVs of genes) and repetitive portions of the genome (e.g., transposable elements, knob repeats, centromere repeats). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In characterizing this variation, the genomic fraction common to all individuals within a species has been termed the "core" genome and the variable fraction the "dispensable" genome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study was conducted to obtain information about somatic chromosome numbers, karyotypes, and genome size of these five species. (ashs.org)
  • Photo composite map of the short arm of chromosome II (IIS) of a new species (Simulium praelargum "IL") in the Simulium feuerborni group from West Bengal. (zenodo.org)
  • Morphological and genomic characterization of Filobasidiella depauperata: a homothallic sibling species of the pathogenic cryptococcus species complex. (duke.edu)
  • Novel genotyping approaches to easily detect genomic admixture between the major Afrotropical malaria vector species, Anopheles coluzzii and An. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The fact that transgenesis can now be carried out in several lepidopteran species opens up new possibilities to develop genetic sexing strains. (usda.gov)
  • The proposal to develop genetic sexing strains described in this paper takes advantage of the fact that in Lepidoptera, the female is the heterogametic sex, with most species possessing a WZ sex chromosome pair, while the males are ZZ. (usda.gov)
  • The results show significant differences in nuclear DNA content, chromosome number, and karyotype among three native and two introduced lantana species and will help to identify, preserve, protect, and use native lantana species. (ashs.org)
  • Satellites were identified in all five species, but were associated with a different chromosome group in different species. (ashs.org)
  • The specific binding between ACA and CENPs is almost completely unrestricted among different species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we model the changes in the binding sites by taking information from orthologous regions from different species and use evolutionary models namely, the Felsenstein 1981(F81) and Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano 1985 (HKY85) models of DNA evolution,to study the selective pressures that could be acting and driving the observed changes in the TFBSs. (imsc.res.in)
  • In the majority of eukaryotic species, centromeres are associated with highly repetitive DNA, and as a consequence, the boundary for a functional centromere is difficult to define. (aber.ac.uk)
  • Carnivorous sundews in the plant genus Drosera L. exhibit single chromosome number variation both among and within species, especially in the Australian Drosera subg. (researchgate.net)
  • The genus Trichomycterus has about 120 species, distributed in Central and South America from Costa Rica to north Argentina, in both sides of Andes (Wosiacki & Garavello, 2004). (scielo.br)
  • Stingless bees of the genus Melipona are subdivided into 4 subgenera called Eomelipona , Melikerria , Melipona sensu stricto, and Michmelia according to species morphology. (karger.com)
  • The genus Lantana contains 129 accepted species ( The Plant List, 2013 ). (ashs.org)
  • The genus Arenavirus includes 22 viral species and 9 additional arenaviruses that have been recently discovered, for which taxonomic status remains pending. (medscape.com)
  • Point centromeres" bind to specific proteins that recognize particular DNA sequences with high efficiency. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once the cell has divided and entered interphase, CRWN proteins stabilize the positions of the scattered centromeres on the inner surface of the nuclear envelop, in the second step. (genengnews.com)
  • In previous work we identified a region near the centromere of barley chromosome 6H that harbored two closely linked net form net blotch resistance genes (rpt.r and rpt.k). (usda.gov)
  • The characterization of new miRNA target genes and a unique profile for crasiRNAs has allowed for insight into multiple RNA mediated processes in the tammar, including gene regulation, species incompatibilities, centromere and chromosome function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Of these, 3,114 were single genes confined to a single species. (blogspot.com)
  • First Born - The discovery of a child's skeleton on the edge of the Kalahari desert gave rise to the theory of a species that straddled the boundary between human and ape. (topdocumentaryfilms.com)
  • Since their discovery, scientists have noted that the arrangement of centromeres in the nucleus between cell divisions differs among species, cell-types, cell-cycle stage, and the cell's state of specialization, but neither the underlying mechanism of their seemingly random nuclear distribution nor its biological significance was clear, until now. (genengnews.com)
  • Drosera maanyaa-gooljoo is a distinctive species that differs in morphology and indumentum from all previously known taxa of D. se. (researchgate.net)
  • Any piece of DNA with the point centromere DNA sequence on it will typically form a centromere if present in the appropriate species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Regional centromeres" is the term coined to describe most centromeres, which typically form on regions of preferred DNA sequence, but which can form on other DNA sequences as well. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, we demonstrate that the centers of rice centromeres are occupied by a 155-bp satellite repeat, CentO, and a centromere-specific retrotransposon, CRR. (aber.ac.uk)
  • Our results demonstrate that the CentO satellite may be a key DNA element for rice centromere function. (aber.ac.uk)
  • In this study, we mined expressed sequence tag (EST) databases developed from barley and developed markers for further mapping of this region in a population derived from barley cultivars Rika and Kombar as well as did a comparative analysis of this region to other grass species. (usda.gov)
  • Additionally, we did a comparative analysis of this region to other grass species. (usda.gov)
  • gambiae - are identified by single-locus diagnostic PCR assays based on species-specific markers in a 4 Mb region on chromosome-X centromere. (ox.ac.uk)
  • depressa was the only species that had all of its centromeres located in the median region of the chromosome. (ashs.org)
  • He and an international team of researchers focused on the last common ancestor of the human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans and its nearest sibling species, a non-pathogen called Cryptococcus amylolentus . (phys.org)
  • The fungal species Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii cause respiratory and neurological disease in animals and humans following inhalation of basidiospores or desiccated yeast cells from the environment. (duke.edu)
  • Here, we review advances in crop genomics and how utilization of these tools is shifting in light of pan-genomes that are becoming available for many crop species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 50 agricultural crop species and is the most common Pseudomonas in the phyllosphere of European Arabidopsis thaliana populations. (bvsalud.org)
  • Not all of the remaining groups were present in all five species. (blogspot.com)
  • How-ever, their number remains constant in a particular species. (preservearticles.com)
  • This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species. (kits-elisa.com)
  • Some insect species have evolved mechanisms to reduce the cost of embryo mortality but humans have not. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Exodus - 'The discovery of bones, tools and artefacts at two archaeological sites on Africa's southern coast have helped scientists to calculate that people indistinguishable from the modern human species (homo sapiens) first appeared in Africa about 150,000 years ago. (topdocumentaryfilms.com)
  • It was brought to the Americas from sub-Saharan Arfrica 500 ya and though hybridized, mostly with Europeans in N. America and the already- hybridized Bering-Strait migrated Central / S. Americans, it is now holding back the progression of the 2 superior modern human sub-species to the point that they well may be the cause of the failure of technolgy to save civilization as we know it. (topdocumentaryfilms.com)
  • Towards this, we investigate the role of centromeric regions in these species across the four known clades and trace back the plausible evolutionary path taken by this species. (imsc.res.in)
  • The carnivorous Drosera microphylla complex from southwest Western Australia comprises a group of rare, narrowly endemic species that are potentially threatened by habitat destruction and illegal collection, thus highlighting a need for accurate taxonomic classification to facilitate conservation efforts. (researchgate.net)
  • For example, L . camara in Florida has invaded natural and agricultural land, and hybridized with a native species ( L . depressa ) to the point where the native lantana has become an endangered species ( Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 2018 ). (ashs.org)
  • The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is currently being used for the control of many agricultural pests including some lepidopteran species. (usda.gov)
  • One species, B. vulgaris, includes two 'types', G-type and P-type that differ in trichome density, and their glucosinolate and saponin profiles. (pacb.com)
  • CGMCC 1.7012(T)) is the type strain of the species Kosakonia oryzae and was isolated from surface-sterilized roots of the wild rice species Oryza latifolia grown in Guangdong, China. (pacb.com)
  • Seems they never will because when a specie diverts or adapts too far from its type, it reverts back or dead ends. (topdocumentaryfilms.com)
  • This final programme in the series exploring evolution seeks similarities between the Neanderthals and modern humans and, drawing on the latest archaeological findings, re-creates the moment when the two species converged in Europe. (topdocumentaryfilms.com)
  • If the positions of centromeres upon cell division do not change, they cluster on one side of the nucleus. (genengnews.com)
  • RESULTS: We focus on the interaction between alleles of the same locus, i.e., dominance, and perform a transcriptomic study involving 141 random crosses between different accessions of the plant model species Arabidopsis thaliana. (bvsalud.org)
  • Biologically speaking, nearly every species on Earth has two opposite sexes, male and female. (phys.org)
  • Aneuploidies have been detected in all mammal species studied, though not in amphibians and fish (which do not carry their young). (planer.com)
  • The Pinpoint FISH TP53/CEP 17 Probe Kit is intended to detect the copy number of the LSI TP53 probe target located at chromosome 17q11.1 and of the CEP 17 probe target located at the centromere of chromosome 17. (biocat.com)
  • Using next generation sequencing, we have characterized the major classes of small RNAs, micro (mi) RNAs, piwi interacting (pi) RNAs, and the centromere repeat associated short interacting (crasi) RNAs in the tammar. (biomedcentral.com)