Spanish 1918 influenza activity against influenza a viruses antiviral agents. Medical search. Frequent questions

The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
Fortunately, however, H1N1 is far less deadly than the H5N1 virus. (bcm.edu)
In only a few short weeks after emerging in North America, the new H1N1 virus reached around the world. (bcm.edu)
Although the 2009 H1N1 pandemic did not turn out to be as deadly as initially feared, the next pandemic flu virus could emerge at any time, and we must remain vigilant. (bcm.edu)
Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
In addition, the predominant influenza virus subtype was an H3N2, in contrast to dominance by H1N1 subtypes in recent past years. (medscape.com)
The 'Spanish' influenza H1N1 pandemic of 1918-1919 killed an estimated 50-100 million people worldwide 5 . (cdc.gov)
Although the virus was not isolated during 1918-1919, when the technology was available the genetic sequence was later determined to be an avian-like H1N1 virus. (cdc.gov)
This H2N2 virus was comprised of three different genes from an H2N2 virus that originated from an avian influenza A virus, including the H2 hemagglutinin and the N2 neuraminidase genes, and genes from the human seasonal H1N1 virus 10 . (cdc.gov)
About 50 million population were killed over the world by 1918 H1N1 (Spanish flu), around 4 million people were killed worldwide by Asian flu (1957 H2n2) initiated in China, 2005 H5N1 (Bird flu) caused deaths of 1 million population over the world, as well as birds and 2009H1N1 (Swine flu), caused the death of 18000 people. (ijpsr.com)
Although the recent sporadic outbreaks of influenza A virus H5N1 and of a new variant of H1N1 in 2009 were less serious than initially feared, public health responses gave an indication of the potential for pandemic influenza A to wreak havoc amongst human populations. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
The nucleoprotein plays critical roles in viral RNA replication and genome assembly, and nucleozin was shown to block replication of H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1 viruses in cell culture experiments and also to protect mice from lethal challenge with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A H5N1. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
In a study to identify cellular proteins required by the H1N1 influenza virus, collaborators from Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Yale Medical School, and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute have now made an unexpected discovery. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
They then examined the effect of the knockdowns on H1N1 activity by measuring changes in the presence of viral protein on the surface on infected cells. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
The work identified more than 120 genes which were required to be expressed for H1N1 infectivity but, surprisingly, also identified a class of genes that permitted greater influenza replication when they were blocked. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
The pandemic swine flu (H1N1) virus has proved to be less lethal than originally feared but, although most infected individuals experience relatively mild and self-limiting symptoms, some patients with no previous underlying medical condition have died. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
An international team of researchers has now found a possible explanation of why some people develop severe pneumonia when infected with the H1N1 virus. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
A typical innate antiviral response with increased levels of chemokines IP-10, MCP-1 and MIP-1β and an absence of anti-H1N1 antibodies characterised the early response in all infected individuals, but elevated levels of IFN-γ and mediators that stimulate Th17 and Th1 responses were found only in hospitalised patients. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
This year marks the 100th anniversary of the Spanish flu (H1N1) outbreak of 1918, which is recognized as the most lethal natural event in recent history. (virosin.org)
We examined the M splicing of human H1N1 and H3N2 viruses by comparing three H1N1 and H3N2 strains, respectively, through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses. (biomedcentral.com)
We randomly selected M sequences of human H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 viruses isolated from 1933 to 2020 and examined their phylogenetic relationships. (biomedcentral.com)
To explore the physiological role of the various levels of M2 protein in pathogenicity, we challenged C57BL/6 mice with the H1N1 WSN wild-type strain, mutant H1N1 (55T), and chimeric viruses including H1N1 + H3wt and H1N1 + H3mut. (biomedcentral.com)
Consequently, herboxidiene treatment dramatically decreased both the H1N1 and H3N2 virus titers. (biomedcentral.com)
However, a lower M2 expression only attenuated H1N1 virus replication and in vivo pathogenicity. (biomedcentral.com)
This attenuated phenotype was restored by M replacement of H3N2 M in a chimeric H1N1 virus, despite low M2 levels. (biomedcentral.com)
[12] For example, a study evaluated the in vitro antiviral effect against influenza type A (H1N1) of commercial essential oils that included cinnamon ( Cinnamomum zeylanicum ), bergamot ( Citrus bergamia ), lemongrass ( Cymbopogon flexuosus ), thyme ( Thymus vulgaris ), and lavender ( Lavandula angustifolia ). (donnieyance.com)
[12] Nalika sasi April 2009 sawijining galur virus flu anyar ngalami évolusi kang ngandhut campuran gen saka flu manungsa , babi , lan unggas , kang ing awalé diarani " flu babi " lan uga ditepungi minangka influenza A/H1N1 , kang muncul ing Mèksiko , Amérikah Sarékat , lan sapérangan nagara liya. (wikipedia.org)
He said Obama and other staff members are "highly, highly, highly unlikely" to develop such symptoms now because of the time that has passed since Obama's visit on April 16 and 17, 2009, and the relatively short incubation period allegedly for the flu virus, known as H1N1. (blogspot.com)
Three members of the individual's family tested positive for Type A influenza, and tests are currently underway to determine if they contracted the 2009 H1N1 influenza strain. (blogspot.com)
Unlike seasonal influenza, the H1N1 influenza virus currently circulating cannot be prevented through vaccination. (blogspot.com)

Influenza A and B vaccine is administered each year before flu season. (medscape.com)
Traditionally, the vaccine was trivalent (ie, designed to provide protection against three viral subtypes, generally an A-H1, an A-H3, and a B). The first quadrivalent vaccines, which provide coverage against an additional influenza B subtype, were approved in 2012 and were made available for the 2013-2014 flu season. (medscape.com)
The FDA has approved a vaccine for H5N1 influenza. (medscape.com)
In the Northern Hemisphere, all persons aged 6 months or older should receive influenza vaccine annually by the end of October, if possible. (medscape.com)
Influenza vaccination should not be delayed to procure a specific vaccine preparation if an appropriate one is already available. (medscape.com)
Those with a history of egg allergy who have experienced only hives after exposure to egg should receive influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
High-dose influenza vaccine appears to have the potential to prevent nearly one-quarter of all breakthrough influenza illnesses in seniors (≥65 y) compared with the standard-dose vaccine, according to results from a phase IIIb-IV double-blind, active-controlled trial. (medscape.com)
[ 3 , 4 ] A total of 31,989 participants were randomly assigned to receive either a high dose (IIV3-HD) (60 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) or a standard dose (IIV3-SD) (15 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) of a trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
The first live, attenuated influenza vaccine was licensed in 2003. (cdc.gov)
A non-live, recombinant influenza virus vaccine not requiring isolation or growth in hen's eggs was licensed in 2013. (cdc.gov)
Developing an effective vaccine is the main goal of clinicians and scientists, which is under clinical trials, and some vaccines which have been approved for the treatment such as COVAXIN, COVISHIELD, ASTRA Zenaca, and SPUTNIK V vaccines are being used to develop antibodies against COVID-19, but due to spread of variants of virus these vaccines are not supposed to be 100 percent protective against the virus. (ijpsr.com)
In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic-with no vaccine or antiviral drug coming soon-antibodies from recovering patients could provide a "stopgap" measure, according to Drs. Arturo Casadevall and Liise-anne Pirofski. (medicalxpress.com)
These include modeling techniques, bioforensics, methods for defining threats, specific and broad-spectrum antibiotic and novel antiviral agents, and means for rapid vaccine fielding. (nationalacademies.org)
[15] Vaksin kanggo manungsa kang paling asring dipigunakaké ya iku vaksin influenza trivalen ( trivalent influenza vaccine [TIV]) kang ngandhut antigen kang wis dimurnèkaké lan diinaktivasi marang telung galur virus. (wikipedia.org)
We were unable to demonstrate vaccine effectiveness against influenza-like illness," said the CDC's Dr. Carolyn Bridges, who studied how well the vaccine worked. (newmediaexplorer.org)
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - U.S. vaccine experts began meeting on Wednesday to formulate next winter's influenza vaccine, but said they had trouble deciding how well last year's formula worked. (newmediaexplorer.org)
Various studies show the vaccine had effectiveness ranging from none at all to 60 percent -- statistics that confounded experts trying to decide how best to protect the public from the highly contagious virus. (newmediaexplorer.org)
Every year the flu vaccine is reformulated in an attempt to keep up with the quickly mutating virus, which kills an average of 36,000 Americans every year and 250,000 around the world. (newmediaexplorer.org)
Last year, U.S. government health officials and the companies that make the vaccine miscalculated, and failed to predict that a new strain called the Fujian influenza A strain would be the most common cause of infection. (newmediaexplorer.org)
He said unless patients are tested to confirm they have influenza, they could have a range of respiratory diseases, none of which a flu vaccine could be expected to prevent. (newmediaexplorer.org)
It will take scientists four to six months to develop a vaccine that protects against the pandemic virus, by which time thousands could have died. (biblesearchers.com)

Influenza, one of the most common infectious diseases, is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs in seasonal epidemics and manifests as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of systemic symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
Excess deaths in annual epidemics occur mostly in the elderly ( 14 ), but the 1918-1919 Spanish flu pandemic had higher death rates among adults ( 15 ). (cdc.gov)
Antigenic drift, along with waning immunity, results in annual influenza epidemics, since the protection that remains from past exposures to similar viruses is incomplete. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A viruses cause seasonal epidemics of human flu worldwide and, much more rarely, flu pandemics. (cdc.gov)
the epidemics of "Asian" influenza in 1957 and "Hong Kong" influenza in 1968 together resulted in an estimated 1-4 million deaths. (who.int)
Being associated with seasonal influenza (flu) epidemics, IAVs have caused several pandemics worldwide, including the 1918 Spanish flu, which resulted in 50 million deaths [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries. (medscape.com)
The first HPAI A(H5N1) virus was isolated following an outbreak in chickens in Scotland. (cdc.gov)
Experts believe that the increasing outbreaks of influenza A (H5N1) among poultry and humans have moved the world closer to a pandemic than any time since 1968. (who.int)
Galur unggas kang diarani H5N1 wis nimbulaké kakuwatiran munculé pandemi influenza anyar, sawisé kamunculané ing Asia nalika taun 1990-an, nanging virus mau durung évolusi dadi wangun kang nyebar kanthi gampang saka manungsa-menyang-manungsa. (wikipedia.org)
More than all, the H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus called, Bird Flu, is the fear of mankind . (biblesearchers.com)

Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
Retrospective Validation of a Metagenomic Sequencing Protocol for Combined Detection of RNA and DNA Viruses Using Respiratory Samples from Pediatric Patients. (cdc.gov)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis cytochrome bd quinol oxidase (cyt bd), the alternative terminal oxidase of the respiratory chain, has been identified as playing a key role during chronic infection and presents a putative target for the development of novel antitubercular agents. (bvsalud.org)
We aimed to identify physical features, including respiratory sounds, that might be associated with disease severity among patients in Japan who were affected by Spanish influenza during 1919 and 1920. (blogspot.com)
Influenza (flu) is a contagious respiratory illness caused by flu A and B viruses that infect the human respiratory tract. (cdc.gov)
During the last century, various subtypes of the influenza virus caused five pandemic respiratory diseases, and pigs were found to be a major reservoir of such viruses. (ijpsr.com)
NPIs are actions, apart from getting vaccinated and taking medicine, which people and communities can take to help prevent the spread of respiratory illnesses like influenza. (cdc.gov)
In the paper in question, the authors explain how "[t[he majority of deaths in the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic likely resulted directly from secondary bacterial pneumonia caused by common upper respiratory tract bacteria. (faxines.com)
Influenza is transmitted through respiratory droplets that travel between 3 to 6 feet when an affected individual coughs or sneezes. (blogspot.com)

So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)
Flu pandemics are typically caused by the introduction and spread of an animal (avian, swine, or combination) influenza A virus with an HA subtype that is new (novel) to human populations 6 . (cdc.gov)
The world is currently in Phase 3 of the six-phase pandemic alert system, in which a new influenza virus subtype is causing disease in humans, but is not yet spreading efficiently and in a sustained way among humans. (who.int)
The C55T substitution significantly reduced both M2 mRNA and protein levels regardless of the virus subtype. (biomedcentral.com)
The discrepancy in M2-dependence emphasizes the importance of M2 in human influenza A virus pathogenicity, which leads to subtype-specific evolution. (biomedcentral.com)

Prescription medications called antiviral drugs can treat seasonal flu. (cdc.gov)

There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
Three types of influenza virus are known to affect humans: A, B, and C. Type A influenza has subtypes determined by the surface antigens hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (cdc.gov)
Antigenic shifts are probably due to genetic recombination (an exchange of a gene segment) between influenza A viruses that affect humans and/or animals. (cdc.gov)
Many types of viruses infect all kinds of living organisms including plants, animals, humans and even microbes like bacteria. (dupischai.com)
3,5] Influenza A, Hepatitis B, HIV, SARS, MERS, Dengue and Yellow fever, Measles, Mumps and Smallpox all originate from zoonotic viruses capable of moving between humans and animals and responsible for recent infectious diseases in the past few decades. (dupischai.com)
Because this is a new virus not previously circulating in humans, it's not possible to predict who would be most at risk of severe complications in a future pandemic. (cdc.gov)
These viruses can affect humans as well as some animals. (ijpsr.com)
These viruses are assumed to be zoonotic, which implies that the viruses can spread among creatures and humans 11 . (ijpsr.com)
It focuses on strengthening and building related capacities for epidemiological and laboratory surveillance of influenza both in animals and humans. (who.int)
Influenza pandemics are inherently unpredictable, caused by newly emerging viruses to which humans have little or no immunity and which develop the ability to infect and be transmitted efficiently for a sustained period of time in the community between humans. (cdc.gov)
Influenza is one of the oldest infectious diseases affecting humans. (virosin.org)
Our findings provide insights into virus adaptation processes in humans and highlights splicing regulation as a potential antiviral target. (biomedcentral.com)
Among his major accomplishments are the discovery of more than 70 new viruses of humans and animals (e.g. human metapneumovirus, coronaviruses, influenza viruses), elucidation of the pathogenesis of major human and animal virus infections, and development of novel intervention strategies. (eswiconference.org)
At the same time, the World Health Organization has only confirmed about 60 cases of the Avian Influenza that have killed humans around the world. (biblesearchers.com)

Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)

The length of hospitalization of patients with acute infectious diseases, including Spanish influenza, is associated with disease severity. (blogspot.com)
Eucalyptus essential oil has been shown to improve the innate cell-mediated immune response and can be used as an immunoregulatory agent against infectious diseases. (donnieyance.com)

An estimated 19,000 to 58,000 deaths have been attributed to influenza since October 2022. (medscape.com)
The CDC documented that seasonal influenza was responsible for 5,000 to 14,000 deaths during the 2021-2022 season. (medscape.com)
Failure to investigate the potential of old re-purposed modalities as well as newer agents could result in thousands of needless deaths from influenza and other viral illnesses, as well as COVID-10," stated Physicians for Civil Defense president Jane Orient, M.D. (bonesbrigaderecords.com)
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that seasonal influenza is responsible for an average of more than 20,000 deaths annually. (medscape.com)
The first and second waves of the Spanish influenza pandemic in Japan affected ≈21 million persons (257,000 deaths) and 2 million persons (127,000 deaths), respectively ( 1 ). (blogspot.com)
It is estimated that the next influenza pandemic is likely to result in between 2 and 7.4 million deaths worldwide, including 150 000-750 000 deaths in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. (who.int)
The "Spanish" influenza pandemic occurred in 1918-1919 and resulted in an estimated 40-50 million deaths worldwide. (who.int)
Known as SARS-CoV-2, the virus has resulted in more than 47.4 million infections and 1.2 million deaths. (faxines.com)
According to the rumor, the paper explains how most deaths during the 1918 Spanish flu were due to bacterial pneumonia caused by wearing a mask. (faxines.com)
Yet despite the legacy of the 1918 "Spanish flu," estimated to have killed at least 20 million people, 2 and the additional deaths, social disruption, and economic losses that resulted from pandemics in 1957 and 1968, the general public appears relatively unconcerned about the next "killer flu. (nationalacademies.org)
Considerably more attention has been focused on protecting the public from terrorist attacks than from the far more likely and pervasive threat of pandemic influenza-an event conservatively expected to cause between 2 and 8 million deaths (WHO, 2004a). (nationalacademies.org)
For a more detailed description of how estimates have been determined for the numbers of deaths caused by the 1918 influenza outbreak, see Barry's section in Chapter 1 . (nationalacademies.org)

The gold standard for diagnosing influenza A and B is a viral culture of nasopharyngeal samples or throat samples. (medscape.com)
Influenza is an infectious viral illness. (cdc.gov)
There are over 263 different human infecting virus species from 25 viral families that produce an ever-expanding range of illnesses, infections and complications. (dupischai.com)
In the first half of the 20th century, doctors used "convalescent serum" in an effort to treat people during outbreaks of viral infections like measles, mumps and influenza-including during the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic. (medicalxpress.com)
The best defence against viral infection is to prepare your innate immune system, which is the body's first line of defence against invasion by bacteria and viruses. (healthdrugpdf.com)
The decoding of the virus's genome showed it belonged a viral family known as beta-coronaviruses, to which the SARS1 and MERS viruses also belong. (thebulletin.org)
The determination of the antiviral mechanisms of these natural products has revealed how they interfere with the viral life cycle, i.e., during viral entry, replication, assembly, or discharge, as well as virus-specific host targets. (donnieyance.com)
A number of essential oils exhibit anti-viral and anti-influenza activities. (donnieyance.com)
[3] In studies, a blend of essential oils has been proven to inhibit the infectivity of influenza virus via inactivating viral binding ability and viral protein translation. (donnieyance.com)
Tea tree essential oil inhibits influenza during the early stages by preventing intracellular processing of the viral particle. (donnieyance.com)
[10] Studies show that viral induced autophagy was effectively inhibited by clove bud ( Eugenia caryophyllata ) essential oil and eugenol in cells infected with 8 separate flu viruses. (donnieyance.com)

5, 6] For the 2021-2022 influenza season, all flu vaccines are expected to be quadrivalent. (medscape.com)
Antigenic drift is the primary reason people can get influenza more than once and why it is necessary to annually review and update the composition of influenza vaccines. (cdc.gov)
Timely development of vaccines should help to contain future outbreaks, but effective antiviral medicines will also be needed. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
From face masks to social distancing, from antivirals to vaccines, these measures are predicated on the assumption that tiny viruses can cause serious illness and that such illness is transmissible person-to-person. (westonaprice.org)
Avian flu vaccines developed in advance will have little impact on the pandemic virus. (biblesearchers.com)

Drift occurs in all three types of influenza virus (A, B, C). (cdc.gov)

Antigenic drift involves small mutations in the genes of influenza viruses that lead to changes in HA and NA that accumulate over time, resulting in the emergence of novel strains that the human immune system may not recognize. (cdc.gov)
These novel strains are the influenza virus's evolutionary adaptations to a strong population-wide immune response. (cdc.gov)
Circulating strains of influenza A virus with resistance to existing neuraminidase inhibitors have already been discovered, and new molecular targets would provide additional protection in the event of a fresh outbreak. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
To the researchers' surprise, increased expression of IFITMs also blocked the replication of completely different viruses, including strains of West Nile and Dengue viruses. (drugdiscoveryopinion.com)
After this time the genetic make-up of a 'flu virus has changed so much that immunity built up from previous strains becomes irrelevant, so that herd immunity, our main defence against pandemics, has become negligible. (healthdrugpdf.com)
The mix is also likely to replace the influenza B Hong Kong strain with one called Shanghai B strain, even though influenza B strains caused fewer than 10 percent of infections. (newmediaexplorer.org)

A total of 470 patients hospitalized during January 1919-January 1920 and diagnosed with Spanish influenza (as "epidemic cold" or "pneumonia due to epidemic cold") fit the criteria for inclusion in the study. (blogspot.com)

At least four pandemics of influenza occurred in the 19th century, three in the 20th century, and one thus far in the 21st century. (cdc.gov)
In the past century, the world has witnessed three pandemics of influenza that started without warning and caused illness in more than 25% of the world's population. (who.int)

A flu pandemic is a global outbreak of a new flu A virus in people that is very different from current and recently circulating seasonal flu A viruses. (cdc.gov)
How do seasonal flu viruses spread? (cdc.gov)
Pandemic flu viruses would spread in the same way as seasonal flu, but a pandemic virus will likely infect more people because few people have immunity to the pandemic flu virus. (cdc.gov)

We compared strategies for stockpiling neuraminidase inhibitors to treat and prevent influenza in Singapore. (cdc.gov)
Instead, neuraminidase inhibitors are influenza-specific antiviral agents that figure strongly in preparedness plans. (cdc.gov)

Ten percent of the world's population and 20% of the population of tropical Singapore are infected with influenza virus annually ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Influenza is one of the world's greatest infectious disease challenges. (cdc.gov)
The campaign was initiated and developed by Dr. George F. Gao in collaboration with other world's leading influenza specialists. (virosin.org)

Prior to this role, from September 2017 to September 2021, Ms. Moen was seconded to the World Health Organization where she served as Chief of Influenza Preparedness and Response, a unit comprised of the Global Influenza Program and the PIP Framework Secretariat. (eswiconference.org)
Before that, in CDC's Influenza Division, Ms. Moen also served as the Associate Director for the Extramural Program where she began and directed the international capacity building program for the Influenza Division from 2004 to 2017. (eswiconference.org)

Coronaviruses are a large group of viruses that belongs to the family Coronaviridae that caused disorders, for example, sickness of respiration or gastrointestinal tract illnesses. (ijpsr.com)

The regional strategy on pandemic influenza preparedness and response aims to complement the global preparedness plan through enhancing the capacity of countries to pre-empt an influenza pandemic , as well as to mitigate the negative effects of a full-blown pandemic. (who.int)
Ann Moen, MPA recently retired from the US CDC where she served as associate director for Preparedness and Response in CDC's Influenza Division. (eswiconference.org)

And, why the flu shot is only effective between 10%-15%, [1] depending on the influenza strain? (dupischai.com)
2). Moreover, antiviral medications, which can ameliorate symptoms if provided within 48 hours of onset, may be reserved for treatment only, may not be effective against a new pandemic strain, or may quickly become ineffective due to the emergence of drug resistance. (cdc.gov)
I do find this a little surprising: The Omicron variant and its many sub-variants are the dominant strain of the virus, are massively transmissible, and haven't gone away. (fascinationplace.org)
After telling us to get our flu shots this past season, flu experts are now admitting that they could not - and still can not - predict what strain of the virus will be predominant in any coming season. (newmediaexplorer.org)
Under WHO recommendations, the Fujian strain -- which caused more than 90 percent of confirmed influenza cases in the United States and Northern Europe -- will be added to the mix. (newmediaexplorer.org)
And a strain called New Caledonia, another influenza A virus, will stay in the mix. (newmediaexplorer.org)

Every few decades or so, a new version of the influenza virus emerges in the human population that causes a serious global outbreak of disease called a pandemic . (bcm.edu)

Her studies have contributed in many areas of virology, notably virus structure, assembly, RNA replication and virus release. (scitechnol.com)
COVID-19 was compared with dengue fever, for which oral vitamin D supplements of 4,000 IU for 10 days were significantly more effective than 1,000 IU in reducing virus replication and controlling the "cytokine storm" (dramatic immune system over-reaction) responsible for fatalities. (frontiersin.org)

November 1, 2018, marked the first "World Flu Day" that was formally launched at the Asian-Pacific Centenary Spanish 1918-Flu Symposium in Shenzhen, China. (virosin.org)
On the Centenary of the Spanish Flu: Being Prepared for the Next Pandemic[J]. Virologica Sinica, 2018, 33(6): 463-466. (virosin.org)
Reverse Genetics for Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus: Current Status and Lessons to Learn from Other Non-segmented Negative-Sense RNA Viruses[J]. Virologica Sinica, 2018, 33(6): 472-483. (virosin.org)
Volume 12, April 2018, Pages 1918-1928. (montana.edu)

During the "Spanish flu" epidemic in 1918-1920, many patients were successfully treated with injected quinine. (bonesbrigaderecords.com)
The name "influenza" originated in 15th century Italy, from an epidemic attributed to "influence of the stars. (cdc.gov)
The first documented pandemic, or worldwide epidemic, that clearly fits the description of influenza was in 1580. (cdc.gov)
Influenza C has not been associated with epidemic disease. (cdc.gov)
This reminded experts of the SARS1 epidemic of 2002, in which a bat virus had spread first to civets, an animal sold in wet markets, and from civets to people. (thebulletin.org)
A similar bat virus caused a second epidemic, known as MERS, in 2012. (thebulletin.org)
In keeping with ESWI's excellent scientific reputation, the ninth edition of the conference gave the floor to the most renowned influenza, RSV and COVID-19 scientists, public health experts and healthcare professionals, discussing hot topics in epidemic and pandemic flu, RSV and COVID-19. (eswiconference.org)

To date, the avian flu virus has not acquired to ability to spread easily from person to person - a necessary step in order for a virus to cause a pandemic. (bcm.edu)

All viruses - including SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 - evolve. (ijpsr.com)
The virus that caused the pandemic is known officially as SARS-CoV-2, but can be called SARS2 for short. (thebulletin.org)
Aug. 11, 2022 - Researchers of the study, published in the Journal of Hematology & Oncology, discovered that patients with blood-related cancers, such as leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma, are 1.6 times more likely than other cancer patients to have breakthrough infections of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. (ku.edu)
This has enabled health authorities like the WHO to effectively combat disease outbreaks like SARS and avian influenza. (eswiconference.org)
Chances of containment are limited because the potentially catastrophic infection may not be detected until it has already spread to several countries , like the SARS virus in 2003. (biblesearchers.com)
'SARS in retrospect was an easy virus to contain,' said Oshitani, the World Health Organization's Asian communicable diseases expert. (biblesearchers.com)

A number of countries worldwide have blocked the export of face masks and other medical supplies in order to preserve their own stocks as they come face to face with the highly contagious virus. (pakistanthinktank.org)

Enhanced surveillance with daily temperature taking and prompt reporting with isolation through home medical leave and segregation of smaller subgroups decrease the spread of influenza. (medscape.com)
The "World Flu Day" initiative aimed to raise public awareness about influenza, to accelerate scientific innovation and international cooperation on influenza surveillance, and to push for stronger global support on influenza prevention and control. (virosin.org)

Flu antiviral medications may be used to treat pandemic flu if the virus is susceptible to these drugs. (cdc.gov)
They had also received antiviral medications and other drugs. (medicalxpress.com)
I will focus my report on the real-world data on treatment with direct acting antivirals (DAA), those obtained in some selected populations (genotype 3, acute hepatitis C, persons who inject drugs [PWID], decompensated cirrhosis), the problem of NS5A-associated resistance associated variants (RAVs), and some of the results of soon-to-be-approved medications. (hepbcppa.org)

Amid growing concern about influenza pandemics, national preparedness plans have become essential. (cdc.gov)

Various strategies such as antiviral, antibacterial, and antimalarial drugs have been employed to treat COVID- 19, but they were found to relieve the symptoms only. (ijpsr.com)
These are very smart viruses as they exhibit reactions and symptoms differently in the host system. (ijpsr.com)
He repeated the then-common belief that the accumulation of electricity in the body causes the symptoms of influenza and that outbreaks were due to atmospheric "influences"-hence the name influenza. (westonaprice.org)
The spokesman also said that President Barack Obama also has had no symptoms of the virus and doctors see no need to conduct any tests on his health. (blogspot.com)
A person with laboratory confirmation of virus causing COVID-19 infection, irrespective of clinical signs and symptoms, is considered as a confirmed case [ 1 ]. (springeropen.com)

since the late 19th century, five antigenic shifts have led to pandemics in 1889-1891, 1918-1920, 1957-1958, 1968-1969, and 2009-2010. (cdc.gov)
We examined preserved medical charts of 470 Spanish influenza patients (8 with fatal cases) hospitalized at former army hospitals in Japan during 1919-1920. (blogspot.com)
Otherwise healthy soldiers who became patients during the second wave of Spanish influenza in Japan during 1919-1920 were severely affected. (blogspot.com)

The cause (etiology) of HPAI in domestic poultry was identified as a virus, though Influenza viruses were not isolated until the 1930s. (cdc.gov)

A 3-year postdoctoral position in RNA virology at the Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, followed after which she joined the University of Alabama at Birmingham to establish her own Bluetongue virus research group with funds from NIH, NSF and USDA. (scitechnol.com)
His research programme follows an integrated "viroscience" concept, bringing together world-leading scientists in molecular virology, immunology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and intervention studies for human and animal virus infections. (eswiconference.org)

An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. (wikipedia.org)
It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
Infection with influenza viruses can be asymptomatic or result in disease that ranges from mild to severe. (cdc.gov)
Scientists believe evolution of viruses and infection rates started increasing since the beginning of human civilizations, as we began living in communities, grew plants and domesticated animals. (dupischai.com)
In this article, we'll discuss top 10 chai tea spices that possess antiviral properties and help our body to fight infection, boost immunity while reducing inflammation and oxidative stress . (dupischai.com)
The objectives of the WHO global influenza preparedness plan are to reduce opportunities for human infection, strengthen the early warning system to early detect emergence of a pandemic virus and contain or delay spread at the source. (who.int)
The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). (lookformedical.com)
Lemon balm ( Melissa officinalis ) essential oil has been used extensively to prevent HSV infection and to inhibit influenza viruses. (donnieyance.com)
It may be a possible agent or adjuvant against infection, immunity, and inflammation in COVID-19. (donnieyance.com)

Alpha, beta, gamma, and delta are the four subgroups of coronavirus, which are the largest known spherical RNA viruses. (ijpsr.com)

Oseltamivir was the drug of choice because of its safety profile ( 9 , 10 ) and available data on influenza prophylaxis and treatment ( 11 , 12 ). (cdc.gov)
The model compared 3 strategies: supportive management (no action), early treatment of clinical influenza with oseltamivir (treatment only), and prophylaxis in addition to early treatment (prophylaxis). (cdc.gov)

The pandemic virus is much more difficult, maybe impossible, to contain once it starts,' he told Reuters at a WHO conference in Noumea, capital of the French Pacific territory of New Caledonia. (biblesearchers.com)

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the Orthomyxoviridae family infect various species, including mammals and birds. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza , kang luwih ditepungi kanthi sebutan flu, wujud lelara nular kang disebabaké déning virus RNA saka famili Orthomyxoviridae (virus influenza), kang nyerang unggas lan mamalia . (wikipedia.org)

But maybe they've been evolving to be less severe, and maybe the spotty vaccinations we've had have been good enough to gradually suppress the virus. (fascinationplace.org)

Unlike influenza, children under age 10 are almost completely spared in COVID-19 ( 17 , 18 ). (frontiersin.org)

Studies have compared the cost-effectiveness of vaccination versus treatment with antiviral agents ( 5 - 7 ), but only l study has examined the cost-effectiveness of prophylaxis ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
In addition to vaccination, other public health measures are also effective in limiting influenza transmission in closed environments. (medscape.com)

Feb. 10, 2022 - China was blamed for the COVID-19 virus with terms such as "Wuhan virus" and "kung flu" used by some in power and repeated in the media. (ku.edu)

Prevention of influenza is the most effective management strategy. (medscape.com)
Vitamin D3 2000 IU per day in winter and in influenza prevention. (weebly.com)
Influenza eventually killed at least 111 children in 33 states before waning in recent weeks, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says. (newmediaexplorer.org)

We present methodology for the synthesis of nonlinear analogues of second-generation tetraoxane antimalarials E209 and N205 to investigate reduced molecular symmetry on in vitro antimalarial activity and physicochemical properties. (bvsalud.org)

Influenza traditionally has been diagnosed on the basis of clinical criteria, but rapid diagnostic tests, which have a high degree of specificity but only moderate sensitivity, are becoming more widely used. (medscape.com)
Although available clinical techniques and treatment options for Spanish influenza patients were limited in this era, charts showing detailed records of lung sounds and fever exist and can be used to infer disease severity in affected persons. (blogspot.com)
We previously described the clinical features of Spanish influenza among patients who were hospitalized at several study sites ( 2 ). (blogspot.com)

The incubation period of influenza is 2 days on average but may range from 1 to 4 days. (medscape.com)

Pandemic influenza is unpredictable: uncertainties surround its occurrence and outcomes ( 13 ). (cdc.gov)
Influenza viruses change easily and often, they are unpredictable, and they can be deadly. (bcm.edu)

While maintaining good antimalarial activity and metabolic stability, head-to-head comparison of linear and nonlinear counterparts showed up to 10-fold improvement in FaSSIF solubility for three of the four analogues studied. (bvsalud.org)

[ 3 , 4 ] Laboratory-confirmed influenza (via nasopharyngeal swabs for culture, polymerase chain reaction, or both) occurred in 228 participants in the IIV3-HD group (1.4%) and 301 participants in the IIV3-SD group (1.9%), a relative efficacy of 24.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.7 to 36.5). (medscape.com)

Influenza C is rarely reported as a cause of human illness, probably because most cases are subclinical. (cdc.gov)
The problem with influenza-like illness studies is that there are a lot of things that are influenza-like," Gellin said. (newmediaexplorer.org)

Influenza causes significant loss of workdays, human suffering, and mortality. (medscape.com)
If this virus acquires the ability to spread efficiently from human to human, all of the prerequisites for an influenza pandemic will be fulfilled. (who.int)
Roy used multi-disciplinary approaches to provide a detailed understanding of a complex double -stranded RNA virus, Bluetongue virus (BTV), a member of the Reoviridae (one of the largest RNA virus family) and a modelsystem for a number of similar viruses that are pathogenic to human and animal (e.g. (scitechnol.com)
The association between M segment splicing and pathogenicity remains ambiguous in human influenza A viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we aimed to investigate M splicing in various human influenza A viruses and characterize its physiological roles by applying the splicing inhibitor, herboxidiene. (biomedcentral.com)

Immediately following the detection of virological or epidemiological signals of a change in virus transmission patterns, local authorities, supported by national and regional resources, should apply measures aimed at reducing transmission, as outlined in the strategy. (who.int)

Virus surface antigens hemagglutinin and neuraminidase continually change. (cdc.gov)
The surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) involved in receptor binding and virus release are used to classify IAVs. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy14

Organisms68

Diseases23

Chemicals and Drugs60

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment33

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes43

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Humanities1

Information Science7

Named Groups2

Health Care20

Geographicals5

H1N130

Vaccine21

Epidemics6

H5N15

Respiratory9

Subtype5

Called antiviral drugs1

Humans15

Subtypes2

Infectious diseases2

Deaths12

Viral11

Vaccines5

Types of influenza1

Strains6

Pneumonia1

Pandemics of influenza2

Seasonal3

Neuraminidase inhibitors2

World's3

20172

Coronaviruses1

Preparedness and response2

Strain6

Outbreak1

Replication2

20184

Epidemic7

Avian flu v1

SARS6

Contagious1

Surveillance2

Medications3

National preparedness plans1

Symptoms5

19203

1930s1

Virology2

Infection9

Coronavirus1

Oseltamivir2

Pandemic virus1

Orthomyxoviridae2

Severe1

Unlike1

Vaccination2

20221

Prevention3

Vitro1

Clinical3

Incubation period1

Unpredictable2

Antimalarial1

Nasopharyngeal1

Illness2

Human5

Epidemiological1

Hemagglutinin2