• In addition, a variety of substances such as fuel, water, antifreeze, dust, and various combustion products such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals, and metallic oxides accumulate in the oil. (cdc.gov)
  • Biodegradation of anthracene, benzo(a)anthracene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene by indigenous strains of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria and cyanobacteria isolated from Bodo creek - a moderate salt aquatic environment polluted with crude oil was monitored for 56 days using GC-MS. Anthracene was mineralized to 0.1, 0.001 and 0.08 mg/l by aerobic heterotrophic bacteria cyanobacteria and consortium of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria and cyanobacteria respectively. (omicsonline.org)
  • Benzo(a)anthracene was reduced to 0.03, 0.01 and 0.02 mg/l in the treatments of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria cyanobacteria and consortium of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria and cyanobacteria respectively where as dibenzo(a,h)anthracene was reduced to 0 mg/l in all the treatment options on the 56th day monitored. (omicsonline.org)
  • Other authors consider PAHs to start with the tricyclic species phenanthrene and anthracene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anthracene is a tricyclic poly aromatic hydrocarbon which is characterized by a three fused benzene ring. (omicsonline.org)
  • In a crankcase-lubricated engine, the oil compartment acts as a sink for heavy molecular incomplete combustion products such as PAHs and their analogs (Scheepers and Bos 1992). (cdc.gov)
  • It is used in detecting contamination of PAHs and as a model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon for determination of the factors that affect bioavailability, rate of microbial degradation and biodegradation potential of PAHs in the environment [ 3 ]. (omicsonline.org)
  • citation needed] In contrast, in anthracene the resonance structures have one sextet each, which can be at any of the three rings, and the aromaticity spreads out more evenly across the whole molecule. (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast, PAHs with five or of solubility in the lipid and aqueous a vast range. (who.int)
  • Thus, contaminants such as PAHs, which are formed via combustion, can accumulate in the oil by a factor of up to 1,000. (cdc.gov)
  • The simplest representative is naphthalene, having two aromatic rings, and the three-ring compounds anthracene and phenanthrene. (wikipedia.org)
  • This class is largely a subset of the alternant PAHs, but is considered to include unstable or hypothetical compounds like triangulene or heptacene. (wikipedia.org)
  • They therefore are linked with the metabolic activa- creases approximately logarith- occur predominantly in solid form, tion of PAHs, as well as their deposi- mically with increasing molecular bound to particulates in pol uted air, tion and disposition. (who.int)
  • The goal of Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM) is to increase the primary care provider's knowledge of hazardous substances in the environment and to help in evaluation and treating of potentially exposed patients. (cdc.gov)
  • The remaining 45 PAHs reviewed the ultimate DNA-reactive metabo- uptake of PAHs through the skin is by IARC were acenaphthene, ace- lites of PAHs. (who.int)
  • PAHs are known to be highly toxic environmental contaminants with carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. (cdc.gov)
  • IARC classifies naphthalene as a possible human carcinogen. (cdc.gov)
  • IARC and NTP have classified specific PAH-containing chemical mixtures (e.g., soot, coke oven emissions, coal tars and coal tar pitches) as human carcinogens. (cdc.gov)
  • The remaining 45 PAHs reviewed the ultimate DNA-reactive metabo- uptake of PAHs through the skin is by IARC were acenaphthene, ace- lites of PAHs. (who.int)
  • In humans, heavy occupational exposure to mixtures of PAHs entails a substantial risk of lung, skin, or bladder cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • For persons without occupational exposure, important sources of PAHs include ambient air pollution (especially motor vehicle exhaust), smoke from wood or fossil fuels, tobacco smoke, and foods. (cdc.gov)
  • Measurement of urinary metabolites reflects recent exposure to PAHs. (cdc.gov)
  • however, if a substance or exposure is only on one agency's list, this it does not necessarily mean there is a controversy , as one agency may not have evaluated it. (cancer.org)
  • In other words, a carcinogen does not always cause cancer in every person, every time there is any kind of exposure. (cancer.org)
  • PAHs are known to be highly toxic environmental contaminants with carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. (cdc.gov)
  • Many other PAHs are considered to be probable or possible human carcinogens. (cdc.gov)
  • More information on each of these known and probable human carcinogens can be found on their websites. (cancer.org)
  • These lists include agents that have been classified as known or probable human carcinogens. (cancer.org)
  • The metabolic pathways and enzyme-inducing effects of specific PAHs, such as benz[a]pyrene, have been actively studied to elucidate cancer potential and causal mechanisms (Ramesh et al. (cdc.gov)
  • PAHs are lipid soluble and can be absorbed through the skin, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. (cdc.gov)
  • In contrast, PAHs with five or of solubility in the lipid and aqueous a vast range. (who.int)
  • Coal tar ointments containing PAHs are used to treat several inflammatory skin conditions. (cdc.gov)
  • The simplest representative is naphthalene, having two aromatic rings, and the three-ring compounds anthracene and phenanthrene. (wikipedia.org)
  • With the exception of naphthalene, the PAHs described here are not produced commercially in the U.S. (cdc.gov)
  • NTP determined that naphthalene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. (cdc.gov)
  • These agencies tend to focus on substances and exposures most likely to cause cancer, but there are many others that have not been fully studied yet. (cancer.org)
  • See each agency's website for more details about the substances and exposures on their lists. (cancer.org)
  • Uncooked foods and vegetables generally contain low levels of PAHs but can be contaminated by airborne particle deposition or growth in contaminated soil. (cdc.gov)
  • The lists do not include substances that have been classified as possible carcinogens, for which the evidence is not as strong. (cancer.org)
  • These lists also do not include substances evaluated as "not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity in humans. (cancer.org)
  • The emitted PAHs can form or bind to particles in the air, and particle size depends in part on the source of the PAHs. (cdc.gov)
  • One hundred and forty different PAHs have been found in the used oil of crankcase-lubricated engines. (cdc.gov)
  • In general, the American Cancer Society does not determine if something causes cancer (that is, if it is a carcinogen ). (cancer.org)
  • To learn more about these agencies and how they study and classify cancer causes, see Determining if Something Is a Carcinogen . (cancer.org)