Signal transduction tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 15. Medical search. Frequent questions

Death receptor 6 gets a chemical message and starts a signaling pathway that causes apoptosis, also known as cell death, to occur. (wikipedia.org)
DR6 induces apoptosis when it is over expressed, however the manner in which the death signal is intracellularly transduced is currently unknown. (wikipedia.org)
Many of the current efforts regarding anti-cancer drug development are focused on directing tumor cells to undergo apoptosis. (mdpi.com)
Many members of the TNF superfamily regulate apoptosis and/or immune cell functions, such as T cell co-stimulation, natural killer cell activation, and B cell homeostasis. (rndsystems.com)
The tumor tissues were analyzed using apoptosis antibody arrays, real time PCR and western blot. (biomedcentral.com)
The results suggested that BF-rTK + GCV induced tumor apoptosis without autophagy and necroptosis occurrence. (biomedcentral.com)
The apoptosis was transduced by multiple signaling pathways mediated by FasL and TNFR2 and mainly activated the mitochondrial control of apoptosis via Bid and Bim, which was rescued by silencing Bid or/and Bim . (biomedcentral.com)
However, BF + GCV only induced apoptosis via Fas/FasL signal pathway accompanied with increased P53 expression. (biomedcentral.com)
BF-rTK + GCV induced tumor apoptosis mediated by FasL and TNFR2 through the mitochondrial control of apoptosis via Bid and Bim without inducing necroptosis and autophagy. (biomedcentral.com)
Mutant K-RAS has been shown to have both tumor-promoting and -suppressing functions, and growing evidence suggests that the RASSF family of tumor suppressors can act as RAS apoptosis and senescence effectors. (cancerindex.org)
CD31 is a multifunctional molecule with diverse roles in modulation of integrin-mediated cell adhesion, transendothelial migration, angiogenesis, apoptosis, negative regulation of immunoreceptor signaling, autoimmunity, macrophage phagocytosis, IgE-mediated anaphylaxis and thrombosis. (thermofisher.com)
Using a cell apoptosis assay based on stimulation of a RANK:Fas fusion protein, and a cellular NF-kappaB signaling assay, we showed that R12-31 was agonist for both species. (cnrs.fr)

Through its death domain, this receptor interacts with TRADD protein, which is known to serve as an adaptor that mediates signal transduction of TNF-receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Within each square, the full name of the cytokine is listed, along with its alternate names, a symbol to signify its structure, and the receptors that it utilizes to activate downstream signaling. (rndsystems.com)
Here, we review tumor-NK cell interactions, discuss the mechanisms by which NK cells generate an antitumor immune response, and discuss NK cell-based therapeutic strategies targeting activating, inhibitory, and co-stimulatory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
However, CD56 dim NK cells can produce cytokines, specifically IFN-γ, after cell triggering via NKp46 of NKp30 activating receptors or after stimulation with combinations of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
Human derived T lymphocytes engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors, which are expanded in vitro culture and then infused into patients exerting robust cytotoxicity after tumor antigen recognition and subsequent activation. (biomedcentral.com)
Noteworthy, ligand-induced internalization of NK1 receptors into neurons in the dorsal horn can be triggered also by non-noxious somatosensory stimulation (Honor et al. (niepokorny.org)
Collagen receptors are cell surface receptors that modulate signal transduction between cells and the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. (lookformedical.com)

The Periodic Table of Cytokine and Chemokine Families poster includes members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, and cytokines belonging to the different families of interleukins, interferons, and chemokines. (rndsystems.com)
Ligands for the class I cytokine receptor family include short-chain and long-chain helical cytokines. (rndsystems.com)
The short-chain helical cytokine family includes members of the common gamma-chain and common beta-chain families of cytokines. (rndsystems.com)
The four short-chain helix bundle cytokines that signal through class III receptor tyrosine kinases include M-CSF, SCF, Flt-3 Ligand, and IL-34, and are shown in columns four and five of the poster. (rndsystems.com)
Ligands for the class II cytokine receptor family includes the IL-10 family cytokines, along with the type I, type II, and type III interferons, which are shown in columns three, four, and nine of the poster. (rndsystems.com)
Members of the IL-10 family cytokines have structural similarities and signal through heterodimeric receptor complexes with common subunits. (rndsystems.com)
These cytokines belong to the cysteine-knot superfamily and bind to members of the IL-17 receptor family. (rndsystems.com)
Cytokines in the TNF superfamily bind to oligomeric, type I or type II transmembrane proteins that have multiple extracellular cysteine-rich domains. (rndsystems.com)
The atherosclerotic process is accelerated by a myriad of factors, such as the release of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), growth factors, and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. (hindawi.com)
The CD56 bright population produces immunoregulatory cytokines, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-B), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GMCSF), IL-10, and IL-13 ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
Members of the ADAM family contribute to various physiological and pathophysiological processes by modulation of molecules like growth factors or cytokines. (frontiersin.org)
The ability of two cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma, are evaluated as paracrine mediators of endothelial cell function during angioregression. (biomedcentral.com)
Non-canonical pathways of osteoclastogenesis have been described in which several cytokines and growth factors are able to substitute for RANKL. (ox.ac.uk)
The same basic principle has been applied successfully to other types of fusion partners, including cytokines, growth factors and enzymes. (coek.info)
They, furthermore, control the expression of cytokines and chemokines as well as transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) (Bekhbat et al. (niepokorny.org)
2018). NF-kB is a ubiquitous transcriptional activator of inflammatory mediators that increases the synthesis of pro-inflammatory factors such as cytokines, prostaglandins and nitric oxide that contribute to the development of hyperalgesia (Petho and Reeh 2012). (niepokorny.org)

Death receptor 6 (DR6), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 21 (TNFRSF21), is a cell surface receptor of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily which activates the JNK and NF-κB pathways. (wikipedia.org)
In this context, a new molecule, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), has emerged as a positive regulator of B cell survival and differentiation functioning through various signaling pathways and potentiating the activity of various receptor complexes through pleiotropic means. (medsci.org)
Additional screens for MMTV provirus entry sites in tumors revealed several other upregulated genes that are associated with other gene development pathways such as INT2, INT3, and INT4 [4,5,6]. (chemdiv.com)
We are beginning to understand the power of co-inhibitors in the context of lymphocyte homeostasis and the pathogenesis of leukemia, which involves several newly described co-inhibitory pathways, including the programmed death-1 (PD-1) and PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
Finally, these signaling pathways induce expression of the nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1), which is a key transcription factor for osteoclastogenesis. (molcells.org)
It has been hypothesized that inactivation of the RASSF1A tumor suppressor facilitates K-RAS-mediated transformation by uncoupling it from apoptotic pathways such as the Hippo pathway. (cancerindex.org)
They are found in many cell types and are involved in the maintenance and regulation of cell shape and behavior, including PLATELET ACTIVATION and aggregation, through many different signaling pathways and differences in their affinities for collagen isoforms. (lookformedical.com)

Conclusions Our findings suggest that DIM may improve insulin sensitivity through the activation of the insulin signaling pathway, leading to enhanced glucose uptake. (researchgate.net)
3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM)-a natural compound produced from indole-3-carbinol, found in cruciferous vegetables-enhances glucose uptake by increasing the activation of the insulin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (researchgate.net)
The Wnt pathway mediates the biological processes of the canonical or non-canonical pathway, depending on the involvement of β-catenin in signal transduction. (chemdiv.com)
The recently described role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the regulation of immune cell infiltration of microenvironment tumor resumes interest because of its potential impact to rection of immune therapy. (chemdiv.com)
Nussе and Varmus identified components of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in 1982 in a study of oncogenic breast tumor viral diseases (MMTV) [1]. (chemdiv.com)
Differentially regulated genes include numerous factors within the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signalling pathway that PTEN counter-regulates. (biomed.news)
in the canonical pathway of osteoclastogenesis, these cells fuse and differentiate to form specialised bone-resorbing osteoclasts in the presence of receptor activator for nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL). (ox.ac.uk)
In addition to its role in glucose metabolism, this pathway also regulates the redirection of free amino acids to protein synthesis via the mTOR-signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)

Members of the IL-1 R family contain extracellular Ig-like domains and mediate signaling through an intracellular Toll/IL-1 R (TIR) domain. (rndsystems.com)
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has emerged as a novel immunotherapy which modifies T cells with CAR, an artificial fusion protein that incorporates an extracellular antigen recognition domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain including costimulation and signaling components [ 4 , 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

However, relapse of primary disease remains a major obstacle after CAR T cells therapy, and the majority of relapses present a tumor phenotype with retention of target antigen (antigen-positive relapse), which highly correlate with poor CAR T cells persistence. (biomedcentral.com)
Several antigens have been used as targets for CAR-T cell therapy against MM, including B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), CD19, CD138, signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 7 (SLAM7), and immunoglobulin light chains. (biomedcentral.com)
Two main advantages of BCMA as an antigen for CAR-T therapy are the potential reduction of on-target/off-tumor toxicity and the lack of antigen-dependent reduction in CAR-T cell expansion [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In a microarray approach, we found the suppression of tumorigenicity 5 (ST5) gene is upregulated by receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), the OC differentiation factor. (molcells.org)
It is closely associated with B cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF) receptor, transmembrane activator, calcium modulator, and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The TNF-family member Receptor Activator of NF-kappaB (RANK) is known for its role in bone homeostasis and is increasingly recognized as a central player in immune regulation and epithelial cell activation. (cnrs.fr)

However, the ability of HPV-infected cells to resist apoptotic signals renders such therapies ineffective. (mdpi.com)
Apoptotic signaling is initiated either through extrinsic or intrinsic stimulation, resulting in the activation of caspases [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Since that initial discovery, the number of adipocyte-derived signaling molecules has grown ever larger, and the term adipokine was coined to reflect that many of these molecules exert positive or negative actions on inflammation. (diabetesjournals.org)
Based on their functional outcome, co-signaling molecules can be divided as co-stimulators and co-inhibitors, which positively and negatively control the priming, growth, differentiation and functional maturation of a T-cell response. (biomedcentral.com)

In this review we provide current evidence for BAFF-dependent signaling through the NgR multimeric complex, elucidating their association within the CNS compartment and underlying the importance of these potential pathogenic molecular regulators as possible therapeutic targets to limit relapse rates and potentially MS progression. (medsci.org)

However, as tumors progress, cancerous cells develop immunosuppressive mechanisms that circumvent NK cell-mediated killing, allowing for tumor escape and proliferation. (frontiersin.org)
In cholangiocytes, CCN1 activated NF-κB through integrin α v β 5 /α v β 3 , leading to Jag1 expression, JAG1/NOTCH signaling, and cholangiocyte proliferation. (jci.org)
Administration of CCN1 protein or soluble JAG1 induced cholangiocyte proliferation in mice, which was blocked by inhibitors of NF-κB or NOTCH signaling. (jci.org)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. (wikipedia.org)
OBJECTIVE- We identified lipocalin 2 ( Lcn2 ) as a gene induced by dexamethasone and tumor necrosis factor-α in cultured adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
FUNCTION: This gene encodes a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. (utsouthwestern.edu)
The roles of b-catenin are 'classically' defined: as an adhesion protein and as a signaling protein, transducing extracellular signals to the nucleus to modify gene expression. (chemdiv.com)
Functional annotation clustering of the microarray data showed that gene clusters involved in immune and antiviral responses ranked highly, involving genes such as chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 ( CCL2 ), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 ( CCL5 ), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 ( CXCL10 ), and toll like receptor 3 ( TLR3 ). (molvis.org)
The PD-1 gene is a CD28 family member that is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. (biomedcentral.com)
Directly targeting therapeutic suicide gene to a solid tumor is a hopeful approach for cancer gene therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
Treatment of a solid tumor by an effective vector for a suicide gene remains a challenge. (biomedcentral.com)
Meanwhile, three human digestive system xenograft tumor models (colorectal cancer colo320, gastric cancer MKN-45 and liver cancer SSMC-7721) and a breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) model were employed to validate the universality of BF-rTK + GCV in solid tumor gene therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
Survival analysis results of multiple cancer models confirmed that BF-rTK + GCV system has a wide field of application in solid tumor gene therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
Cancer gene therapy approaches include the direct killing of tumor cells by injecting a therapeutic gene into the tumor cell or employing vaccine strategies to deliver an immunomodulatory gene that stimulates the immune system to recognize tumor antigens [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The Herpes Simplex Virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (HSV-TK + GCV) system is currently one of the best-studied tumor suicide gene therapy systems [ 9 - 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene landscape and correlation between B-cell infiltration and programmed death ligand 1 expression in lung adenocarcinoma patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas data set. (cancer-genetics.org)

The most common example of this type of fusion protein combines the hinge and Fc regions of an immunoglobulin (Ig) with domains of a cell-surface receptor that recognizes a specific ligand (Box 1). (coek.info)

Atherosclerosis starts with dysfunctional changes in the endothelium induced by disturbed shear stress which can lead to endothelial and platelet activation, adhesion of monocytes on the activated endothelium, and differentiation into proinflammatory macrophages, which increase the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and turn into foam cells, exacerbating the inflammatory signalling. (hindawi.com)
Cardiovascular (CV) risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycaemia, obesity, hypertension, smoking, and aging promote vascular inflammation and endothelial activation [ 7 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
Previous studies have found that DIM can improve type 2 diabetes by enhancing glucose uptake through the activation of insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 cells, and by lowering the plasma glucose levels in high-fat-diet-fed obese mice [13, 14]. (researchgate.net)
Our findings highlight the complicated nature of TNF signaling which requires a timely balance of selective activation and inhibition of TNFRs in order to exert therapeutic effects in the context of CNS autoimmunity. (bvsalud.org)
Calcium signaling is known to play a role in NFATc1 activation by promoting its nuclear translocation. (molcells.org)
In human lung tumors, combined activation of K-RAS and inactivation of RASSF1A is closely associated with the development of the most aggressive and worst prognosis tumors. (cancerindex.org)
However, cancer cells overcome these controls, in particular by acquiring genetic mutations leading to the activation of oncogenes (pten, myc) or loss of tumor suppressors (p53) [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
PI3K is activated by growth factors resulting in, among others, the activation of Akt and mTOR. (hindawi.com)

This review focuses on the structure of ADAM17, its signaling in the cardiovascular system and its participation in certain disorders involving the heart, blood vessels, and neural regulation of autonomic and cardiovascular modulation. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we reveal the direct regulation of Pten APA by the mammalian cleavage factor I (CFIm) complex, which in turn contributes to PTEN protein dosage. (biomed.news)
Taken together, these findings provide the first evidence of ST5 involvement in positive regulation of osteoclastogenesis via Src/Syk/calcium signaling. (molcells.org)
CD31 (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, PECAM-1) is an inhibitory coreceptor involved in regulation of T cell and B cell signaling by a dual immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) that upon associated kinases-mediated phosphorylation provide docking sites for protein-tyrosine phosphatases. (thermofisher.com)
Forkhead box O (FoxO) transcription factors and E3 ubiquitin ligases such as Muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1) are believed to participate in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass. (biomedcentral.com)

NK cell infiltration into tumor tissue is associated with better disease prognosis in colorectal cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, and lung carcinomas ( 9 - 11 ). (frontiersin.org)

WNV-infected RPE did not produce any interferon-γ, suggesting that IDO1 is induced by other soluble factors, by the virus alone, or both. (molvis.org)

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic, proinflammatory cytokine related to different neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). (bvsalud.org)

Additionally, it is shown whether each cytokine belongs to the beta-trefoil, four helix bundle, or cysteine-knot superfamily and their subfamily designation. (rndsystems.com)
Moving to the right, the next eight families shown in the poster belong to the four-helix bundle cytokine superfamily. (rndsystems.com)
This superfamily is further subdivided into the class I and class II cytokine receptor families. (rndsystems.com)

Guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulators (GDSs, or exchange factors), such as RALGDS, are effectors of Ras-related GTPases (see MIM 190020) that participate in signaling for a variety of cellular processes. (cancerindex.org)

Consequently, the role of TNFR2 signaling in coordinating immune or inflammatory responses under different pathological conditions is complex. (bvsalud.org)
Here, we ask whether a sequential modulation of TNFR1 and TNFR2 signaling is beneficial in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an experimental mouse model that recapitulates inflammatory and demyelinating aspects of MS. To this end, human TNFR1 antagonist and TNFR2 agonist were administered peripherally at different stages of disease development in TNFR-humanized mice. (bvsalud.org)
The analysis of inflammatory markers (TNF-α) in tumor indicated that BF-rTK + GCV significantly inhibited TNF-α expression. (biomedcentral.com)
It also assesses the role these factors are likely to play in promoting the pathological bone resorption seen in many inflammatory and neoplastic lesions of bone and joint including rheumatoid arthritis, aseptic implant loosening and primary and secondary tumours of bone. (ox.ac.uk)

Analogous to events occurring in the corpus luteum, the vascular endothelium of other tissues responds to extracellular signals during the physiologic processes of embryonic development and wound healing, and in the pathologic process of tumor angiogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)

In contrast, cancer cells shift their metabolism toward lactate production even in the presence of oxygen [ 4 ], partly through genetic modifications that stabilize the transcription factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) involved in the adaptation of the cells to hypoxia, under nonhypoxic conditions as well as generating an adaptive response to the hypoxic microenvironment (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)

First described in 1975, NK cells were initially identified as a distinct sub-population of lymphocytes by their capacity to spontaneously lyse tumor cells ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are related to positive clinical prognoses in numerous cancer types. (cancer-genetics.org)

Tumor cells can induce, through exposition of amyloid precursor protein (APP), DR6-mediated endothelial cell necroptosis allowing tumors metastasis. (wikipedia.org)
Possible mechanisms for overcoming the resistance of HPV-infected tumor cells to anticancer drugs will be discussed. (mdpi.com)
On the other hand, phagosomes are formed when the pathogen is engulfed by macrophages and fuse with lysosomes to release enzymes and toxic substances, resulting in killing or having cytotoxic effects on bacteria and tumor cells. (frontiersin.org)
There is compelling clinical and experimental evidence to suggest that natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in the recognition and eradication of tumors. (frontiersin.org)
Therapeutic intervention aims to reverse tumor-induced NK cell suppression and sustain NK cells' tumorlytic capacities. (frontiersin.org)
instead of targeting tumor cells, the goal of immunotherapy is to augment and expand the immune system's intrinsic antitumor response. (frontiersin.org)
However, a class of important immune-modulators is conspicuously absent: agents that utilize the power of innate immune cells to eradicate tumors. (frontiersin.org)
NK cells are now accepted to play an important role in both the adaptive and innate immune responses that govern infection, autoimmunity, and tumor immunosurveillance ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4 (TNFRSF4), as known as OX40 or CD134 is expressed primarily on activated T cells [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a branch of a functional network that is involved in a broad range of biological systems including stem cells, embryonic development and adult organs. (chemdiv.com)
Moreover, increasing data have shown that peripheral T-cell tolerance is an essential property of the specific immune response to tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, it has been shown that the PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) is highly expressed in leukemia cells. (biomedcentral.com)
pan-PI3Ki were most effective at inhibiting PI3K signaling and cell viability, and showed activity in CLL cells from both treatment-naïve and idelalisib-refractory/intolerant patients. (biomed.news)
The pan-PI3Ki copanlisib, but not the p110d inhibitor idelalisib, inhibited PI3K signaling in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in addition to CD19+ B cells, but did not significantly affect T cell numbers. (biomed.news)
When expressed in tumors, TK converts the non-toxic precursor GCV into GCV- 3-phosphate, a toxic substance that kills tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, study on factors and mechanisms that limit the in vivo persistence of CAR T cells is crucial for developing strategies to overcome these limitations. (biomedcentral.com)
In this review, we summarize the rapidly developing knowledge regarding the factors that influence CAR T cells in vivo persistence and the underlying mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
Of note, among these influence factors, CAR T cells differentiation and exhaustion are identified as the central part due to the fact that almost all factors eventually alter the state of cells differentiation and exhaustion. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, study on factors and mechanisms that limit the in vivo persistence of CAR T cells is crucial for developing strategies to reduce the probability of tumor relapse and improve the long-term disease-free survival for patients who are treated with CAR T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Various factors in the process contribute to impact the in vivo persistence and durable antitumor effects of CAR T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In this review, we summarize the rapidly developing knowledge regarding the influence factors and mechanisms of poor CAR T cells persistence, and also the potential strategies to overcome these limitations. (biomedcentral.com)
The granulosa cells and theca cells of the developing antral follicle and the steroidogenic cells of the corpus luteum produce and respond to angiogenic factors and vasoactive peptides. (biomedcentral.com)
BCMA, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, is exclusively expressed in a subpopulation of B cells, normal plasma cells, and malignant plasma cells. (biomedcentral.com)
JAG1 overexpression contributes to Notch1 signaling and the migration of HTLV-1-transformed ATL cells. (edu.pl)
Accumulating evidence shows that cancer stem cells are key drivers of tumor formation, progression, and recurrence. (hindawi.com)
Typically, rapidly proliferating tumor cells have glycolytic rates up to 200 times higher than those of their normal tissue of origin, even in the presence of oxygen [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
In normal cells, the fate of pyruvate depends on many factors, one of which is oxygen availability. (hindawi.com)

An imbalance in the structural and signaling properties of β-catenin often leads to disease and unregulated growth associated with cancer and metastasis. (chemdiv.com)
Metformin Enhances the Effect of Regorafenib and Inhibits Recurrence and Metastasis of Hepatic Carcinoma After Liver Resection via Regulating Expression of Hypoxia Inducible Factors 2α (HIF-2α) and 30 kDa HIV Tat-Interacting Protein (TIP30). (cancerindex.org)
2 There is only limited knowledge of the factors that predict for the development of CNS metastasis, but the main ones reported include young age, African ethnicity, oestrogen receptor (OR)-negativity, HER 2 -positivity, high tumour grade and BRCA 1 phenotype. (touchoncology.com)
The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are downstream effectors of the Rho family small GTPases as well as a wide variety of mitogenic factors and have been implicated in cancer formation, development and metastasis. (biomedcentral.com)

In this review article, we analyze possible factors that may determine the therapeutic outcomes of TNFR2 agonism, including the levels of TNFR2 expression on different cell types, the biological properties of TNFR2 agonists, and disease status. (bvsalud.org)
TNF-TNFRs signaling is a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), but animal and clinical studies yielded conflicting findings. (bvsalud.org)

HER-2 (ErbB2) is a 185-kDa transmembrane tyrosine kinase with extensive homology to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). (touchoncology.com)

This was associated with DIM‐enhanced phosphorylation of the signaling intermediates Akt, insulin receptor substrate‐1, and insulin receptor early in differentiation. (researchgate.net)

Although GnRH, FSH, and LH are critically important in regulating folliculogenesis, hormones and growth factors, which are themselves products of the follicle, can act locally to modulate (amplify or attenuate) FSH and LH action. (glowm.com)

The PanR1 ('pan-resistance') phenotype was detected in a screen of ENU-induced G1 mutant mice for altered responses to Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands ( TLR Signaling Screen ). (utsouthwestern.edu)

citation needed] APP (amyloid precursor protein) is the natural ligand of DR6 and is first cleaved into Aβ and N-APP. (wikipedia.org)

This observation resulted in the development of 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (PET) to detect glucose uptake and lactate production for tumor imaging. (hindawi.com)

Precise maintenance of PTEN dosage is crucial for tumor suppression across a wide variety of cancers. (biomed.news)

The DR6 is an alpha-helical integral membrane receptor protein that shows evidence that it has something to do with the inhibition of blood vessels forming on tumors which would allow them to grow larger. (wikipedia.org)
Our findings suggest that DIM may ameliorate hyperglycemia and diabetic nephropathy through the inhibition of PKC-α and TGF-β1 signaling. (researchgate.net)
Targeted inhibition of aberrant signaling is an important treatment strategy in cancer, but responses are often short-lived. (biomed.news)

Both the intermediate and high affinity forms of the receptor are involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis and transduction of mitogenic signals from interleukin 2. (cancer-genetics.org)

Scientists working in basic, translational, and clinical cancer metabolism research are invited to join the Academy in New York on April 17th to discuss the intersection between cell signaling and metabolism. (nyas.org)
The antitumor effect provided by natural killing has been observed in tumors of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origins and reported in diverse in vivo models and clinical series ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)

the latter include transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-11, nerve growth factor (NGF), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-II. (ox.ac.uk)

A potential disadvantage of BCMA is that soluble BCMA can be released or shed from tumors into the the surrounding tissues and into the circulation. (biomedcentral.com)

Bifidobacterium (BF) or BF-rTK was injected intratumorally with or without ganciclovir in a human colo320 intestinal xenograft tumor model. (biomedcentral.com)

Following ovulation the neovascularization during the early stages of corpus luteum development has been compared to the rapid angiogenesis observed during tumor formation. (biomedcentral.com)

We perturbed an isogenic PI3K mutant and wild-type cell line pair with a limited set of drugs and recorded their signaling state and cell viability. (biomed.news)

Lung cancer and obstructive pulmonary disease share multiple etiological factors, such as cigarette smoking, occupational inhalation hazards, and air pollution, and 50-70% of lung cancer patients present with co-existing COPD or airflow obstruction 6 . (nature.com)

Upon performing GO analysis, we found that some DEGs correlated with an integral part of membrane, protein complex, cell surface, ATP binding, immune system process, signal transduction and metabolic process which are responsible for the epididymal injury. (biomedcentral.com)

On the far left-hand side of the poster, members of the IL-1 family are shown. (rndsystems.com)
All IL-1 family members share a conserved beta-trefoil structure and bind to members of the IL-1 receptor (IL-1 R) family. (rndsystems.com)
Members of the common beta-chain family signal through heterodimeric receptor complexes that contain the common beta-chain subunit, while members of the common gamma-chain family signal through heterodimeric or heterotrimeric receptor complexes that contain the common gamma-chain subunit. (rndsystems.com)
Members of this family are classified based on primary sequence, function, and structure. (utsouthwestern.edu)
2017) and members of the nuclear hormone family PPAR (Okine et al. (niepokorny.org)

Inflammation and immunity are key factors for the development and complications of atherosclerosis, and therefore, the whole atherosclerotic process is a target for diagnosis and treatment. (hindawi.com)
TNF-TNFRs signaling orchestrates important biological functions such as inflammation, neuronal activity as well as tissue de- and regeneration. (bvsalud.org)
Furthermore, BF-rTK + GCV showed to repress the inflammation of tumor through downregulating TNF-α expression. (biomedcentral.com)

Knock-in mice expressing a CCN1 mutant that is unable to bind α v β 5 /α v β 3 were impaired in ductular reaction, leading to massive hepatic necrosis and mortality after bile duct ligation (BDL), whereas treatment of these mice with soluble JAG1 rescued ductular reaction and reduced hepatic necrosis and mortality. (jci.org)

Anatomy6

Organisms3

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs31

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Phenomena and Processes20

Information Science3

Apoptosis12

Receptors7

Cytokines16

Pathways7

Pathway8

Intracellular2

Antigen3

Activator3

Apoptotic2

Molecules2

BAFF1

Proliferation3

Gene13

Cell surface1

Activation8

Regulation5

Colorectal cancer1

Interferon1

Proinflammatory cytokine1

Cytokine3

Dissociation1

Inflammatory4

Extracellular signals1

Microenvironment1

Lymphocytes2

Cells27

Metastasis4

Therapeutic2

Transmembrane1

Differentiation1

Modulate1

Phenotype1

Precursor1

Glucose uptake1

PTEN1

Inhibition3

Mitogenic1

Clinical2

Interleukin1

Tissues1

Intestinal1

Angiogenesis1

PI3K1

Lung cancer1

Immune system1

Family5

Inflammation3

JAG11