• The endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR7 and TLR9 are required for pDCs, as well as other cell types, to sense viral nucleic acids, but the mechanism by which signaling through these shared receptors results in the prodigious production of type I IFN by pDCs is not understood. (nih.gov)
  • Opsins belong to the class of G protein-coupled receptors and bind an 11-cis isomer of retinal at the ground state that photoisomerizes to an all-trans retinal upon light activation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In recent years, the MAPK family has been found to be an important signal-regulating enzyme between cell surface receptors and determinants of gene expression ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • While the external outline of the disc may remain intact, multiple processes (degeneration, end plate injury, inflammation, etc.) can internally stimulate pain receptors inside the disc without nerve root symptoms. (ijbs.com)
  • Afferent nerve fibers run from the receptors via the dorsal penile nerve and pudendal nerve into the spinal cord. (urology-textbook.com)
  • Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins ( RECEPTORS, ODORANT ) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. (lookformedical.com)
  • Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. (lookformedical.com)
  • An important negative control mechanism in the signaling of epidermal growth factor (EGF) is the endocytosis and subsequent degradation of activated EGF receptors. (embl.de)
  • Burnstock (1999) recently put forward a hypothesis about purinergic mechanosensory transduction that proposed that in hollow organs, including the ureter and bladder, distension causes release of ATP from epithelial cells lining these organs and that ATP can then activate P2X 3 receptors on subepithelial sensory nerve terminals to evoke neural discharge. (jneurosci.org)
  • cell signaling: hormones and their receptors, growth factors. (pmf.hr)
  • Nerve cells: signal transduction (action potential), neurotransmitters and receptors. (pmf.hr)
  • They signal through two types of receptors: NTRK (TRK) tyrosine kinase receptors (TRKA, TRKB, TRKC), which differ in their preferred neurotrophin ligand, and p75NTR death receptor, which interacts with all neurotrophins. (reactome.org)
  • Besides the nervous system, TRK receptors and p75NTR are expressed in a variety of other tissues. (reactome.org)
  • Cell signaling can vary, based on the types and kinds of receptors and signaling molecules being used. (biologydictionary.net)
  • These receptors can bind to the signal molecule, and in turn they transduce the signal. (biologydictionary.net)
  • In nerve cells, for instance, when neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the surface of a nerve, these proteins cause an influx of ions. (biologydictionary.net)
  • There are two cannabinoid receptors, CB 1 and CB 2 , which are classified as G-protein coupled receptors that send signals to the cell to regulate a large variety of cellular processes. (rxleaf.com)
  • CB- 2 receptors have been found in tissues that are responsible for transmitting pain signals, such as dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons and in the spinal cord. (rxleaf.com)
  • Nerve growth factor has a robust synaptic trophic effect that regulates synaptic signal transmission, such as the expression of synaptic vesicle protein, the release of neurotransmitters, the expression of synaptic receptors and the change of synaptic plasticity. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • These two receptors interact with nerve growth factor respectively and regulate different signal pathways. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • These proteins are not necessary for TLR7 or TLR9 signaling in conventional DCs and thus comprise a membrane trafficking pathway uniquely required for endosomal TLR signaling in pDCs. (nih.gov)
  • There was also an upregulation in expression of positive regulators and key components of the AMPK pathway, autophagy, proteasome function, and the unfolded protein response. (nature.com)
  • It is a modulator of the olfactory SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY. (lookformedical.com)
  • Some family members, such as latrophilins and gliomedin, are membrane-bound proteins containing the olfactomedin domain in the extracellular N-terminal region, while the intracellular C-terminal domain of these proteins is essential for the transduction of extracellular signals to the intracellular signaling pathway. (nih.gov)
  • Components of the reelin signaling pathway are expressed in the spinal cord. (childrensmercy.org)
  • Based on Luminex technology platform, Creative Proteomics provides analysis services for key targets of NGF signaling pathway. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • We provide Luminex technology for NGF signaling pathway analysis. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • Creative Proteomics has developed a signaling pathway target detection platform. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • While previous studies have shown that AT2R is expressed by nociceptors in human DRG (hDRG), and that EMA401 inhibits capsaicin responses in cultured hDRG neurons, the expression and levels of its endogenous ligands AngII and AngIII in clinical neuropathic pain tissues, and their signalling pathways, require investigation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We have immunostained AngII, AT2R and the capsaicin receptor TRPV1 in control post-mortem and avulsion injured hDRG, control and injured human nerves, and in cultured hDRG neurons. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In addition, the addition of VEGF to the culture medium can increase the survival rate of neurons in the cerebral cortex as well as the number and length of ganglion cell processes, to promote nerve growth. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Remarkably, phosphorylation of the BH3-only protein BIMEL at Ser65 triggers apoptosis in neurons but suppresses cell death in non-neural cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Pin1 is enriched at the mitochondrial membrane in neurons, where it forms a physical complex with the neuron-specific JNK scaffold protein JIP3. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Background: Members of the 14-3-3 family of proteins are highly conserved proteins, localized in neurons, and are axonally transported to the nerve terminals. (icbinhibitor.com)
  • A nervous tissue specific protein which is highly expressed in NEURONS during development and NERVE REGENERATION. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the periphery, CGRP is mainly detected in sensory afferents projecting to the spinal cord, in motor neurons at the neuromuscular junctions and in nerve fibers associated with the vasculature. (bachem.com)
  • Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons , that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons . (lookformedical.com)
  • A ubiquitous, cytoplasmic protein found in mature OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS of all VERTEBRATES. (lookformedical.com)
  • Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. (lookformedical.com)
  • Crush injury to the optic nerve severs the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons leading to the gradual death of RGC neurons in the retina. (pharmoptima.com)
  • Administration of gene therapy viruses into skeletal muscle, where distal terminals of motor and sensory neurons reside, has been shown to result in extensive transduction of cells within the spinal cord, brainstem, and sensory ganglia. (frontiersin.org)
  • Muscles contain the synaptic connection between lower motor neurons and muscle fibers, i.e., the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), as well as specialized sensory nerve endings (e.g., muscle spindles). (frontiersin.org)
  • NGF is primarily secreted by tissues that are innervated by sensory and sympathetic neurons. (reactome.org)
  • NTRK1 signaling promotes growth and survival of neurons during embryonic development and maintenance of neuronal cell integrity in adulthood (reviewed by Marlin and Li 2015). (reactome.org)
  • 2018) Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a member of the neurotrophic factor family and has a very important role in the survival, differentiation, growth, and repair and regeneration of neurons at different times. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • In contrast, radial nerve showed an unexpected level of complexity with the expression of 3,370 genes significantly altered more than two-fold with age, including genes involved in nerve function, signaling, metabolism, transcriptional regulation and chromatin modification. (nature.com)
  • Additionally, CGRP might be important in processes such as control of fetoplacental vascular tone, regulation of calcium metabolism and insulin secretion, acetylcholine receptor synthesis, peripheral nerve regeneration, and neurogenic inflammation. (bachem.com)
  • Other topics include respiratory physiology, renal physiology the digestive system from the perspective of substrate metabolism and energy balance, hormonal regulation is applied to metabolic control and to calcium, water, and electrolyte balance, and the biology of nerve cells. (yale.edu)
  • In addition, the UIM is found, often in tandem or triplet arrays, in a variety of proteins either involved in ubiquitination and ubiquitin metabolism, or known to interact with ubiquitin-like modifiers. (embl.de)
  • The results demonstrated that Vitexin pretreatment significantly reduced neuronal apoptosis, and inhibited caspase‑3 activity, apoptosis regulator BAX protein expression and malondialdehyde levels in sevoflurane‑induced newborn rats. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Together, the results of the current study suggest that the protective effect of vitexin reduces sevoflurane‑induced neuronal apoptosis through HIF‑1α‑, VEGF‑ and p38‑associated signaling pathways in newborn rats. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Olfactomedin 1 (Olfm1) and the closely related genes Olfactomedin 2 (Olfm2) and Olfactomedin 3 (Olfm3) show overlapping expression patterns demonstrating preferential expression in the developing and adult neuronal tissues. (nih.gov)
  • We demonstrated that Olfm1 interacts with several proteins essential for neuronal and synaptic activity. (nih.gov)
  • The Optic Nerve Crush model provides an effective tool for analyzing the pathogenic mechanisms associated with neuronal injury signaling in vivo . (pharmoptima.com)
  • Optic nerve crush has been used as a model neuronal injury, including glaucoma, traumatic optic neuropathies, neurodegeneration and CNS injury. (pharmoptima.com)
  • Western blot of retinal tissue three days following optic nerve crush compared to uninjured control: upregulation of injury marker, pcJun, demonstrates activation of signaling pathways important for neuronal outcome following ONC. (pharmoptima.com)
  • NTRK2 signaling is implicated in neuronal development in both the peripheral (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) and may play a role in long-term potentiation (LTP) and learning (reviewed by Minichiello 2009). (reactome.org)
  • In the late 1960s, neurophysiologic testing allowed the classification of CMT into 2 groups, one with slow nerve conduction velocities and histologic features of a hypertrophic demyelinating neuropathy (hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 1 or CMT1) and another with relatively normal velocities and axonal and neuronal degeneration (hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 2 or CMT2). (medscape.com)
  • Through understanding functional recovery in terms of neuronal subtype and connectivity, the work presented in this thesis aims to bring the prospect of CRT closer to the clinic, I also describe the generation of a very promising alternative cell source that could rival fetal tissue. (lu.se)
  • Furthermore, it was revealed that treatment with vitexin induced hypoxia inducible factor 1α subunit (HIF‑1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein expression, and suppressed phosphorylated‑p38 MAP kinase (p38) protein expression in sevoflurane‑induced newborn rat. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • MAPKs are short for the mitogen-activated protein kinase family. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In this study we show that plexin-B1 is usually overexpressed in tissues and cell lines from neurotropic malignancies and is attracted to nerves that express its ligand semaphorin 4D in a Rho/Rho kinase-dependent manner. (tam-receptor.com)
  • The prostate cancer cell lines PC3 and Du-145 migrate toward nerve cell lines expressing Sema4D a response abrogated when plexin-B1 or Sema4D is usually knocked down through RNA interference (RNAi) or when signaling of RhoA and its downstream effector Rho kinase (ROK) is usually inhibited. (tam-receptor.com)
  • From Neurotoxicology 1994;15(1):41-7) It is also a substrate of PROTEIN KINASE C. (bvsalud.org)
  • The central, catalytic domain of GRKs is actually a serine threonine kinase domain 32% identical in sequence to your catalytic subunit of protein kinase A and is thus a member in the PKA, PKG, and PKC family members of kinases. (phosphorylase-signal.com)
  • The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. (lookformedical.com)
  • 4. To explain and to differentiate processes of protein incorporation into various cellular compartments. (pmf.hr)
  • 5. To describe involved molecules and the nature of different cellular signaling processes. (pmf.hr)
  • Synthetic peptides or recombinant fragments containing bio- logically active motifs have been shown to partially mimic the effects of native laminin in various cellular functions, such as cell adhesion, spreading, migration, neurite outgrowth, and tumor metastasis [6-10], suggesting that laminin-derived-short peptide- modified biomaterials may have therapeutic potential in tissue regeneration applications. (mirnamimic.com)
  • PKC family of serine-threonine kinases plays key roles in many of the signaling pathways that control cellular function, including those mediated through integrin signaling. (mirnamimic.com)
  • The anti-inflammatory actions of corticosteroids occur with a considerable delay (within hours or days) because of the multiple steps of cellular actions required to change protein expression. (ersjournals.com)
  • The signal molecule will unbind from the receptor protein, stop the transduction of the signal into the cell, and allow the cellular machinery to prepare for another signal. (biologydictionary.net)
  • This proposal tests the paradigm-shifting hypothesis that mitochondrial-derived proteins (MPDs) play a previously unappreciated role in the regulation of cellular and organismal function, and that disregulation of MDPs is important in disease development. (nih.gov)
  • Specialized cell structures called ribosomes are the cellular organelles that actually synthesize the proteins (RNA transcription). (cdc.gov)
  • Now a large and ever increasing number of genetic subtypes has been described, and major advances in molecular and cellular biology have clarified the understanding of the role of different proteins in the physiology of peripheral nerve conduction in health and in disease. (medscape.com)
  • 3,8-9 In fact, there is a great interest in the understanding of its structure and its mechanism of action, particularly of the molecular pathways involved in its recognition and cellular signaling, 10-15 as well as the forms of its inactivation 3,16 . (bvsalud.org)
  • This change acts as a molecular switch to activate a signal transduction mechanism within the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • These findings define a neural-specific mechanism of cell death whereby Pin1 couples phosphorylation of BH3-only proteins to activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic machinery. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The present study explores the possible involvement of a purinergic mechanism in mechanosensory transduction in the bladder using P2X 3 receptor knock-out (P2X 3 − /− ) and wild-type control (P2X 3 +/+ ) mice. (jneurosci.org)
  • However, the underlying signal transduction mechanism for these afferents is poorly understood. (jneurosci.org)
  • Overall, these results suggest that Go¨6976 may stimulate membrane recruitment of PKCd through a mechanism that is independent of PKCa/b signaling. (mirnamimic.com)
  • While the mechanism of this neuropathy is not well understood, it is believed to result in part from deficient nerve regeneration. (omeka.net)
  • Our research projects will contribute to new insights into the mechanism behind cell dysfunction and demise as well as the mechanism behind the development of insulin resistance in peripheral insulin-targeted tissues. (lu.se)
  • Using a novel superfused mouse bladder-pelvic nerve preparation, we detected a release of ATP proportional to the extent of bladder distension in both P2X 3 +/+ and P2X 3 − /− mice, although P2X 3 − /− bladder had an increased capacity compared with that of the P2X 3 +/+ bladder. (jneurosci.org)
  • Tamoxifen increases methamphetamine-evoked dopamine output from superfused striatal tissue fragments of male mice. (omeka.net)
  • THC dampened the pain signals in mice experiencing diabetic neuropathic pain. (rxleaf.com)
  • Because 14-3-3 proteins bind to specific phosphoserine-containing sequences they are likely to have an important role in signaling pathways mediated by serine/threonine protein kinases. (icbinhibitor.com)
  • The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose DENDRITES the olfactory nerve synapses , forming the olfactory glomeruli. (lookformedical.com)
  • 17.To describe molecular organization of nerve synapse and to explain chemical signal transduction within the synapses. (pmf.hr)
  • Therefore, they have been assigned to the same superfamily in Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP). (wikipedia.org)
  • Photoisomerization (light-dependent isomerization) of retinal from cis to trans or vice versa induces a conformational change in the receptor protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Activation of JNK signaling induces the dissociation of Pin1 from JIP3 and concomitantly promotes Pin1 binding to phosphorylated BIMEL. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Perineural invasion (PNI) is normally a tropism of tumor cells for nerve bundles located in the surrounding stroma. (tam-receptor.com)
  • Many carcinomas display perineural invasion (PNI) a tropism of tumor cells for surrounding nerve bundles. (tam-receptor.com)
  • Emerging models of PNI strongly suggest that interactions between tumor cells and nerves induce tumor cell migration and stimulate nerve growth or axonogenesis. (tam-receptor.com)
  • These results suggest that smg p21 and smg p25A can be used as potential tumor markers for tumors derived from hematopoietic and neural tissues, respectively. (nii.ac.jp)
  • NGF has been detected not only in the nervous system, but also in other normal and tumor tissues of human, and the application of NGF in various aspects has been emphasized and confirmed. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • Over-expression of nerve growth fac-tor- β in human cholangiocarcinoma QBC939 cells promote tumor progression. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • Mechanisms underlying clinical efficacy of Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) antagonist EMA401 in neuropathic pain: clinical tissue and in vitro studies. (ox.ac.uk)
  • EMA401 may act on paracrine/autocrine mechanisms at peripheral nerve terminals, or intracrine mechanisms, to reduce neuropathic pain signalling in AngII/NGF/TRPV1-convergent pathways. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Neuropathic pain is a form of chronic pain relating to injury or disease of the nerves. (rxleaf.com)
  • An animal model of nerve injury is one way researchers can simulate neuropathic pain in animals. (rxleaf.com)
  • We designed a genetic screen to identify proteins required for the development and specialized function of pDCs. (nih.gov)
  • by "transduction," we mean the introduction of genetic material into target cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • The etiology of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes is complex and involves the interaction between both genetic and environmental factors including nutritional state with consequent metabolic signals. (lu.se)
  • Few genes show differential expression with age in tissues (brain, liver and kidney) of naked mole rats and, contrary to other mammals and short-lived model animals, mitochondrial gene expression does not change with age 13 . (nature.com)
  • Publications] Kaibuchi,K.: 'Molecular cloning and characterization of the stimulatory GDP/GTP exchange protein(GDS)for smg p21s,ras p21ーlike small GTPーbinding proteins. (nii.ac.jp)
  • 16. To explain molecular mechanisms involved in signal transduction in nerve cells. (pmf.hr)
  • In 1994, through application of broad range molecular cell signal transduction and possibly eukaryotic transcrip- amplification and DNA sequencing, the causative agent tion. (cdc.gov)
  • Human physiology is examined through homeostasis, and the biophysical properties of cells, tissues, and organs. (yale.edu)
  • We study genes, proteins and signaling pathways that might be essential for RGC and optic nerve development, function, survival, and regeneration. (nih.gov)
  • qRT-PCR of Atf3, Sprr1a, Ddit3 (Chop), and Gfap from retinal RNA four days after optic nerve crush (ONC) compared to uninjured contralateral control (CTL): upregulation of regeneration-associated genes Atf3 and Sprr1a, pro-apoptotic transcription factor Ddit3 (Chop), and reactive astrocyte marker Gfap demonstrates a robust response to injury following ONC. (pharmoptima.com)
  • They can be divided into two distinct types based on their sequence as well as the retinal isomer they contain at the ground state and their signal transduction mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • To gain insight into mechanisms associated with longevity and negligible senescence, age-related transcriptional profiles were examined in tissues of the red sea urchin. (nature.com)
  • Gene expression profiles in animals that exhibit slow aging or negligible senescence may reveal distinct insight into potential mechanisms involved in long-term maintenance of tissues and healthy aging. (nature.com)
  • In this review article, we outline key characteristics of major gene therapy viruses-adenovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV), and lentivirus-and summarize the mechanisms regulating important steps in the virus journey from binding at peripheral nerve terminals to nuclear delivery. (frontiersin.org)
  • CONCLUSION: The major AT2R ligand in human peripheral nerves is AngII, and its levels are maintained in injured nerves. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Nerve growth factor (NGF), a high affinity ligand for NTRK1, does not interact with NTRK2. (reactome.org)
  • This proposal presents an innovative approach for screening and selecting a new class of highly stable protein capture reagents and developing a new versatile approach for ligand immobilization that together enable rapid production of cyclotide-based microarrays for proteomics research. (nih.gov)
  • They are also present, at lower levels, in various other eukaryotic tissues. (icbinhibitor.com)
  • Additionally, we find that Bmp signaling in Isl1-expressing progenitors is required for expression of T-box transcription factors Tbx2 and Tbx3 in heart and limb. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A specific inhibitor of PKCd, rottlerin, completely abrogated Go¨6976-dependent increase in PC12 cell adhesion to laminin as well as the activation of small GTPases, Rac1 and Cdc42, that are downstream of PKCd in adhesion receptor signaling. (mirnamimic.com)
  • Phosphorylated tyrosines in the intracellular domain of the receptor serve as docking sites for adapter proteins, triggering downstream signaling cascades. (reactome.org)
  • Signaling downstream of activated NTRK3, regulates cell survival, proliferation and motility. (reactome.org)
  • Depending on the type of rhodopsin, it either opens an ion channel (for example in bacteria) or activates an associated G protein and triggers a second messenger cascade (for example in animal eyes). (wikipedia.org)
  • They are produced, and secreted in minute amounts, by a variety of tissues. (reactome.org)
  • Signal transduction in phototaxis involves depolarization of the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • The basilar membrane forms the inferior surface of the cochlear canal, and supports the organ of Corti, responsible for the transduction of acoustic stimuli. (cloudaccess.net)
  • The bodies of the cochlear sensory cells resting on the basilar membrane are surrounded by nerve terminals, and their approximately 30,000 axons form the cochlear nerve. (cloudaccess.net)
  • Yeast VPS27 vacuolar sorting protein, which is required for membrane traffic to the vacuole. (embl.de)
  • Synthesis and sorting of membrane lipids, sorting of proteins. (pmf.hr)
  • Furthermore, we detected strong membrane LDLR expression on SARS-CoV-2 Spike-positive cells in human lung tissues, whereas no or low ACE2 expression was detected. (bvsalud.org)
  • This protein has been mistargeted to the cell membrane, causing ATP loss that results in cell dysfunctionality. (lu.se)
  • Gram-negative bacteria not only have different factors of virulence and generate products and sub-products that are toxic to apical and periapical tissues, but also contain endotoxin in the outer membrane of their cell wall. (bvsalud.org)
  • The identification of the feeble mutation led to our subsequent observations that AP-3, as well as the BLOC-1 and BLOC-2 Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome proteins are essential for pDC signaling through TLR7 and TLR9. (nih.gov)
  • Mutation affects the oligomeric state in the ZIP13 protein. (icbinhibitor.com)
  • Injury-induced gp130 cytokine signaling in peripheral ganglia is reduced in diabetes mellitus. (omeka.net)
  • Nobel Prize winner Alexis Carrel performed numerous experiments clearly showing that tissue explants, including connective tissue and heart tissue, could be cultured in vitro preserving their characteristics for prolonged periods of time [ 2 ] supporting the notion that entire organs could be cultured in vitro. (intechopen.com)
  • Multicellularity: cell-cell interactions, interactions of cells with cell matrix, embryogenesis, formation of organs and tissue organization. (pmf.hr)
  • Microtubules (kinesin, dynein and intracellular transport, dynamics of microtubules and motor proteins). (pmf.hr)
  • Endocrine signals are sent very long distances, often by the tissues in your body that secrete hormones. (biologydictionary.net)
  • Cells depend on their DNA for coding information to make various classes of proteins that include enzymes, certain hormones, transport proteins, and structural proteins that support life. (cdc.gov)
  • We propose that DKK1 controls post-natal mandibular molar dentin formation either directly or indirectly via the inhibition of Wnt signaling at the following aspects: (i) post-natal dentin formation, (ii) formation and/or maintenance of the dentin tubular system, (iii) mineralization of the dentin, and (iv) regulation of molecules such as Osx and nestin. (tamu.edu)
  • 14-3-3 proteins appear to play important roles in a variety of signal transduction pathways, including those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell survival. (icbinhibitor.com)
  • Emerging evidence has demonstrated that these factors are expressed in tissues outside of the nervous system and represent a widespread signal transduction system that is involved in the regulation of motility and adhesion in different cell types. (tam-receptor.com)
  • Evidence is accumulating that small G proteins are involved in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. (nii.ac.jp)
  • An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. (edu.au)
  • Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. (edu.au)
  • When a nervous signal is to be passed from one cell to another, the sending cell released neurotransmitter molecules, which act as a signal for the second cell to initiate and transmit a signal. (biologydictionary.net)
  • Retinylidene proteins or rhodopsins exist in many species from bacteria to algae and animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • This led Adams and collaborator Marcelo Ratto at Universidad Austral de Chile to hypothesize that OIF was a single protein factor, conserved across species. (the-scientist.com)
  • Despite extensive studies by many laboratories for over 15 years since the discovery of a connection between mutations in MYOC and glaucoma, the physiological functions of myocilin in ocular and non-ocular tissues are poorly understood. (nih.gov)
  • Researchers identify a nerve growth factor in semen that stimulates ovulation in certain mammals, and which could shed light on human infertility. (the-scientist.com)
  • In research published today (August 20) scientists in Chile and Canada identify the substance in spontaneous ovulators: nerve growth factor beta (NGF-beta)-a neurotrophic protein involved in nerve development, which has the same chemical structure as OIF. (the-scientist.com)
  • NTRK1 (TRKA) is the receptor for the nerve growth factor (NGF). (reactome.org)
  • Herein we show that nerve cell lines migrate toward PC3 cells and exhibit extended nerve processes in a Sema4D/plexin-B1-dependent manner a response also blocked by Rho/ROK inhibition. (tam-receptor.com)
  • Previous work focused on its ability to stimulate cell growth near its neuron of origin-but NGF in the semen must be acting on distant tissues. (the-scientist.com)
  • Planar cell polarity-dependent and independent functions in the emergence of tissue-scale hair follicle patterns. (princeton.edu)
  • Optic nerve crush serves as a useful model for traumatic optic neuropathy and mimics glaucomatous injury, similarly inducing RGC cell death and degeneration. (pharmoptima.com)
  • Immunostained whole mount retinas following optic nerve crush (ONC): upregulation of injury marker, pcJun, demonstrates activation of injury signaling pathways resulting in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death following ONC. (pharmoptima.com)
  • FAK signaling mediates cell spreading and lamellipodia formation in PC12 cells. (mirnamimic.com)
  • There are 5 main types of cell signaling which are mainly classified by how far the signals must travel, and the ultimate proximity of the cells sending and receiving the cells. (biologydictionary.net)
  • Intracrine signals stay within a single cell, but are used by the cell to coordinate and control the many biochemical reactions taking place at any given moment. (biologydictionary.net)
  • Autocrine signals are released by a cell, but are still intended to take action on the cell itself. (biologydictionary.net)
  • These signals can also travel short distances outside of the target cell and affect near-by cells. (biologydictionary.net)
  • Juxtacrine signals are sent from one cell to a neighboring cell that it is physically touching. (biologydictionary.net)
  • The following image shows a wide variety of cell signaling pathways within a single cell, and the many different biochemical reactions they stimulate. (biologydictionary.net)
  • However, a typical pattern emerges in all forms of cell signaling. (biologydictionary.net)
  • First, the cell must be exposed to an environment or condition which causes it to send a signal. (biologydictionary.net)
  • Then, the cell must produce the signal. (biologydictionary.net)
  • Some signal molecules are actively produced when the cell is stimulated, while others (like neurotransmitters) are stored and ready for release. (biologydictionary.net)
  • When the cell receives this signal, a cascade of events will release the signal molecule. (biologydictionary.net)
  • Some signal molecules stay within a cell, while others travel outside the cell to find target proteins on other cells. (biologydictionary.net)
  • This process involves the protein binding to the signal molecule, changing shape, and consequently stimulating a process within the cell. (biologydictionary.net)
  • In turn this creates an electrical impulse which will travel the length of the cell and is the basis for how nerve cells transmit signals. (biologydictionary.net)
  • The final step in any cell signaling is the whole system resetting into a "normal" position. (biologydictionary.net)
  • During the course of folliculogenesis, growth is achieved by cell proliferation and formation of follicular fluid, whereas development involves cytodifferentiation of all the cells and tissues in the follicle. (glowm.com)
  • Involved in signal transduction, cell cycle control and DNA repair. (lu.se)
  • Use of human fetal tissue raises several ethical issues, but are there alternative cell sources that can substitute effectively? (lu.se)
  • The storage and periodic evacuation of urine by the bladder is regulated by a complex neural control system that consists of the CNS and the afferent and efferent spinal nerves. (jneurosci.org)
  • Genome-wide transcriptional profiling using RNA-Seq revealed few age-related changes in gene expression in muscle and esophagus tissue. (nature.com)
  • Gene expression stability during aging was also observed in tissues of the long-lived giant mole-rat ( Fukomys mechowii ) with a maximum lifespan of more than 20 years 14 . (nature.com)
  • α-CGRP mRNAs are derived from the calcitonin/CGRP gene by alternative tissue specific splicing of the primary RNA transcripts whereas β-CGRP is encoded by a separate gene with high homology to the calcitonin/CGRP gene. (bachem.com)
  • 7. To define how signals are transmitted into the nucleus and how gene transcription is activated. (pmf.hr)
  • This route is minimally invasive and therefore clinically relevant for gene therapy targeting to peripheral nerve soma. (frontiersin.org)
  • This is not surprising given the strong evidence for interaction between myelin and axon gene expression in development and after experimental nerve lesions. (medscape.com)
  • This information is important because endotoxin is released during multiplication or bacterial death, causing a series of biological effects that lead to an inflammatory reaction and resorption of mineralized tissues. (bvsalud.org)
  • Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) is a potent inhibitor of Wnt/-catenin signaling. (tamu.edu)
  • We have found that the C-terminal systeine residues of smg p21B, rhoA p21, and smg p25A are geranylgeranylated, and that these prenylation are essential for each small G protein to bind to membranes. (nii.ac.jp)
  • UIMs have been shown to bind ubiquitin and to serve as a specific targeting signal important for monoubiquitination. (embl.de)
  • It is a group of optic neuropathies characterized by the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), leading to a specific deformation of the optic nerve head. (nih.gov)
  • Our interests are concentrated on early changes in the retina and the optic nerve during the course of glaucoma. (nih.gov)
  • This requires parallel studies on genes that are important for the function of the retina, the optic nerve and aqueous humor outflow system in the normal eye. (nih.gov)
  • Treatments currently available for glaucoma exert their effects by reducing IOP, the most important risk factor for the onset and progression of the disease, but have no direct effects on RGCs or the optic nerve and are not always optimally effective in slowing the progression of the disease. (nih.gov)
  • Glaucomatous injury is a pathohistological feature of glaucoma in the optic nerve. (pharmoptima.com)
  • The optic nerve crush model can test agents treating glaucoma, traumatic optic neuropathies, neurodegeneration, and CNS injury and inflammation. (pharmoptima.com)
  • 6. To explain signals which activate cytoplasmic and mitochondrial metabolic processes. (pmf.hr)
  • The long-term goal is to develop a new class of drugs, which targets the mitochondrial protein VDAC1. (lu.se)
  • PC3 and Du-145 also exhibit a robust response in an invasion assay toward dorsal root ganglia (DRG) when using wild-type but not Sema4D knockout nerve tissue as the chemoattractant. (tam-receptor.com)
  • Afferent signals pass via the pudendal nerve to the sacral erection center, and efferent signals reach via the inferior hypogastric plexus the erectile tissue. (urology-textbook.com)
  • To investigate VDAC1 expression in peripheral insulin target tissues such as adipocytes, endothelial, and macrophages under hyperglycemia and inflammatory conditions. (lu.se)
  • Present in proteasome subunit S5a and other ubiquitin-associated proteins. (embl.de)