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Sex ChromatinSex ChromosomesChromatinGynecomastiaSurgery, PlasticBreast Neoplasms, MaleMetaphorFeminine Hygiene ProductsBreastReconstructive Surgical Procedures
ChromosomesChromosomeGenesHistoneGonadal sex determinationDifferencesImmunoprecipitationProteinsDeterminationTranscriptionalDrosophilaChromocenterModifiersNuclearPolycombBarrFemalesRegulatesGenomeCombsGeneticDynamicsRegulatorsKlinefelterTranscription factorStructureStudyNucleusMolecularExpressionEstablishmentStateComplexSpecificCellsFound
Chromosomes31
  • The Additional sex combs gene of Drosophila encodes a chromatin protein that binds to shared and unique Polycomb group sites on polytene chromosomes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The sex is principally determined by genotype in all species, but the mechanisms range from a single controlling locus to sex chromosomes bearing several linked loci required for sex determination. (researchgate.net)
  • Across species, different sexes are often characterized by different types and numbers of sex chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In order to neutralize the large difference in gene dosage produced by differing numbers of sex chromosomes among the sexes, various evolutionary branches have acquired various methods to equalize gene expression among the sexes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because sex chromosomes contain different numbers of genes, different species of organisms have developed different mechanisms to cope with this inequality. (wikipedia.org)
  • Different lineages have evolved different mechanisms to cope with the differences in gene copy numbers between the sexes that are observed on sex chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • One logical way to equalize gene expression amongst males and females that follow a XX/XY sex differentiation scheme would be to decrease or altogether eliminate the expression of one of the X chromosomes in an XX, or female, homogametic individual, such that both males and females then express only one X chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
  • The genome of some vole rodents exhibit large blocks of heterochromatin coupled to their sex chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we show prominent epigenetic marks of the heterochromatic blocks in the giant sex chromosomes of female Microtus cabrerae cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our data reveal that histone acetylation level affects DNA replication dynamics of the sex chromosomes' heterochromatin and leads to a global reduction in replication fork rate genome wide. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In conclusion, we mapped major epigenetic modifications controlling the structure of the sex chromosome-associated heterochromatin and demonstrated the occurrence of differences in the molecular mechanisms controlling the replication timing of the heterochromatic blocks at the sex chromosomes in female Microtus cabrerae cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In some vole species, a bulk of constitutive heterochromatin is coupled to both sex chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The sex of many organisms is determined by the number of X chromosomes. (mpg.de)
  • Autosomes can be described as the non-sex chromosomes that play diverse roles in the human body like harboring genes for the body's metabolism, functioning, and growth. (biologyonline.com)
  • An autosome is defined as any chromosome other than the sex chromosomes . (biologyonline.com)
  • These chromosomes exist in pairs in the somatic cells in contrast to their solo presence in germinal or sex cells , i.e. gametes . (biologyonline.com)
  • Human autosomes , the non-sex human chromosomes, are integral components of the human genome . (biologyonline.com)
  • Contrary to classic theory prediction, sex-chromosome homomorphy is prevalent in the animal kingdom but it is unclear how ancient homomorphic sex chromosomes avoid chromosome-scale degeneration. (nature.com)
  • Molluscs constitute the second largest, Precambrian-originated animal phylum and have ancient, uncharacterized homomorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
  • Here, we profile eight genomes of the bivalve mollusc family of Pectinidae in a phylogenetic context and show 350 million years sex-chromosome homomorphy, which is the oldest known sex-chromosome homomorphy in the animal kingdom, far exceeding the ages of well-known heteromorphic sex chromosomes such as 130-200 million years in mammals, birds and flies. (nature.com)
  • The long-term undifferentiation of molluscan sex chromosomes is potentially sustained by the unexpected intertwined regulation of reversible sex-biased genes, together with the lack of sexual dimorphism and occasional sex chromosome turnover. (nature.com)
  • The pleiotropic constraint of regulation of reversible sex-biased genes is widely present in ancient homomorphic sex chromosomes and might be resolved in heteromorphic sex chromosomes through gene duplication followed by subfunctionalization. (nature.com)
  • The evolutionary dynamics of sex chromosomes suggest a mechanism for 'inheritance' turnover of sex-determining genes that is mediated by translocation of a sex-determining enhancer. (nature.com)
  • On the basis of these findings, we propose an evolutionary model for the long-term preservation of homomorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 1: Phylogeny-scale profiling of scallop sexual systems and sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 3: Turnover and macroevolution of scallop sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
  • Charlesworth, B. The evolution of sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
  • Jablonka, E. & Lamb, M. J. The evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
  • Daish, T. & Grützner, F. Evolution and meiotic organization of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. (nature.com)
  • Chromatin is the network of DNA and protein that packages DNA into chromosomes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The fertilised egg inherits its DNA unchanged from the parents' sex chromosomes. (lu.se)
Chromosome8
  • Thus, human females have the same number of expressed X-linked genes per cell as do human males (XY), both sexes having essentially one X chromosome per cell, from which to transcribe and express genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some lineages have evolved dosage compensation, an epigenetic mechanism which restores expression of X or Z specific genes in the heterogametic sex to the same levels observed in the ancestor prior to the evolution of the sex chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2009 ). At a larger scale, DSB formation occurs in the context of a specific chromosome architecture that consists of chromatin loops anchored to a proteinaceous axis (Zickler and Kleckner 1999 ). (springer.com)
  • DSB sites are preferentially located within chromatin loops, while several proteins that are required for DSB formation (Rec114, Mei4, and Mer2) localize on the chromosome axis (Blat et al. (springer.com)
  • Knowledge on the prevalence of sex chromosome abnormalities (SCAs) is limited, and delayed diagnosis or non-diagnosis of SCAs are a continuous concern. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fig. 2: Discovery of oldest known, 350 Myr sex-chromosome homomorphy in scallop. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 5: Divergence of sex chromosome and rSBG duplication across animal groups. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 6: Evolutionary model for homomorphy maintenance and heteromorphy transition of sex chromosome. (nature.com)
Genes10
  • The Additional sex combs (Asx) gene of Drosophila is a member of the Polycomb group of genes, which are required for maintenance of stable repression of homeotic and other loci. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Among them, the sex chromosomal multicopy genes that are expressed in postmeiotic cells were occupied by HSF1. (abo.fi)
  • Given that the sex chromatin mostly is repressed during and after meiosis, it is remarkable that HSF1 directly regulates the transcription of sex-linked multicopy genes during postmeiotic repression. (abo.fi)
  • We identify hundreds of differentially expressed genes by age and sex. (github.io)
  • Dosage compensation is the process by which organisms equalize the expression of genes between members of different biological sexes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most organisms have developed a strategy for making sure that the X chromosomal genes, which are important for both sexes, are properly transcribed. (mpg.de)
  • However, how exactly this change in the chromatin structure facilitates the expression of X chromosomal genes by just a factor of two remains poorly understood. (mpg.de)
  • Sex-associated Early-life viral Innate Immune Response is Transcriptionally Associated with chromatin remodeling of Type-I IFN-inducible Genes Published in Mucosal Immunology on June 9th, 2023 Check out these new findings from MCIDT Affiliates Dr. Nicholas Lukacs and. (umich.edu)
  • While the exact disease mechanism is unknown, it is likely that a lack of PHF8 protein in the nucleus of brain cells before birth prevents chromatin remodeling, altering the normal expression of genes involved in intellectual function and formation of structures along the midline of the skull. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Overexpression of chromatin remodeling and tyrosine kinase genes in iAMP21-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (cancercentrum.se)
Histone6
  • Although the genome-wide histone modification landscapes of mouse in vivo germ cells and in vitro PGCLCs have been profiled and several germline-specific properties of epigenetic reprogramming have been revealed, the study of genome-scale chromatin states in human FGCs is still challenging, due to the scarcity of materials and technical difficulties. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, AT-hook motifs are frequently associated with known functional domains seen in chromatin proteins and in DNA-binding proteins (e.g. histone folds, homeodomains and zinc fingers). (embl.de)
  • The high-mobility group (HMG) domain is a DNA-binding motif that is shared abundant non-histone components of chromatin and by specific regulators of transcription and cell differentiation. (embl.de)
  • A retinoblastoma-binding protein that is involved in CHROMATIN REMODELING, histone deacetylation, and repression of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION. (lookformedical.com)
  • Examples of epigenetic systems include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin structure. (uab.edu)
  • The protein structure that surrounds the DNA, chromatin, largely comprises histone proteins and can be open or closed and thus allow or prevent factors binding to the DNA. (lu.se)
Gonadal sex determination1
  • Figure 2: SOX9 gene on the autosome 17 (long arm) plays an integral role in gonadal sex determination. (biologyonline.com)
Differences8
  • For example, important differences between sexes were evidenced in respect of palisadic tissue, epidermal stomatic number, secretory hair distribution etc. (researchgate.net)
  • Sex differences and age-related changes in the human heart at the tissue, cell, and molecular level have been well-documented and many may be relevant for cardiovascular disease. (github.io)
  • Age was associated with changes such as immune activation-related transcriptional and chromatin accessibility differences, as well as changes in the relative proportion of cardiomyocytes, neurons, and perivascular cells. (github.io)
  • The researchers aim to uncover biological processes underlying the observed patient phenotypes and the male versus female differences by using several cell-based models and to understand sex-linked differences in the manifestations of NDDs by studying induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived models for early brain development and neural function. (erasmusmc-rdo.nl)
  • Additionally, building on the sex differences in NDD pathology observed in my mentor's previous work, we plan to use the forced-swim test to measure depressive behavior in DEP/MS mice. (duke.edu)
  • In a recent study published in Cells, researchers evaluated idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) pathophysiological differences by sex and intestinal microbiome. (news-medical.net)
  • Currently, it is not clear if these same processes contribute to the sex differences in aging seen in many species. (uab.edu)
  • Whether these sex-based differences have biologic relevance that may translate into effects on health outcomes is unknown. (cdc.gov)
Immunoprecipitation2
  • Re-analysis of the original RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing data identified discrepancies in the sex and genetic composition of parental donor cells and converted stem cells, and revealed a STAP-derived cell line to be a mixture containing trophoblast stem cells. (genengnews.com)
  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays identified SOX2-binding sites on COL1A1 and COL1A2, indicating SOX2 as a transcription factor in collagen synthesis. (cdc.gov)
Proteins2
  • HMG-box domains are found in one or more copies in HMG-box proteins, which form a large, diverse family involved in the regulation of DNA-dependent processes such as transcription, replication, and strand repair, all of which require the bending and unwinding of chromatin. (embl.de)
  • This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. (lookformedical.com)
Determination7
  • Because the species with male individuals and female individuals have evolved repeatedly from hermaphroditic progenitors, the mechanisms for the control of sex determination in flowering plants are extremely diverse. (researchgate.net)
  • An important point to note here is that certain autosomes do play a role in phenotypic sex determination! (biologyonline.com)
  • The common belief is that they don't have any role to play in sex determination. (biologyonline.com)
  • So, we can't say that autosomes have no role in phenotypic sex determination in humans because they play an integral and indispensable role! (biologyonline.com)
  • The present study included 60 individuals ranging from 20-50 age group of both the sexes to observe the morphology of sex chromatin in neutrophil by using Leishman's and Field stain for the gender determination and comparison between the 2 staining procedure, using research microscope. (ijmhr.org)
  • Is Thermal Responsiveness Affected by Maternal Estrogens in Species with Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination? (ooir.org)
  • Cbx2 is required for male sex determination by activating expression of the Sry gene. (rndsystems.com)
Transcriptional2
  • Sex dependent alterations include pathways such as TGFβ signaling and metabolic shifts by sex, evident in both transcriptional alterations and differing presence of transcription factor (TF) motifs in accessible chromatin. (github.io)
  • The mechanisms effecting establishment, maintenance, and modification of that specific physical conformation of CHROMATIN determining the transcriptional accessibility or inaccessibility of the DNA. (lookformedical.com)
Drosophila1
  • Her lab at UAB utilizes a classical genetics model system, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , to study various open questions in the area of epigenetics and chromatin. (uab.edu)
Chromocenter1
  • In addition, our results show that HSF1 localizes to the sex body prior to the meiotic divisions and to the sex chromocenter after completed meiosis. (abo.fi)
Modifiers1
  • DNA repair pathways function less well, chromatin modifiers become misregulated, and noise in gene expression increases. (uab.edu)
Nuclear2
  • In higher eukaryotes, the nuclear genome is compartmentalized into distinct chromatin territories to facilitate the regulation of complex processes such as DNA repair, transcription and replication. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Briggs D.K. The individuality of nuclear chromatin with particular reference to polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes. (ijmhr.org)
Polycomb1
  • Although initially discovered as a retinoblastoma binding protein it has an affinity for core HISTONES and is a subunit of chromatin assembly factor-1 and polycomb repressive complex 2. (lookformedical.com)
Barr1
  • The term sex chromatin comprises of two superficially dissimilar structures known as Barr body in epithelial cells, other tissue cells and as Drumstick appearance in polymorphonuclear leucocytes. (ijmhr.org)
Females2
  • In this system gene expression of sex-specific loci is reduced in the heterogametic sex i.e. the females in ZZ/ZW systems and males in XX/XY systems. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sex chromatin is a chromatin mass of 1 micron size usually seen at the periphery of nucleus in females. (ijmhr.org)
Regulates1
Genome2
  • Here we use nucleosome occupancy and methylation sequencing method to analyze both the genome-wide chromatin accessibility and DNA methylome at a series of crucial time points during fetal germ cell development in both human and mouse. (nature.com)
  • We are manipulating genome content, heterochromatin amount, DNA repair pathways, and more to define their role in sex-specific aging. (uab.edu)
Combs4
  • Here, we rule out these explanations, as well as effects on the nervous system more generally, and find instead that the effects of yellow on male mating success are mediated by its effects on pigmentation of male-specific leg structures called sex combs. (elifesciences.org)
  • The experiments showed that yellow fruit flies mated poorly not because of changes in their brain but because of changes in specialized structures on their legs called sex combs. (elifesciences.org)
  • The yellow males lack melanin pigments in their sex combs, which changes their structure. (elifesciences.org)
  • This explains why yellow flies often fail to mate and why fruit flies have sex combs in the first place. (elifesciences.org)
Genetic2
  • Cannabis sativa L. is one of the best studied species under the aspect of genetic determinism of the sex, but the problem is not yet entirely deciphered. (researchgate.net)
  • Genetic sexing strains (GSS), such as the Ceratitis capitata (medfly) VIENNA 8 strain, facilitate male-only releases and improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of sterile insect technique (SIT) applications. (bvsalud.org)
Dynamics1
  • Our work offers a comprehensive and high-resolution roadmap for dissecting chromatin state transition dynamics during the epigenomic reprogramming of human and mouse FGCs. (nature.com)
Regulators1
  • In addition to classical gene regulatory networks noted above, we have recently identified a central role for additional biologic mechanisms, namely gene regulation by chromatin regulators and by noncoding RNAs. (stanford.edu)
Klinefelter1
  • A sex chromatin study should be performed to exclude Klinefelter syndrome when appropriate. (medscape.com)
Transcription factor2
  • To the best of our knowledge, HSF1 is the first known transcription factor found at the repressed sex chromatin during meiosis. (abo.fi)
  • Mechanistic studies revealed sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2), a self-renewal associated transcription factor, as a key driver of FSC acquisition and fibrogenesis. (cdc.gov)
Structure3
  • One pathway, which has been extensively studied in yeast, is mainly guided by chromatin structure and the other, analyzed in detail in mice, is driven by the sequence-specific DNA-binding PR domain-containing protein 9 (PRDM9). (springer.com)
  • We are studying the role that normal chromatin structure plays in gene regulation in hematopoietic cells and how its disruption leads to altered development and cancer. (stanford.edu)
  • Binding with the PHF8 protein is part of the process that changes the structure of chromatin (chromatin remodeling) to alter how tightly regions of DNA are packaged. (medlineplus.gov)
Study3
  • A Study of Sex Cheromatin Form Buccal Smear. (ijmhr.org)
  • We conducted linear regressions analyses (adjusted for sex, waist circumference, physical activity, hormone use, and season) to assess the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and biomarkers of dysglycemia, dyslipidemia, and inflammation in the study population. (cdc.gov)
  • The possibility that the effects of vitamin D on cardiometabolic disease differ by sex warrants further study. (cdc.gov)
Nucleus1
Molecular1
  • However, how molecular programs within individual cell types vary across individuals by age and sex remains poorly characterized. (github.io)
Expression1
  • 2) We have discovered a group of oncoproteins that are implicated in long-term maintenance of gene expression through their effects on the state of chromatin. (stanford.edu)
Establishment1
  • In breeding activity, the early establishment of the sex would be necessary, imposed by the necessity to remove, from agronomic reasons, the male plants or the high masculinized monoecious plants. (researchgate.net)
State1
  • However, the comprehensive chromatin state has not yet been analyzed for human fetal germ cells (FGCs). (nature.com)
Complex1
  • Thus, the hemp is included, according to some authors, in the category of plants with male heterogamy, whereas the others sustain the idea of a complex sex determinism, seen as resultant of interaction between individual hereditary potencies and the environmental factors. (researchgate.net)
Specific1
  • Sex-specific BMI latent class trajectories were derived using latent class growth modeling from up to 22 possible BMI values from age 1 month to 42 years measured between 1969 and 2004. (cdc.gov)
Cells1
  • Chromatin remodeling is important for the epigenetic reprogramming of human primordial germ cells. (nature.com)
Found1
  • SOX9 gene) of autosome 17 has an effect on how the gonads will develop, for instance, a dysfunctional SOX9 gene has been found to be associated with sex reversals. (biologyonline.com)