• Antibodies to the HIV-1 major group-specific antigen (GAG) protein p24, and its precursor p55, are the earliest detected after infection by Western blot and tend to decrease or become undetectable with onset or progression of clinical symptoms (4-9). (cdc.gov)
  • Antibodies to the polymerase (POL) gene products (p31, p51, and p66) are also commonly detected if these antigens are present on the Western blot strips. (cdc.gov)
  • and human T -cell antigens recognized by certain monoclonal antibodies on both immature and mature T -cells. (science-connections.com)
  • In the high endemic areas, 0.5 to 50% of the people have antibodies against HTLV-1 antigens. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study aimed to assess the seroprevalence and correlates of HBV, HCV, HDV, and HTLV 1&2 antibodies among MSM in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Anti-HTLV 1&2 antibodies were found in 4.0% (95% CI: 2.3-6.8) of MSM. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Presence of anti-HTLV 1&2 antibodies was associated with history of genital or anal lesions and injection drug use. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study aimed to assess the seroprevalence and correlates of hepatitis B, C and D virus and anti-HTLV 1&2 antibodies among MSM, a high-risk population in Burkina Faso. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) originates from ancient cross-species transmission of simian T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (STLV-1) from infected nonhuman primates, much debate exists on whether the first HTLV-1 occurred in Africa, or in Asia during early human evolution and migration. (bvsalud.org)
  • Serological evidence for virus related to simian T-lymphotropic retrovirus III in residents of west Africa. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV-I and -II) are presumed to have derived from primate T-lymphotropic viruses with which they share significant nucleotide sequence homology ( 1 ) . (cdc.gov)
  • In relation to "CFS", the most-studied viruses have been the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and the Human Herpes Virus-6 (HHV-6). (investinme.org)
  • Since several animal RNA tumor viruses (Klein 1980) and cells of the putative human retroviruses isolated to date (Bronson et al. (science-connections.com)
  • Four types of human T cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) have been described (HTLV-1 to HTLV-4) with three of them having closely related simian virus analogues named STLV-1, -2, and -3. (bvsalud.org)
  • Men who have sex with men (MSM) are considered to be at significant risk for sexually transmitted infections (STI) and bloodborne viruses including viral hepatitis types B, C, and D (HBV, HCV, and HDV) and human T-cell leukemia virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV 1&2). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The common influenza viruses have antigens that mutate or combine readily, requiring new vaccines with each mutation. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The 400 known viruses are classified in several ways: by genome core (RNA or DNA), host (animals, plants, or bacteria), method of reproduction (such as retrovirus), mode of transmission (such as enterovirus), and disease produced (such as hepatitis virus). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first oncogenic human retrovirus discovered in 1980. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, in a recent study, the protein with a mobility of 160 kilodaltons (kd) present in commercially available Western blots and in viral lysate antigen preparations was identified as a multimer of the gp41 protein (10,11). (cdc.gov)
  • Nora Chapman et al from the Enterovirus Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, have shown that human enteroviruses Coxsackie B can naturally delete sequence from the 5' end of the RNA genome and that this deletional mechanism results in long-term viral persistence, which has substantially altered the previously held view (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440640/?tool=pubmed). (investinme.org)
  • Since the JHK-3 cell line also contains Epstein-Barr virus DNA and nuclear antigen and a 196-nm viral particle of unusual morphology, this particle will be identified and its relationship determined, if any, to JHK viral infection. (ncf-net.org)
  • Plasma viral load in HIV-1 and HIV-2 singly and dually infected individuals in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa: significantly lower plasma virus set point in HIV-2 infection than in HIV-1 infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Low peripheral blood viral HIV-2 RNA in individuals with high CD4 percentage differentiates HIV-2 from HIV-1 infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Frequent mutations change some viral antigens so that the lymphocytes are unable to create an antibody that can neutralize the original antigen and its replacement. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Despois de entraren na célula diana, o xenoma de ARN viral convértese (por reversotranscrición ) en ADN bicatenario pola acción do encima codificado no virus transcriptase inversa que se transporta en forma de encima xa formado dentro da partícula vírica, xunto co propio xenoma. (wikipedia.org)
  • The development of sensitive and specific tests for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) progressed rapidly after this retrovirus was identified as the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). (cdc.gov)
  • Cytotoxic T cells from human immunodeficiency virus type 2-infected patients frequently cross-react with different human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clades. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Cellular factors regulate transactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Effects of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein on the expression of inflammatory cytokines. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • HTLV-1 seroprevalence increases with age, especially in women. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is estimated that around 10-20 million people are infected with HTLV-1 worldwide. (bvsalud.org)
  • More than 20 million people are infected by HTLV 1&2 worldwide, and West Africa is considered a highly endemic area [ 23 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Investigators in Japan have linked HTLV-I to a higher occurrence of various medical conditions ( 13 ) and virus-associated malignancies ( 14 ) . (cdc.gov)
  • It would seem reasonable then to survey human T -cell malignancies for the presence of retroviruses. (science-connections.com)
  • Research has intensified to understand ERV protein function and their role as tumor antigens and targets for cancer (immune) therapy. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this investigation a human RCC tissue microarray (TMA) (n=374) predominantly consisting of the most common histological tumor subtypes was hybridized with an ERV-K env antibody and correlated with patient clinical data. (frontiersin.org)
  • This study supports ERV-K env as a single prognostic indicator for better survival of RCC, which we propose represents a new tumor antigen. (frontiersin.org)
  • Specifically, ERV-K members were originally identified due to their similarity to the Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) and are subdivided into ten so-called human MMTV-like clades (HML1-10) ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Molecular characterization of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and -2 in individuals from Guinea-Bissau with single or dual infections: predominance of a distinct HIV-1 subtype A/G recombinant in West Africa. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • This study is a prospective, multicenter cohort of persons with HTLV-I and -II infections, which were detected at the time of attempted blood donation at five U.S. blood centers and comparable HTLV-seronegative donors. (cdc.gov)
  • HTLV-I, but not HTLV-II, causes adult T-cell leukemia. (cdc.gov)
  • HTLV-I has been causally associated with adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-associated myelopathy. (cdc.gov)
  • HTLV-II has also been associated with HTLV-associated myelopathy, but not with leukemia ( 5 ) . (cdc.gov)
  • Patients with adult T-cell leukemia may develop opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia ( 6 ) or Strongyloides superinfection ( 7 ) , but clinical immunodeficiency does not appear to develop in most persons with chronic HTLV-I or -II infection. (cdc.gov)
  • If the evidence obtained substantiates its novelty, additional goals will include exploring in depth its biology and molecular genetics and establishing its possible relationship to human disease, especially chronic fatigue immune deficiency syndrome (CFIDS), leukemia, and lymphoma. (ncf-net.org)
  • Subsequent characterization of this virus has shown that it is not significantly related to any known animal retrovirus, is not an endogenous (genetically transmitted) virus of man, and so far has been associated only with fresh or cultured T -cells from patients with T -cell neoplasia. (science-connections.com)
  • We conclude that HTLV-II infection may inhibit immunologic responses to respiratory infections and that both HTLV-I and -II may induce inflammatory or autoimmune reactions. (cdc.gov)
  • Serum specimens obtained were tested for the presence of HBV, HCV, HDV and HTLV-1&2 infections. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The virus is harmless to macaques or may cause only a herpetic rash in macaques, but in humans it often produces fatal infections of the brain and meninges. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • HTLV-II participants had significantly increased incidences of acute bronchitis (incidence ratio [IR] = 1.68), bladder or kidney infection (IR = 1.55), arthritis (IR = 2.66), and asthma (IR = 3.28), and a borderline increase in pneumonia (IR = 1.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98 to 3.38). (cdc.gov)
  • HTLV-I participants had significantly increased incidences of bladder or kidney infection (IR = 1.82), and arthritis (IR = 2.84). (cdc.gov)
  • Using survival analysis, we studied medical history data from a prospective cohort of HTLV-I- and HTLV-II-infected and -uninfected blood donors, all HIV seronegative. (cdc.gov)
  • A total of 152 HTLV-I, 387 HTLV-II, and 799 uninfected donors were enrolled and followed for a median of 4.4, 4.3, and 4.4 years, respectively. (cdc.gov)
  • We have prospectively followed a large cohort of former blood donors with well-documented HTLV-I and -II infection at enrollment, and a similar group of uninfected donors, all of whom are HIV seronegative. (cdc.gov)
  • In previous studies from this laboratory "activated" (by lectins) lymphoblasts from either peripheral blood or bone marrow from normal human donors were grown continuously with TCGF. (science-connections.com)
  • Resistance assays fall into two classes: genotyping examines the virus for mutations known to confer drug resistance, whereas phenotyping tests the susceptibility of the patient's virus to specific medications. (health.am)
  • The elaboration of immunoglobulins and presence of receptors for EBV are most characteristic of human B-cells. (science-connections.com)
  • Weight loss and fever ensued, and he was admitted in April 1981 to the Hartford Hospital where he had Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, lymphocytopenia, cytomegalovirus [CMV] in the blood and urine, herpes simplex II perianaly, Candida esophagitis, and Mycobacterium avium tuberculosis of the lung, bone marrow, and esophagus. (nih.gov)
  • 1997 revised guidelines for performing CD4+ T-cell determinations in persons infected with human immunode- ficiency virus [HIV]. (cdc.gov)
  • ERVs and related sequences are estimated at ~400,000 copies or 4.6% of the human genome, including genomic proviruses like 5' long terminal repeat (LTR)-gag-pol-env-3' LTR ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • and from mother to child, predominantly by breast feeding ( 2 - 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Estrogen and Progesterone are steroid hormones, and the first step involving steroidogenesis in the human ovary is the transport of their precursor, cholesterol into the mitochondria. (joessciencescorner.net)
  • The following is a direct quotation from the CRISP search: ' Abstract Grant Number: 3RO1A132710-0353 PI Name: Grossberg, Sidney E. PI Title Project Title: JHK VIRUS Abstract: our goal is to determine by morphologic, genetic, biochemical, and immulogic means whether the JHK virus, an enveloped virus, and enveloped, 80-nm, RNA virus produced constitutively by a B lymphoblastoid cell line established in our laboratory, is a new human retrovirus. (ncf-net.org)
  • In Sub-Saharan Africa, very few data exist on hepatitis B, C, and D as well as on HTLV 1&2 epidemiology among MSM. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The discovery, characterization, and purification of human T -cell growth factor (TCGF) has led to the establishment of continuously growing T -lymphoblast cell lines from normal people and from patients with certain T -cell neoplasias. (science-connections.com)
  • In contrast to normal T -cells, neoplastic mature T -cells respond directly to TCGF, requiring no prior lectin or antigen in vitro activation. (science-connections.com)
  • A novel retrovirus, human T -celllymphomaleukemia virus (HTLV), has been isolated from the fresh and cultured cells of two of these patients. (science-connections.com)
  • These results suggest that HTLV infected some mature T -cells of some people and that it might be involved in some neoplasias involving these cells. (science-connections.com)
  • 1975) have required the establishment of continuously growing cell lines from the disease of origin or cocultivation of these cells with previously established cell lines, the ability to grow malignant T -cells in long-term culture could facilitate the isolation of retroviruses from these diseased states. (science-connections.com)
  • Although there are many immunologic and cytochemical differences between mature hu man T- and B-Iymphocytes, human T -cells are primarily distinguished by their participation in cell mediated immunity and possession of receptors for sheep red blood cells. (science-connections.com)
  • iv) reverse transcriptase: (v) infectivity for various somatic cells and (vi) reactivity with serum from J.H. and selected patients in order to help determine its possible role in humans disease. (ncf-net.org)
  • CD4+ T-cells and other lymphocyte subsets in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (cdc.gov)
  • T-cell numbers were derived from three measurements deter- attributable to the decrease in the number of T cells that bear mined with two different instruments, a hematology analyzer the CD4 receptor ( 5-9 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The steps in chemical metabolism within all the cells in the human body are mediated by specific enzymes that act as highly specialized chemical catalysts. (joessciencescorner.net)
  • Specific ablation of HIV-Tat expressing cells by conditionally toxic retroviruses. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Case series and cross-sectional studies of HTLV-I and -II disease outcomes are vulnerable to potential bias and confounding. (cdc.gov)
  • To assess the risk of cross-species transmissions of STLVs from nonhuman primates to humans in the Democratic Republic of Congo, a total of 330 samples, derived from primate bushmeat, were collected at remote forest sites where people rely on bushmeat for subsistence. (bvsalud.org)
  • Most people around the globe are aware only of the orthodox theory on HIV and have no clue that there is another story to be heard and that this story depicts what some would call the greatest medical fraud in human history. (naturalnewsblogs.com)
  • Indeed, HTLV-1 is present throughout the world with clusters of high endemicity including mainly southern Japan, the Caribbean region, parts of South America and intertropical Africa, with foci in the Middle East and Australia. (bvsalud.org)
  • Single-platform technology (SPT) is designed to enable de- system and managing the health care of persons infected with terminations of both absolute and percentage lymphocyte sub- human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ( 1-4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Transfecting these cell lines with a codon optimized ERV-K113 env overexpressing CMV vector was performed with or without 5'-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (Aza) treatment to sustain promoter de-methylation. (frontiersin.org)
  • This study shows that HBV, HCV and HTLV 1&2 prevalence among MSM in Burkina is high and suggests that comprehensive STI prevention and sexual health education services for this group are needed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our analyses also inferred that HTLV-1 was first introduced into Australia ~3.1-3.7kya, corresponding to both genetic and archaeological changes occurring in Australia at that time. (bvsalud.org)
  • The patent we have was filed over two years ago, so all the above has been accomplished. (ncf-net.org)
  • 11. ClementeJC, UrsellLK, ParfreyLW, KnightR (2012) The Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Human Health: An Integrative View. (prelekara.sk)
  • The infant's total nutrient intake is determined by nutrient concentrations in human milk and by the volume of milk consumed. (nationalacademies.org)
  • In addition to nutrients in human milk, it considered constituents that have important nonnutritive functions (see Chapter 6 ). (nationalacademies.org)
  • The currently licensed Du Pont Western blot test specifies that the test result should be interpreted as positive only when the detected bands include p24 and p31, and gp41 or gp120/160 (12) (see Table 2). (cdc.gov)