• 11 ] first proved that astrocytes within adult hippocampus are able to accelerate the proliferation of stem cells and instruct them to become neurons. (degruyter.com)
  • Since axons have reached the exact origin, neurons begin to form synapses with the help of astrocytes once again. (degruyter.com)
  • Astrocytes are abundant cell types in the vertebrate central nervous system and can act as neural stem cells in specialized niches where they constitutively generate new neurons. (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, finding out molecular mechanisms by which reactive astrocytes can be coaxed into neurons will be of utmost importance for regenerative therapies as these astrocytes are the imminent cell types around the lesion site. (frontiersin.org)
  • We have sucessfully designed communication system models using in-silico and in-vitro models of different types of biological systems including, neurons, astrocytes, smooth muscle cells, epithelial cells as well as bacteria. (essex.ac.uk)
  • With the growing recognition of the complexity of neurovascular coupling, research has focused on the "neurovascular unit", a close association between neurons, astrocytes and blood vessels. (springer.com)
  • Despite the long-standing appreciation for the relative structural and functional diversity of neurons, the concept of astrocyte diversity has only recently gained recognition. (drexel.edu)
  • The researchers, from Penn State College of Medicine in the United States, suggest that calorie intake is regulated in the short-term by cells called astrocytes (large star-shaped cells in the brain that regulate many different functions of neurons in the brain) that control the signaling pathway between the brain and the gut. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • This was combined with pharmacological and specialist genetic approaches (both in vivo and in vitro) to target distinct neural circuits, enabling the researchers to specifically inhibit astrocytes in a particular region of the brainstem (the posterior part of the brain that connects the brain to the spinal cord) so they could assess how individual neurons behaved as they studied the rats' behavior while they were awake. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • 12 Kraft A D, Johnson D A, Johnson J A. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2-dependent antioxidant response element activation by tert-butylhydroquinone and sulforaphane occurring preferentially in astrocytes conditions neurons against oxidative insult. (thieme-connect.com)
  • They suggest that a biological network composed of neurons and other brain cells called astrocytes could perform the same core computation as a transformer. (lifeboat.com)
  • In particular, we aim at understanding T2D-induced alterations of brain insulin-dependent metabolic regulation in neurons and astrocytes. (lu.se)
  • IL6 expression in the hypothalamus is low and restricted to microglia and tanycytes, whereas IL6 receptor is expressed in microglia, ependymocytes, endothelial cells, and astrocytes. (nih.gov)
  • Finally, the cross-talk between glutamate and microglia/astrocytes could involve a positive feedback loop that accelerates excitotoxicity. (springer.com)
  • Microglia and astrocytes are the primary mediators of neuroinflammation, and multiple efforts have been directed at finding effective biomarkers of AD-related neuroinflammation and the molecular mechanisms intertwined. (lu.se)
  • To address this gap in knowledge, I measured the maturation of functional glutamate uptake in the developing cortex using electrophysiological recordings of glutamate transporter currents in astrocytes. (tufts.edu)
  • In terms of the sequence of events, synaptogenesis happens right after the production of astrocytes and the time window of synapse formation overlaps that of the astrocyte maturation [ 14 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • The underlying principles governing the development maturation of astrocytes are not well understood. (drexel.edu)
  • However, the effects of GATA3 in human astrocytes after injury are not known. (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, in this report, we investigated how overexpression of GATA3 in primary human astrocytes would affect the neurogenic potential before and after injury in 2D and 3D cultures. (frontiersin.org)
  • We found that primary human astrocytes are unable to induce GATA3 after injury. (frontiersin.org)
  • Lentivirus-mediated overexpression of GATA3 significantly increased the number of GFAP/SOX2 double positive astrocytes and expression of pro-neural factor ASCL1, but failed to induce neurogenesis, suggesting that GATA3 is required for enhancing the neurogenic potential of primary human astrocytes and is not sufficient to induce neurogenesis alone. (frontiersin.org)
  • Primary human astrocytes do not induce GATA3 after injury. (frontiersin.org)
  • GLIA 2016;64:139-154 Main Points: The speed of swelling kinetics is the main trigger for Regulatory Volume Decrease (RVD) and for calcium response in astrocytes. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Work in our lab is focused on studying astrocytes, a specialized class of non-neuronal cells in the nervous system known as glia, and their roles in regulating the formation and function of developing neural circuits in the healthy and diseased or injured brain. (drexel.edu)
  • Therefore, a plausible regenerative therapeutic option is to coax the endogenous reactive astrocytes to a pre-neurogenic progenitor state and use them as an endogenous reservoir for repair. (frontiersin.org)
  • Title: Up-regulation of NHE1 protein expression in reactive hippocampal astrocytes Legend: A.Expression of NHE1 protein in hippocampal astrocytes. (wisc.edu)
  • Reactive glial cells secrete a wide variety of signaling molecules in response to neuronal perturbations and thus play a crucial role in the progression and regulation of central nervous system (CNS) injury. (cdc.gov)
  • Our findings reveal a new unprecedented function for Nogo-A and NgR1 in the homeostatic regulation of the pace of neurogenesis in the adult mouse SVZ and in the migration of neuroblasts along the RMS. (jneurosci.org)
  • Brainstem Astrocytes Control Homeostatic Regulation of Caloric Intake " by Kirsteen Browning et al. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Astrocytes throughout the brain express dopamine receptors, but consequences of astrocytic dopamine receptor signaling are not well established. (jneurosci.org)
  • Assisting the formation and function of the CNS, astrocytes are involved in physiological and pathological brain activities. (degruyter.com)
  • Widely distributed in the whole brain, astrocytes function complexly varying from physiological activities to pathological changes. (degruyter.com)
  • In the mouse brain, we found that the plasticity inhibitors Nogo-A and Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1) are differentially expressed in the SVZ-OB system, in which Nogo-A identifies immature neuroblasts and NgR1 germinal astrocytes. (jneurosci.org)
  • Astrocytes bear multiple vital functions such as maintaining the ion homeostasis, contributing to the blood-brain barrier, restoring synaptic integrity, regulating immune response, and acting as neural stem cells ( Kettenmann and Ransom, 2012 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Study reports in the short term, astrocytes regulate caloric intake by controlling the signaling pathway between the gut and brain. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • The ability of astrocytes to efficiently accumulate, store and export copper ions suggests that astrocytes play a key role in brain copper homeostasis and that an impairment of astrocytic functions may be involved in diseases which are connected with disturbances in brain copper metabolism. (springeropen.com)
  • Photomicrograph of aromatase expression in astrocytes around the site of brain injury in the zebra finch. (lu.se)
  • We hope that understanding the interaction between addictive drugs and astrocytes may help discover new mechanisms underlying the addiction and produce novel therapeutic treatments. (degruyter.com)
  • To determine whether the potentiating effect of extracellular ATP involves cell cycle control mechanisms, we have measured the expression of cyclins that are induced in different phases of the cell cycle in primary cultures of rat cortical astrocytes. (sagepub.com)
  • The expression of NSPC and astrocyte markers nestin and Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), respectively, was up- and down-regulated, respectively. (nih.gov)
  • A MEK inhibitor, U0126, antagonized the up-regulation of nestin but not the down-regulation of GFAP. (nih.gov)
  • Based on a previous report, we studied the potential involvement of the adenosine A1 receptor in the effect of CBC on these cells and found that the selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, DPCPX, counteracted both ERK1/2 phosphorylation and up-regulation of nestin by CBC, indicating that also adenosine is involved in these effects of CBC, but possibly not in CBC inhibitory effect on GFAP expression. (nih.gov)
  • Here we describe a different method of transgene regulation by the use of the human glial ®brillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter. (lu.se)
  • Abstract: The goal of this project is to examine the developmental regulation of astrocytic glutamate uptake in the cortex and determine to what extent dynamic glutamate regulation is an important feature of cortical development. (tufts.edu)
  • This is an important question because homeostatic functions of astrocytes, like glutamate regulation, are actively maturing in the postnatal cortex. (tufts.edu)
  • little is known about functional glutamate regulation in the neonatal cortex. (tufts.edu)
  • I hypothesized that disruptions in glutamate regulation during the injury-induced latent period may underlie the pathological development that leads to cortical hyperexcitability after FL. (tufts.edu)
  • In summary, my studies describe a novel mechanism by which developmental regulation of astrocytic glutamate clearance creates a permissive environment for extrasynaptic and tonic glutamate signaling, which is necessary for the development of cortical inhibition. (tufts.edu)
  • Here, we report that astrocytes regulate NMDAR tone through Best1-mediated glutamate and D-serine release, which is critical for cognitive flexibility. (biorxiv.org)
  • Our work aims to address basic questions surrounding astrocyte development, including how they are patterned and arranged in the cortex. (drexel.edu)
  • To address this gap, we performed whole-genome sequencing of astrocytes exposed to elevated extracellular dopamine and combined it with evaluation of effects on astrocyte morphology and function. (jneurosci.org)
  • All together our study provides evidence that (1) AQP influenced swelling kinetics is the main trigger for RVD and in mediating calcium signaling after hypotonic stimulus together with TRPV4, and (2) calcium influx from the extracellular space and/or TRPV4 are not essential for RVD to occur in astrocytes. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Shi, You-Fang 2005-12-03 00:00:00 Extracellular ATP enhances the mitogenic activity of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) in astrocytes, but the molecular mechanism underlying this synergistic interaction is not known. (sagepub.com)
  • Dilek Colak, PhD, shares the results of recent work identifying aberrant Ca2+ signaling in ASD astrocytes as a mechanism that contributes to specific behavioral and neuronal deficits. (uctv.tv)
  • Hence, it is of great significance to reveal the mechanism behind drug addiction, and thanks to the advancing technology in the neuroscience, accumulating studies help people understand how versatile astrocytes work in drug addiction indeed [ 4 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • These findings suggest that signaling by P2Y receptors, most likely of the purine/pyrimidine subtype, enhance the ability of FGF2 to stimulate entry into a new cell cycle, as well as DNA replication, by an ERK-dependent mechanism, whereas signaling by P2X receptors, possibly the P2X7 subtype, inhibits FGF2-induced mitogenesis in astrocytes. (sagepub.com)
  • Dr. Browning said, "We have yet to find out whether the loss of astrocyte activity and the signaling mechanism is the cause of overeating or that it occurs in response to the overeating. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • These results indicate that astrocyte response to elevated dopamine involves PARP1-mediated CTCF genomic restructuring and concerted expression of gene networks. (jneurosci.org)
  • it is regulated via epigenetic regulation including imprinting and gene and promoter methylation GABRB2 has been associated with a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, and found to display altered expression in cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Multiple lines of evidence confirmed the epigenetic regulation of GABRB2 gene expression via methylation and imprinting. (wikipedia.org)
  • Studies in this project are aimed at understanding differential gene expression programs between different populations of astrocytes and how these programs contribute to specialized functional properties. (drexel.edu)
  • 6 Martin D, Rojo A I, Salinas M, Diaz R, Gallardo G, Alam J, De Galarreta C M, Cuadrado A. Regulation of heme oxygenase-1 expression through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway and the Nrf2 transcription factor in response to the antioxidant phytochemical carnosol. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Methylation of mammalian DNA and histone residues are known to regulate transcription, and the discovery of demethylases that remove methylation in DNA and histones provide a basis for the understanding of dynamic regulation of mammalian gene expression. (cmbn.no)
  • We constructed a lentiviral vector that directs transgene expression to astrocytes. (lu.se)
  • Profile and regulation of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) expression in the CNS in mice with targeting of green fluorescent protein gene to the ApoE locus. (lu.se)
  • We therefore examined the role of Nogo-A and NgR1 in the regulation of neurogenesis. (jneurosci.org)
  • Moreover, GABRB2 is associated with cognitive function, energy regulation, time perception, and the maintenance of efferent synaptic terminals in the mature ear. (wikipedia.org)
  • Astrocytes are essential for synaptic formation and closely monitor synaptic activity to ensure proper function. (drexel.edu)
  • In this study, we have focused on the role played by two different Aquaporins (AQPs), Aquaporin-4 (AQP4), and Aquaporin-1 (AQP1), in triggering RVD and in mediating calcium signaling in astrocytes under hypotonic stimulus. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The article shows that doses of anesthesia insufficient to affect neuronal responses to whisker stimulation suppressed astrocyte calcium signals. (cmbn.no)
  • SGK-1 protein levels in spinal astrocytes are increased in response to glucocorticoid stimuli and enhanced ATP release by opening the pannexin-1 hemichannels. (nature.com)
  • Proper regulation of protein synthesis is vital for ensuring that the correct levels of protein are available for the cell to cope with changing conditions. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Around 10-14 days of eating high-fat/calorie diet, astrocytes seem to fail to react, and the brain's ability to regulate calorie intake seems to be lost. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • With the advent of improved tools to examine the astrocytes, which have been believed to play a supportive role in the central nervous system (CNS) for years, their participation in the operation of the CNS and drug addiction was unveiled. (degruyter.com)
  • Here we review how astrocytes contribute to the CNS and drug addiction. (degruyter.com)
  • In the current review, we describe the astrocytic involvement in the operation of the CNS, and then focus on how astrocytes contribute to drug addiction through diversified pathways. (degruyter.com)
  • Finally, we further discuss the existing problems and prospects of research in astrocytes and drug addiction. (degruyter.com)
  • To investigate uptake, toxicity, storage and export of copper in astrocytes, we used primary rat astrocyte cultures as model system. (springeropen.com)
  • Our findings propose epigenetic regulation of chromatin landscape as a critical factor in the rapid astrocyte response to dopamine. (jneurosci.org)
  • The latter findings point to the participation of Nogo-A/NgR1 signaling in the regulation of other aspects of growth, such as tissue expansion or turnover by cell proliferation. (jneurosci.org)
  • We identify serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase-1 (SGK-1) as the key molecule responsible for the glucocorticoid-enhanced release of ATP from astrocytes. (nature.com)
  • Serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase-1 (SGK-1) mediates the glucocorticoid-enhanced release of ATP from astrocytes by opening the pannexin-1 hemichannels. (nature.com)
  • Astrocytes tolerate moderate increases in intracellular copper contents very well. (springeropen.com)
  • We then discuss our working hypotheses regarding the regulation of blood flow and neurophysiological correlates of fMRI signals. (springer.com)
  • In addition, copper oxide nanoparticles are rapidly accumulated by astrocytes, most likely by endocytotic processes. (springeropen.com)
  • Using biophysical techniques to measure water flux through the plasma membrane of wild-type (WT) and AQP4 knockout (KO) astrocytes and of an astrocyte cell line (DI TNC1) transfected with AQP4 or AQP1, we here show that AQP-mediated fast swelling kinetics play a key role in triggering and accelerating RVD. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Knowledge on these demethylases has led to a tremendous progress in the understanding of methyl marks in gene regulation and role in numerous diseases. (cmbn.no)
  • In addition, cultured astrocytes have the capacity to export copper ions which is likely to involve the copper-transporting ATPase 7A. (springeropen.com)
  • Astrocytes were also found to be critical for right pathfinding of axons. (degruyter.com)
  • We found that a brief exposure (three to five days) of high-fat/calorie diet has the greatest effect on astrocytes, triggering the normal signaling pathway to control the stomach. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • My research career had its beginnings in undergraduate summer internships - one in an organic chemistry lab and another in a gene regulation lab at the University of Toronto where I first found the excitement of experimental problem solving. (oist.jp)
  • When exposed to drugs of abuse, astrocytes go through a series of alterations, contributing to the development of addiction. (degruyter.com)
  • Astrocyte development. (drexel.edu)
  • We demonstrate a temporally dynamic pattern of genomic plasticity that triggers pronounced changes in astrocyte morphology and function. (jneurosci.org)