AnatomyDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaHealth Care
Meige SyndromeBlepharospasmAnti-Dyskinesia AgentsDystoniaDystonic DisordersReflexDyskinesia, Drug-InducedEyelid DiseasesBlinkingHemifacial SpasmNeuromuscular AgentsFacial MusclesDystonia Musculorum DeformansBotulinum Toxins, Type ASpasmInsanity Defense
Cranial dystoniaEssential blepharospasmEyelidMusclesClinicalBotulinumBlink rateMovementPatientsCircuitPrimaryFocalHemifacial spasmInvoluntaryCranialDeep brain stimuEtiologyMovement disorderFacialStrokeDisorderClassificationBilateralUpperFunctionalBoneSurgicalDisordersCasesTreatManagementEyesFoundTimeLifePain
Cranial dystonia1
Essential blepharospasm6
  • At one end of the clinical spectrum, essential blepharospasm is manifested by simple increased blink rate and intermittent eyelid spasms, while at the other end of the spectrum, blepharospasm is a disabling condition with ocular pain and functional blindness. (medscape.com)
  • Botulinum toxin A is a safe, long-term treatment for patients with benign essential blepharospasm, but sustained treatment efficacy may require higher doses in later stages of the disease. (medscape.com)
  • A novel mechanism for benign essential blepharospasm. (medscape.com)
  • Decreased dopamine D(2) receptor binding in essential blepharospasm. (medscape.com)
  • Hall TA, McGwin G, Searcey K. Health-related quality of life and psychosocial characteristics of patients with benign essential blepharospasm. (medscape.com)
  • Hall TA, McGwin G, Searcey K. Benign essential blepharospasm: risk factors with reference to hemifacial spasm. (medscape.com)
Eyelid1
  • Little progress was made in the diagnosis or treatment of blepharospasm until the early 20th century, when Henry Meige (pronounced "mehzh"), a French neurologist, described a patient with eyelid and midface spasms, spasm facial median, a disorder now known as Meige syndrome. (medscape.com)
Muscles1
Clinical2
Botulinum2
  • Botulinum toxin and myectomy help to control blepharospasm but may not cure it. (medscape.com)
  • Morrison DA, Mellington FB, Hamada S. Schwartz-Jampel syndrome: surgical management of the myotonia-induced blepharospasm and acquired ptosis after failure with botulinum toxin A injections. (medscape.com)
Blink rate1
Movement1
Patients4
  • [ 11 , 12 ] Fayers et al have found a decrease in corneal sensitivity in patients with blepharospasm, implying an impairment in cortical processing of sensory input, with a resultant loss of blink reflex inhibition. (medscape.com)
  • The mean age of onset of blepharospasm is 56 years, and two thirds of patients are age 60 years or older. (medscape.com)
  • Munhoz RP, Teive HA, Della Coletta MV. Frequency of obsessive and compulsive symptoms in patients with blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. (medscape.com)
  • This usually manifests as early-onset parkinsonian-pyramidal syndrome but patients exhibit high phenotypic variability. (bvsalud.org)
Circuit5
  • Blepharospasm is a network defect in dynamic circuit activity, rather than a defect at a specific locus. (medscape.com)
  • If the central control center fails to regulate blinking in blepharospasm, it is believed to be only one component of an overloaded, defective circuit. (medscape.com)
  • This circuit forms a blepharospasm vicious cycle, which has a sensory limb, a central control center located in the midbrain, and a motor limb. (medscape.com)
  • Today, most view blepharospasm as a defect in circuit activity, rather than a defect at a specific locus. (medscape.com)
  • Quartarone A, Sant'Angelo A, Battaglia F. Enhanced long-term potentiation-like plasticity of the trigeminal blink reflex circuit in blepharospasm. (medscape.com)
Primary1
Focal3
  • Blepharospasm is a focal cranial dystonia characterized by increased blinking and involuntary eyelid closure. (medscape.com)
  • Fahn S. Blepharospasm: A focal dystonia. (medscape.com)
  • Physical therapy techniques (eg, massage), slow stretching, and physical modalities (eg, ultrasonography, biofeedback) are sometimes helpful in persons with focal or regional dystonias. (medscape.com)
Hemifacial spasm2
Involuntary1
  • Dystonia (from Greek, meaning altered muscle tone) refers to a syndrome of involuntary sustained or spasmodic muscle contractions involving co-contraction of the agonist and the antagonist. (medscape.com)
Cranial5
  • Clinical features, differential diagnosis, and pathogenesis of blepharospasm and cranial-cervical dystonia. (medscape.com)
  • Brown-Vialetto-van Laere syndrome an inherited syndrome of progressive bulbar palsy with any of several cranial nerve disorders. (topgrowupclinic.eu)
  • Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of CT-guided partial radiofrequency ablation of bilateral responsible cranial nerves in the treatment of Meige syndrome. (bvsalud.org)
  • CT-guided partial radiofrequency ablation of bilateral responsible cranial nerves was performed on different types of Meige syndrome. (bvsalud.org)
  • Conclusions: According to different types of Meige syndrome, CT-guided partial radiofrequency ablation of responsible cranial nerves can effectively treat the corresponding type of Meige syndrome. (bvsalud.org)
Deep brain stimu2
  • Houser M, Waltz T. Meige syndrome and pallidal deep brain stimulation. (medscape.com)
  • Other techniques include transection of the spinal accessory nerve for cervical dystonia, stereotactic thalamotomy or pallidotomy for generalized dystonia, and deep brain stimulation (DBS). (medscape.com)
Etiology1
Movement disorder1
Facial1
Stroke1
  • This may occur in stroke or dystonia-parkinsonism syndrome and lead to painful positioning of the leg, impaired gait, and altered bone development. (medscape.com)
Disorder4
  • Blepharospasm is now recognized as a neuropathologic disorder, rather than psychopathologic, as once was believed. (medscape.com)
  • Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome an inherited disorder characterized by exomphalos, macroglossia, and gigantism, often associated with visceromegaly, adrenocortical cytomegaly, and dysplasia of the renal medulla. (topgrowupclinic.eu)
  • Bernard-Soulier syndrome a hereditary coagulation disorder marked by mild thrombocytopenia, giant and morphologically abnormal platelets, hemorrhagic tendency, prolonged bleeding time, and purpura. (topgrowupclinic.eu)
  • Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome an inherited disorder of proliferation of ectodermal and mesodermal components of the pilar system, occurring as multiple trichodiscomas, acrochordons, and fibrofolliculomas on the head, chest, back, and upper limbs. (topgrowupclinic.eu)
Classification1
Bilateral1
Upper2
  • Upper limb dystonia causes cramping and posturing of the elbows, hands, and fingers that lead to the inability to perform certain occupational tasks. (medscape.com)
  • Aarskog syndrome , Aarskog-Scott syndrome a hereditary X-linked condition characterized by ocular hypertelorism,anteverted nostrils, broad upper lip, peculiar scrotal "shawl" above the penis, and small hands. (topgrowupclinic.eu)
Functional2
  • The frequent abnormal posturing and twisting can be painful, and the functional impact of dystonia can vary from barely noticeable to severely disabling. (medscape.com)
  • Barrett's syndrome peptic ulcer of the lower esophagus, often with stricture, due to the presence of columnar-lined epithelium, which may contain functional mucous cells, parietal cells, or chief cells, in the esophagus instead of normal squamous cell epithelium. (topgrowupclinic.eu)
Bone1
  • basal cell nevus syndrome an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by the development in early life of numerous basal cell carcinomas, in association with abnormalities of the skin, bone, nervous system, eyes, and reproductive tract. (topgrowupclinic.eu)
Surgical1
  • Surgical options for intractable dystonias include altering the location or length of problematic muscles, but this is rarely successful. (medscape.com)
Disorders1
  • Movement disorders are a group of diseases and syndromes affecting the ability to produce and control movement. (the-medical-dictionary.com)
Cases3
  • It is estimated that there are at least 50,000 cases of blepharospasm in the United States, with up to 2000 new cases diagnosed annually. (medscape.com)
  • In most cases, blepharospasm seems to develop spontaneously. (the-medical-dictionary.com)
  • acquired immune deficiency syndrome , acquired immunodeficiency syndrome an epidemic, transmissible retroviral disease caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, manifested in severe cases as profound depression of cell-mediated immunity, and affecting certain recognized risk groups. (topgrowupclinic.eu)
Treat2
Management1
  • Psychological counseling and participation in support groups are vital adjuncts to medical and physical approaches in the multidisciplinary management of dystonia. (medscape.com)
Eyes1
  • The photophobia associated with blepharospasm may be related to dry eyes and the melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. (medscape.com)
Found1
  • While there was no correlation found between impaired body concept and severity of dystonia, such an association did exist with regard to self-rated depression and dystonic severity. (medscape.com)
Time1
  • bowel bypass syndrome a syndrome of dermatosis and arthritis occurring some time after jejunoileal bypass, probably caused by immune reponse to bacterial overgrowth in the bypassed bowel. (topgrowupclinic.eu)
Life1
  • Consequently, dystonias can have a profound effect on the personal, vocational, and emotional life of a patient and can impact his/her ability to live independently. (medscape.com)
Pain1
  • Budd-Chiari syndrome symptomatic obstruction or occlusion of the hepatic veins, causing hepatomegaly, abdominal pain and tenderness, intractable ascites, mild jaundice, and eventually portal hypertension and liver failure. (topgrowupclinic.eu)