AnatomyDiseasesAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment
Salivary Gland CalculiSalivary GlandsCalculiUrinary CalculiUreteral CalculiKidney CalculiUrinary Bladder CalculiSalivary Gland NeoplasmsDental CalculusSalivary Glands, MinorSalivary Gland DiseasesSubmandibular GlandSalivary Duct CalculiLithotripsy
Major salivary glandsMinor salivary glandsSialadenitisSialolithiasisDuctSublingualDuctsParotitisStasisExcision of the glandDehydrationThyroidInfectionPituitary glandDental calculusSurgeryStonesSwelling of the affectedDiseasePatientsLesionsCommonly affectedCalciumSymptomsTartarIncidencePainfulIncisionRadiolucentUnilateralUltrasoundGoutSwollenLarynxFlowTEETHDiagnosisRarelyStonePalpation
Major salivary glands9
Minor salivary glands2
  • The minor salivary glands are scattered along the upper aerodigestive tract, including the lips, mucosa of the oral cavity, pharynx, and hard palate. (medscape.com)
  • The salivary gland system is comprised of paired parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands and numerous minor salivary glands. (aneskey.com)
Sialadenitis22
  • Sialadenitis of the submandibular gland is a relatively commonly encountered yet infrequently discussed topic. (medscape.com)
  • Although not as frequent as sialadenitis of the parotid gland, it represents an important area of clinical relevance to the otolaryngologist and other specialists. (medscape.com)
  • The following discusses the basic science of the submandibular gland, as well as the more common causes of sialadenitis and sialadenosis of the submandibular gland. (medscape.com)
  • sialitis:.Chronic nonspecific sialadenitis consists of a persistent inflammatory swelling of a major salivary gland, often characterized by recurrent exacerbations. (wordinfo.info)
  • Sialadenitis" is inflammation of the salivary gland classified as acute or chronic sialadenitis. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Chronic sialadenitis is due to repeated episodes of inflammation resulting in progressive loss of salivary gland function. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Parotid gland and submandibular glands are commonly affected by sialadenitis. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • However, parotid gland is affected mostly by acute suppurative sialadenitis. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Common causes of sialadenitis in children are mumps and idiopathic juvenile recurrent parotitis. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Medicine Central , im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688665/all/Salivary_Gland_Calculi_Sialadenitis. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • A prospective study by Choi et al indicated that following salivary stimulation therapy, patients with radioactive iodine (RAI)-induced sialadenitis may undergo a subjective reduction in symptoms but will not experience significant improvement in salivary gland function. (medscape.com)
  • A study by Kim et al of 33 patients (58 salivary glands) with chronic obstructive sialadenitis indicated that intraductal irrigation can relieve symptoms of the condition. (medscape.com)
  • Acute sialadenitis is an acute inflammation of a salivary gland. (medscape.com)
  • Chronic sialadenitis, in contrast, is typically less painful and is associated with recurrent enlargement of the gland (often following meals) typically without erythema. (medscape.com)
  • Sialolithiasis (salivary gland stones) and chronic sialadenitis are the most common nonneoplastic disease of salivary gland. (entanand.com)
  • In addition to pain and glandular swelling, patients with sialolithiasis or sialadenitis can also present with fever, trismus, difficulty swallowing, local erythema, change in salivary flow/consistency, or leukocytosis. (aneskey.com)
  • Sialolithiasis is a leading cause of sialadenitis, or inflammation of the salivary gland(s). (aneskey.com)
  • Medications that reduce salivary flow, especially those with anticholinergic properties, can also contribute to the development of sialadenitis. (aneskey.com)
  • Parotitis, which is sialadenitis limited to the parotid gland, often results from dehydration, obstruction, or retrograde migration of bacteria through the duct. (aneskey.com)
  • The clinical diagnosis of sialolithiasis can be difficult, because a stone may not be evident unless obstruction of a salivary duct and subsequent gland swelling/sialadenitis occurs. (aneskey.com)
  • In sialadenitis, palpation of the gland often leads to expression of pus from the intraoral gland orifice. (aneskey.com)
  • Sialadenitis Sialadenitis is bacterial infection of a salivary gland, usually due to an obstructing stone or gland hyposecretion. (msdmanuals.com)
Sialolithiasis9
  • Salivary stones (also called sialolithiasis, or salivary duct calculus) are mainly made of calcium, but do not indicate any kind of calcium disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sialolithiasis" is characterized by a painful swelling of the affected gland when eating due to an obstructing stones within the salivary glands or ducts. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Patients with sialolithiasis should be initially treated with hydration, warm compresses, and gland massage. (medscape.com)
  • Sialolithiasis is the condition in which stones (calculi) form within a salivary duct, leading to obstruction. (aneskey.com)
  • 1 Sialolithiasis is characterized by recurrent pain and swelling of the gland, often exacerbated at mealtime, when salivary flow is greatest. (aneskey.com)
  • Sialolithiasis is the formation of stones within the salivary gland or ducts that drain the salivary gland, and it is the most common disease of the salivary glands, [1] affecting 12 in 1000 of the adult population. (annalsafrmed.org)
  • [3] , [5] Submandibular sialolithiasis is more common as its saliva is more alkaline, has an increased concentration of calcium and phosphate and has a higher mucous content than saliva of the parotid and sublingual glands. (annalsafrmed.org)
  • Utility of ultrasonography for diagnosis of salivary gland sialolithiasis: a meta-analysis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Discussion: In the absence of an obvious or probable etiology, a family history of sialolithiasis suggests a genetic or familial origin for bilateral submandibular gland lithiasis. (bvsalud.org)
Duct18
  • The duct of the submandibular gland, also known as the Wharton duct, exits the gland from the deep lobe, passing through the floor of the mouth, and opening in close proximity to the lingual frenulum. (medscape.com)
  • Bacterial parotitis presents as a unilateral swelling, where the gland is swollen and tender and usually produces pus at the Stensen's duct. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is sometimes the result of an infection secondary to duct obstruction, for instance by a calculus. (wordinfo.info)
  • The submandibular gland is more commonly affected (80-90% of cases) by stones than the parotid gland due to higher mucinous content of saliva, longer course of Wharton duct, and slow salivary flow against gravity. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Predisposing factors include inflammation of the salivary gland or duct, salivary stasis, retrograde bacterial contamination from the oral cavity, increased alkalinity of saliva, and physical trauma to salivary duct or gland. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Purulent material may be observed being expressed from the Wharton duct, particularly upon milking the gland. (medscape.com)
  • Salivary gland Endoscopic Surgery (SES) is used to remove multiple stones from salivary ducts, intraductal masses and salivary sand (infected particles) from duct, dilate strictures, treat juvenile recurrent parotitis in children and to prevent external excision of salivary gland. (entanand.com)
  • The parotid gland is drained by Stensen duct, which passes over the masseter muscle and pierces the buccinator muscle, then drains into the mouth through an opening in the buccal mucosa near the second maxillary molar on each side. (aneskey.com)
  • The submandibular glands are located in the submandibular triangle just under the mandible and drain into the midline floor of the mouth, just behind the incisors, via Wharton duct ( Figure 12.1 ). (aneskey.com)
  • This figure demonstrates the location of the parotid gland and its corresponding Stensen duct. (aneskey.com)
  • The submandibular gland is inferior to the mandible and is drained by Wharton duct, which empties into the floor of the mouth. (aneskey.com)
  • Salivary calculus or stone obstructing the outflow through a salivary gland duct, leading to pain and swelling. (aneskey.com)
  • 7 For the parotid gland, the path of Stensen duct should be palpated ( Figure 12.3 ). (aneskey.com)
  • The salivary secretions are then modified by a variety of cell types along a series of ducts, including the striated, intercalated, and excretory ducts, before finally being excreted through the Wharton duct into the oral cavity. (medscape.com)
  • Sialography revealed an oval-shaped filling defect in the dilated left Wharton's duct, which could suggest radiolucent calculus. (annalsafrmed.org)
  • In addition, the submandibular duct is longer and the gland has an antigravity flow. (annalsafrmed.org)
  • Eighty percent of stones originate in the submandibular glands and obstruct the Wharton duct. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Most of the rest originate in the parotid glands and block the Stensen duct. (msdmanuals.com)
Sublingual2
  • Approximately 80% to 85% of stones occur in the submandibular gland, 15% in the parotid gland, and greater than 5% in the sublingual and other glands ( Figure 12.2 ). (aneskey.com)
  • Only about 1% originate in the sublingual glands. (msdmanuals.com)
Ducts4
  • Radiography of the ducts of the salivary glands: After the instillation of an opaque contrast medium into the ducts, a sialadenography can be made. (wordinfo.info)
  • Pyogenic infection of the parotid glands and ducts. (medscape.com)
  • Following treatment of thyroid cancers with iodine 131 salivary gland ducts get swollen and patient gets recurrent painful swellings. (entanand.com)
  • [4] The most common localization is the submandibular gland where 92% of calculi are found, the ducts being more frequently affected than the parenchyma. (annalsafrmed.org)
Parotitis4
  • Common symptoms include fever, headache and bilateral or unilateral parotitis (swelling of the parotid gland on one or both sides of the face). (wikipedia.org)
  • HIV parotitis: Generalized lymphadenopathy has long been associated with HIV, but the localized enlargement of the parotid gland is less well known. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chronic parotitis destroys the glandular elements of the salivary glands and impairs the protective functions of saliva, leading to dental infections and caries. (medscape.com)
  • Chronic recurrent parotitis: a closer look at its origin, diagnosis, and management. (medscape.com)
Stasis3
  • These conditions include calculi, salivary stasis, and a change in the fluid and electrolyte composition of the gland. (medscape.com)
  • This increased viscosity, and subsequent relatively slower flow, contributes to the propensity for salivary gland calculi and stasis in certain disease states. (medscape.com)
  • Stone formation requires a nidus on which salts can precipitate during salivary stasis. (msdmanuals.com)
Excision of the gland1
  • For these conditions total excision of the gland was the only solution available till now. (entanand.com)
Dehydration1
  • The chronic form of the disease is associated with conditions linked to decreased salivary flow, rather than dehydration. (medscape.com)
Thyroid2
  • TB can also affect the heart, thyroid and adrenal glands but the main site of infection is the lungs. (wikipedia.org)
  • The team also specialises in the management of salivary gland and thyroid tumours (St Vincent's is usually the only centre in Victoria performing minimally invasive surgery for salivary calculi). (svph.org.au)
Infection6
  • Of note, infection of the submandibular gland is rare in the neonate and prepubescent child. (medscape.com)
  • Infection of the submandibular gland can result in the formation of a submandibular abscess. (medscape.com)
  • Stones composed of calcium salts often obstruct salivary glands, causing pain, swelling, and sometimes infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • By seeing us consistently for a cleaning, we can remove calculus and bacteria to improve bad breath and reduce infection. (marktlavindds.com)
  • The aim of this study was to determine probable HP infection in oral aphthous samples by RUT in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. (ijds.in)
  • This patient was experiencing recurrent infection with her upper incisor which had been previously treated with a root canal. (facialart.com)
Pituitary gland2
Dental calculus1
Surgery6
  • At MCV ENT Trust hospital we have added Salivary gland Endoscopic Surgery (SES) to our armamentarium for the treatment of these diseases by using micro endoscopes. (entanand.com)
  • We brought Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) to South India in 1990, now we are bringing Salivary gland Endoscopic Surgery (SES) in 2013. (entanand.com)
  • Offering unparalleled coverage of this key area, Surgery of the Salivary Glands provides an in-depth, authoritative review of salivary gland disease and treatment . (bookbaz.ir)
  • The maxillofacial surgeons decided to remove the calculus surgically, but the patient refused surgery and then defaulted from subsequent follow-up visits. (annalsafrmed.org)
  • In children, birth defects can lead to recurrent infections which may require surgery. (svph.org.au)
  • Endoscopic sinus surgery - nose surgery which can relieve a number of problems including recurrent sinus infections, headaches and facial pain due to blocked sinuses. (svph.org.au)
Stones3
  • Gout is the only systemic disorder known to predispose to salivary gland stone formation although in gout the stones are made predominantly of uric acid. (annalsafrmed.org)
  • Stones in the salivary glands are most common among adults. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Most salivary stones are composed of calcium phosphate with small amounts of magnesium and carbonate. (msdmanuals.com)
Swelling of the affected1
  • Patients with salivary gland disease often present to the emergency department (ED) or urgent care setting with acute onset of pain or swelling of the affected salivary gland. (aneskey.com)
Disease5
  • From Greek παρωτῖτις (νόσος), parōtĩtis (nósos) : (disease of the) parotid gland (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] HIV-associated salivary gland disease can involve many diseases but often presents as enlargement of the parotid gland and a dry mouth. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Sjögren's syndrome: Chronic inflammation of the salivary glands may also be an autoimmune disease known as Sjögren's syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • A disease of the salivary gland: A condition of sialadeuosis refers to a non-inflammatory growth and swelling of the salivary glands. (wordinfo.info)
  • Introduction: Lithiasis is the most common salivary disease in adults. (bvsalud.org)
Patients4
  • Low-dose radiotherapy for multicystic benign lymphoepithelial lesions of the parotid gland in HIV-positive patients: long-term results. (medscape.com)
  • Analgesics, hydration, and massage can relieve symptoms in patients with a salivary stone. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A total of 30 patients with minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis and 20 healthy control groups were included in the study. (ijds.in)
  • Out of 30 patients with minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis, including 17 male and 13 female patients, with mean age of 47 and 38 years respectively, 21 patients (70%) were RUT (positive). (ijds.in)
Lesions1
  • The virus stays in the body, causing recurrent lesions prompted from a fever, sunburn, skin abrasions, or stress. (sanbrunodentist.net)
Commonly affected1
  • The parotid gland is the salivary gland most commonly affected by inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
Calcium4
  • Stagnation of salivary flow and elevated calcium concentrations are thought to be important. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Salivary calculi are composed of calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite with smaller amounts of magnesium, potassium, and ammonium. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The exact mechanism of salivary secretion is not completely understood but is believed to be under the influence of a cyclic AMP (adenosine 3,'5'-cyclic monophosphate) and a calcium-activated phosphorylation mechanism. (medscape.com)
  • [2] It should be noted that stone formation in the salivary glands is not associated with systemic abnormalities of calcium metabolism. (annalsafrmed.org)
Symptoms1
  • Additional symptoms may include excessive belching , water brash sensation, or a nocturnal or chronic cough (or less commonly recurrent chest infections). (teachmesurgery.com)
Tartar3
  • This non-surgical procedure is performed to remove etiologic agents such as dental plaque and tartar (calculus), which causes gum inflammation. (marktlavindds.com)
  • If we do not regularly disinfect our mouths and brush away the plaque, the plaque will mineralize into tartar (also called calculus - gritty material that the dental hygienist scrapes away). (vin.com)
  • Plaque mineralizes into tartar (also called calculus), creating more inflammation, covering the crown of the tooth, and destroying the attachment of the tooth and the surrounding jaw bone. (vin.com)
Incidence2
  • It is the most common cause of salivary gland swelling, with an incidence of 1 in 10 000 to 30 000. (aneskey.com)
  • When IMRT is employed, it is possible to reduce the radiation dose to adjacent structures (such as salivary glands) thereby potentially reducing incidence and/or severity of oral complications. (edu.au)
Painful1
  • Those infected tend to have enlarged, nontender, but moderately painful glands. (wikipedia.org)
Incision1
  • Incision into a salivary gland: A sialadenotomy may be performed to drain an abscess or to remove a calculus. (wordinfo.info)
Radiolucent1
  • Because 90% of submandibular calculi are radiopaque and 90% of parotid calculi are radiolucent, plain x-rays are not always accurate. (msdmanuals.com)
Unilateral1
  • An obstructing stone often presents with unilateral salivary gland swelling and worsening pain or swelling that occurs with eating. (aneskey.com)
Ultrasound1
  • Before the sialendoscopy we need a minimum of ultrasound of the gland and an X ray sialogram. (entanand.com)
Gout1
Swollen1
Larynx1
  • Head anatomy1) Trigeminal nervea-branchesb-actions2) Facial nervea-branchesb-actions3) Glossopharyngeal nervea-actionsb-what does injury affect4) hypoglossal nervea-actionsb-findings in hypoglossal nerve injury5) recurrent laryngeal nerve- innervates all of larynx except what muscle? (brainscape.com)
Flow5
  • The regulation of salivary flow is primarily through the autonomic system and, most importantly, the parasympathetic division. (medscape.com)
  • however, salivary flow rates and salivary gland scintigraphy parameters, as measured in the parotid and submandibular glands, were not significantly different from their prestimulation values. (medscape.com)
  • If a salivary stone is not apparent on examination, the patient can be given a sialagogue (eg, lemon juice, hard candy, or some other substance that triggers saliva flow). (msdmanuals.com)
  • There is additional recovery of salivary flow beyond 6 months after RT has been reported when modern techniques are used. (edu.au)
  • This study found more than a 50% reduction in mean stimulated whole salivary flow rate 6 months after the start of RT. (edu.au)
TEETH1
Diagnosis1
  • The diagnosis is made by typical chest radiograph findings, cultures, or histologic diagnosis after the gland has been removed. (wikipedia.org)
Rarely1
Stone1
Palpation1
  • 6 The physical exam should include a bimanual palpation of the floor of the mouth, pushing up on the submandibular gland with one hand while intraorally palpating the floor of mouth with the other. (aneskey.com)