• We use a combination of cell-based and in vitro assays to show that the interface of the FluPol A dimer is required for vRNA synthesis during replication of the viral genome. (nature.com)
  • Our study provides high-resolution structures of medically relevant FluPol A , as well as insights into the replication mechanisms of the viral RNA genome. (nature.com)
  • Detailed analysis of the splicing junctions showed clusters of AS events occurred in two regions of the virus genome, demonstrating that transcriptome analysis could gain valuable insights into viral splicing. (nature.com)
  • Without reverse transcriptase, the viral genome couldn't become incorporated into the host cell, and couldn't reproduce. (cellsalive.com)
  • Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne transplacentally transmissible flavivirus, is an enveloped virus with an ~10.8 kb plus-strand RNA genome that can cause neurological disease. (mdpi.com)
  • First, a full-length functional ZIKV cDNA clone was engineered as a bacterial artificial chromosome, with each reporter gene under the cap-independent translational control of a cardiovirus-derived internal ribosome entry site inserted downstream of the single open reading frame of the viral genome. (mdpi.com)
  • An enzyme (protein) that's part of the human immunodeficiency virus reads the sequence of viral RNA nucleic acids (yellow in graphic) that have entered the host cell and transcribes the sequence into a complementary DNA sequence (shown in blue). (cellsalive.com)
  • RNA splicing plays important roles in viral replication and virus-host interactions 38 . (nature.com)
  • During an infection, viral RNA is introduced into the cell cytoplasm so that it can be read and translated into proteins needed for viral replication. (pasteur.fr)
  • To counter this replication, human cells express cytoplasmic RIG-I-like receptors, which serve as the first line of defense against viral infections. (pasteur.fr)
  • RNA alternative splicing (AS) is an important post-transcriptional mechanism enabling single genes to produce multiple proteins. (nature.com)
  • The spliceosome complex, composed of at least 170 proteins and several small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), is the key structure responsible for splicing in eukaryotes 10 . (nature.com)
  • Here we outline the current status of the viral evasion mechanism underlying the regulation of the cGAS-STING pathway, focusing on how post-transcriptional modifications, viral proteins, and non-coding RNAs involve innate immunity during viral infection, attempting to inspire new targets discovery and uncover potential clinical antiviral treatments. (frontiersin.org)
  • For instance, due to their genetic flexibility, viruses have developed various viral proteins and non-coding RNAs to interrupt several checkpoints of cGAS-STING. (frontiersin.org)
  • In a recent study published in the journal iScience , French and US research teams investigated the innate immune mechanisms used by the body in response to RNA viruses. (pasteur.fr)
  • The RNA molecules bind to these receptors, triggering defense mechanisms in the innate immune system to tackle the infection. (pasteur.fr)
  • They showed that the same type of endogenous RNA is involved in triggering innate immunity for different infections, which indicates that this mechanism has been highly conserved during evolution to protect against viral infections. (pasteur.fr)
  • This research offers new keys to understanding RNA virus infections and the innate immune response to them. (pasteur.fr)
  • It has been well demonstrated that viruses deploy host AS machinery for viral protein productions. (nature.com)
  • However, knowledge on viral AS is limited to a few disease-causing viruses in model species. (nature.com)
  • When applied to large-scale transcriptomics projects with diverse taxonomic sampling, our new method is expected to rapidly expand our knowledge on RNA splicing mechanisms for a wide range of viruses. (nature.com)
  • RNA viruses, which include influenza viruses , SARS-CoV-2 (which causes COVID-19 ) and HIV , are one of the major threats that the immune system has to deal with. (pasteur.fr)
  • It was previously believed that these receptors were only sensitive to viral RNA, but this new study shows that cells are capable of producing endogenous RNA molecules that are also able to activate the receptors. (pasteur.fr)
  • The structure of this endogenous RNA mimics viral RNA so that it can be recognized by RIG-I receptors. (pasteur.fr)
  • The scientists hypothesize that by recognizing endogenous RNA, the cell is able to keep one step ahead of the infection and induce immunity before the virus has replicated enough to be detected directly. (pasteur.fr)
  • The results of the study also show that endogenous RNAs are always present in cells but that they do not normally bind to RIG-I receptors and are only detected after the onset of a viral infection. (pasteur.fr)
  • The detailed mechanisms have not yet been elucidated, but it seems that the presence of the virus interferes in certain cellular biochemical pathways that determine the immunogenicity of endogenous RNAs, in other words their ability to trigger an immune response. (pasteur.fr)
  • When the cell is infected, it modifies processes that lead to the expression of endogenous RNAs, making them capable of binding to RIG-I receptors. (pasteur.fr)
  • It is therefore an active process in which the host reacts to viral presence in its cells and uses endogenous RNA to induce an immune response. (pasteur.fr)
  • Here we report a novel approach to characterizing viral AS using whole transcriptome dataset from host species. (nature.com)
  • At the first stage of viral invasion, virus-derived double-stranded DNAs (dsDNAs) trigger the conformational change and activation of cGAS. (frontiersin.org)
  • An alternative method to inhibit HIV-1 is the use of gene constructs encoding HIV-1-specific long hairpin RNAs (lhRNAs, transcripts folding an extended hairpin structure) or long double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs, two complementary transcripts that form an extended duplex). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In particular, the RNA interference (RNAi) pathways are of notable significance for the control of viral infections. (mdpi.com)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can be inhibited by means of RNA silencing or interference (RNAi) using synthetic short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or gene constructs encoding short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) or long hairpin RNAs (lhRNAs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • This publication shows that some immune receptors that detect the presence of viral RNA are also activated by RNA produced by our cells, potentially enabling cells to react more quickly to infection. (pasteur.fr)
  • But how do these RNAs manage to signal infection so quickly if the virus has not been detected by receptors? (pasteur.fr)
  • Vaccines, which induce the production of antibodies that recognize and binding to very specific viral surface molecules, are an unlikely player in fighting HIV, because throughout infection, HIV surface molecules are continually changing. (cellsalive.com)
  • Dengue fever is a systemic viral infection that can manifest clinically in a variety of ways, from mild fever to potentially fatal conditions such as hemorrhage and shock syndrome. (usp.br)
  • Here we report a method to identify SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus RNA from purified RNA or cell lysis using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) using a visual, colorimetric detection. (medrxiv.org)
  • Here we describe a molecular diagnostic approach for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and simple visual detection of amplification for potential use in rapid, field applications. (medrxiv.org)
  • Blanchard, CL & Anderson, BJ 1998, ' Detection of Single Nucleotide Variations in Viral RNA Populations by Primer Extension ', Plant Molecular Biology Reporter , vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 33-40. (edu.au)
  • A method for identifying and differentiating between two highly similar sequence variants in the cucumber mosaic virus RNA 5 population is described. (edu.au)
  • Reverse transcriptase sometimes makes mistakes reading the RNA sequence. (cellsalive.com)
  • The use of siRNA and shRNA as antiviral therapeutic is limited because of the emergence of viral escape mutants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An immune receptor normally known for identifying viral RNA is also capable of binding to cellular RNA to induce immune defenses. (pasteur.fr)
  • This problem is theoretically prevented by intracellular expression of lhRNAs generating multiple siRNAs that target the virus simultaneously, thus reducing the chance of viral escape. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Herein, we have summarized newly emerging hot spots of cGAS-STING regulation in viral evasion and summarized frontier advances in relevance processes. (frontiersin.org)
  • These include AZT, 3TC, d4T, ddc, and ddl that act by blocking the recoding of viral RNA into DNA. (cellsalive.com)
  • The results indicate that the size of the primer is critically important to the ability of this method to differentiate between highly similar RNAs. (edu.au)
  • This technique should prove very useful for the genetic analysis of characteristics that are determined by single nucleotide variations in viral RNA genomes. (edu.au)
  • Yale professor Joan Steitz delivered a virtual WALS lecture on "Viral Noncoding RNAs: Approaching Answers. (nih.gov)
  • On September 23, 2020, Steitz's virtual lecture about her research on viral noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) launched the 2020-2021 season of the Wednesday Afternoon Lecture Series (WALS). (nih.gov)
  • Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can be targeted to tumors and one example is the suppression of H-ras gene expression indicating the potential for application in therapy of ovarian cancer. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • An emphasis will be placed on NIAID priority and emerging viral pathogens , and understudied classes of ncRNAs (e.g., long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), transfer RNA (tRNA) fragments). (nih.gov)
  • Currently the lab is focused on three major research areas including ribosome assembly, tRNA processing, and viral RNA processing. (nih.gov)
  • and help to spatially segregate the viral RNA genome's competing functions as an mRNA for viral protein synthesis, a template for viral RNA synthesis, and a substrate for encapsidation. (elifesciences.org)
  • During her career, she has contributed to the monumental advancement of the RNA field through multiple discoveries, notably of the sites, sequences, and mechanisms for mRNA binding to ribosomes and of single-nucleotide ribonucleic proteins and their role in splicing systems. (nih.gov)
  • A RISC complex charged with a specific miRNA (symbolized here by red color) would bind to the complementary "red" RNA sequence, not present in the mRNA example shown above. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Retroviruses and closely related LTR retrotransposons export full-length, unspliced genomic RNA (gRNA) for packaging into virions and to serve as the mRNA encoding GAG and POL polyproteins. (pharmafocusamerica.com)
  • gRNA export requires CERV (C. elegans regulator of viral expression), a novel protein encoded by a spliced Cer1 mRNA. (pharmafocusamerica.com)
  • The purpose of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is to support Exploratory/Developmental Grant (R21) applications to uncover functional roles of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in viral infectious diseases. (nih.gov)
  • The advancement of sequencing technologies over the last 30 years has led to the identification and classification of numerous types of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). (nih.gov)
  • Our studies of PAN RNA uncovered the existence of RNA elements called ENEs, which stabilize transcripts by engaging the polyA tail or 3'-terminal A-rich tract in a triple-helical RNA structure that obstructs the initiation of degradation. (nih.gov)
  • Some of them may bind to viral messenger RNAs and promote their degradation. (uni-ulm.de)
  • Noncoding (nc)RNAs play pivotal roles in the regulation of gene expression, but exhibit a diversity of functions whether encoded by cellular or viral genomes. (nih.gov)
  • This observation finally led us to the development of phosphoramidite 1 ( A ). Compound 1 can be attached in high yield to the 5' end of DNA or LNA oligonucleotides ( B ). Panel C depicts a duplex formed by such DNA-catalyst conjugates and dye-labeled RNA substrates (deoxy-nucleotides in blue and ribonucleotides in black letters). (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • the PNA part (peptide nucleic acids) ensures sequence specific hybridization with the target and the quinone methide (highlighted in yellow) as a potent electrophile reversibly alkylates nucleophilic sites within the RNA (RNA nucleotides shown in black, PNA nucleotides in magenta). (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • In this lecture, I will display some of these revolutionary images of viral RNA and explain how we can use this knowledge to combat these lethal pathogens. (stanford.edu)
  • Joan Steitz leads and inspires by example, with her infectious passion for all things RNA. (nih.gov)
  • One such ncRNA expressed in cells infected by the oncogenic gamma herpesvirus KSHV is the highly abundant polyadenylated nuclear (PAN) RNA, which is required for production and release of new virus particles. (nih.gov)
  • She and her student Michael Lerner discovered and defined the function of small ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) in pre-messenger RNA-the earliest product of DNA transcription-and was the first to learn that these cellular complexes (snRNPs) play a key role in processing messenger RNA by excising noncoding regions and splicing together the resulting segments. (nih.gov)
  • The Nucleolar Integrity Group investigates molecular machines involved in critical RNA processing pathways through a multidisciplinary approach combining structural, molecular, and cellular biology. (nih.gov)
  • The kit can be used to isolate viral RNA from cell-free body fluids and cellular suspensions at concentrations ≤ 10 5 cells/ml. (thomassci.com)
  • Total RNA Minipreps from tissues, cultured cells and blood samples The Total RNA MINI and MAXI Kits (Tissue) are specially designed for purification of total RNA from a variety of animal tissues or cells. (thomassci.com)
  • Steitz joined the faculty of Yale University (New Haven, Connecticut) in 1970 and has since become a prominent molecular biologist, research pioneer, and leader in the RNA field. (nih.gov)
  • Steitz has been studying RNA since the field's nascency in the 1960s and has loved seeing the developments and exciting questions answered since. (nih.gov)
  • The RNA field did not exist, and [I] was privileged enough to be one of the committee of people who established the RNA Society," said Steitz. (nih.gov)
  • The RNA Society was officially founded in 1993, with Steitz as its first vice president and president-elect. (nih.gov)
  • Steitz is best known for her pioneering work in RNA. (nih.gov)
  • Because gRNA often includes splice acceptor and donor sequences used to splice viral mRNAs, retroelements must overcome host mechanisms that retain intron-containing RNAs in the nucleus. (pharmafocusamerica.com)
  • Chemical Biology of Nucleic Acids: Synthesis of Functional Molecules Acting on DNA and RNA. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Cryo-EM has now solved the structure of many RNAs, including important regions of the SARS-CoV-2 virus's RNA. (stanford.edu)
  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) a newly studied type of non-coding RNA that play an important role in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of various diseases. (jcancer.org)
  • michael peskin: The speaker is Rachel Kretsch she's a graduate student in biophysics here at Stanford a student of Professor Rhiju Das and one of those people exploring now new details of viral RNA structure that only become apparent with this technique. (stanford.edu)
  • Crosslinking yields of 70 % are possible with purine rich target RNAs (general product structure 6 ). (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • From this basic RNA research comes exciting and tangible payoffs in medicine because 60% of genetic diseases have splicing-system defects. (nih.gov)
  • Huang F, Jiang J, Yao Y, Hu S, Wang H, Zhu M, Yu L, Liu Q, Jia H, Xu W. Circular RNA Hsa_circRNA_101996 promotes the development of Gastric Cancer via Upregulating Matrix Metalloproteinases-2/Matrix Metalloproteinases-9 through MicroRNA-143/Ten-eleven translocation-2 Pathway. (jcancer.org)
  • In the majority of HCC samples, the levels of pregenomic/precore RNA (pgRNA) and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) were lower than those in liver tissue counterparts. (nih.gov)
  • The Direct-zol RNA Kits provide a streamlined method for the purification of up to 100 µg (per prep) of high-quality RNA directly from samples in TRI Reagent or similar. (thomassci.com)
  • Many crowns were associated with long cytoplasmic fibrils, likely to be exported progeny RNA. (elifesciences.org)
  • The RNA Clean & Concentrator™ kits provide a simple and reliable method for the rapid preparation of high-quality RT-PCR-ready, DNA-free (R1013, R1014) RNA. (thomassci.com)
  • The RNA Clean & Concentrator-100 provides a simple and reliable method for the rapid preparation of high-quality RNA. (thomassci.com)
  • However, RNA cleavage under physiological conditions was hardly catalyzed by simple guanidines. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • She's won numerous awards including the 2018 Lasker-Koshland Special Achievement Award in Medical Science "for four decades of leadership in biomedical sciences-exemplified by pioneering discoveries in RNA biology, generous mentorship of budding scientists, and vigorous and passionate support of women in science. (nih.gov)