AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation ScienceHealth Care
RNA, MessengerRNARNA Polymerase IIRNA, ViralRNA, Small InterferingPolymerase Chain ReactionDNA-Directed RNA PolymerasesDNA-Directed DNA PolymeraseBase SequenceRNA SplicingMolecular Sequence DataRNA EditingRNA, RibosomalRNA, BacterialTranscription, GeneticSecond Messenger SystemsRNA Polymerase IIIRNA Polymerase IDNA Polymerase INucleic Acid ConformationRNA InterferenceDNA Polymerase IIRNA VirusesRNA, UntranslatedRNA, Double-StrandedDNA Polymerase IIITemplates, GeneticRNA Processing, Post-TranscriptionalRNA, AntisenseRNA, CatalyticRNA, FungalRNA StabilityAmino Acid SequenceEscherichia coliRNA, TransferDNA Polymerase betaMutationReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionSequence Analysis, RNARNA PrecursorsRNA FoldingDNAProtein BiosynthesisCell LineRNA CapsNucleic Acid HybridizationRNA HelicasesRNA, PlantRNA-Directed DNA PolymeraseRNA-Binding ProteinsDNA PrimersRNA, ProtozoanKineticsPoly AHeLa CellsRNA ReplicaseRNA, Small UntranslatedDNA, ViralRNA, Small NuclearRNA, NeoplasmPromoter Regions, GeneticBinding SitesRibonucleoproteinsProtein BindingVirus ReplicationGene Expression RegulationDNA ReplicationCloning, MolecularPlasmidsTranscription FactorsCell NucleusRNA, GuideBlotting, NorthernDEAD-box RNA HelicasesSaccharomyces cerevisiaeRibonucleasesViral ProteinsRNA, Small NucleolarGene ExpressionGenome, ViralRNA TransportOligoribonucleotidesPolynucleotide AdenylyltransferaseRNA, NuclearModels, MolecularCell-Free SystemCells, CulturedMolecular WeightPoly(ADP-ribose) PolymerasesAmanitinsRNA Ligase (ATP)PolyribosomesSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidBase PairingDNA, BacterialNucleotidesOligonucleotidesSequence Homology, Amino AcidRNA, SatelliteElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
MRNASynthesisMoleculesAntisenseIntronAbundanceEukaryoticTranscriptionPopulationsStrandEnzymeBiologyImportantProcessViralSubunitMRNAsBinding proteinGenomesSiRNAsEndogenousRNAiOrganismsVirus replicationVirusesGenesTranslated into proteinsCellularTightlyNuclearSequencesComplexExpressionSmallTemplatesFoundComponentsEndsModelStructureLevels
MRNA8
  • Interestingly, it has been shown that platelets contain a broad spectrum of RNA molecules, including, in addition to mRNAs and miRNAs, also pre-mRNAs and a role of mRNA splicing in regulation of platelet protein synthesis has been proposed 18 , 19 . (nature.com)
  • These nucleotides are transcribed to form messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) consisting of nucleotides made of adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil. (bartleby.com)
  • This transcription from DNA to mRNA happens by an RNA polymerase II. (bartleby.com)
  • Because alternative RNA splicing allows different types of mRNA molecules to be created from a single gene, it generates the diversity of protein function and structure that is essential to complex organisms. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • RNA-like oligonucleotides that are complementary to a portion of a target mRNA molecule. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • More specifically, antisense oligonucleotides that are useful as reagents for target validation , or as drugs, are engineered molecules that differ from natural RNA but that have a base sequence that is recognized as being complementary to a very specific mRNA sequence. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • A complementary RNA sequence that binds to a naturally occurring (sense) mRNA molecule, thus blocking its translation. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA) regulates cell proliferation. (biosyn.com)
Synthesis4
  • The demonstration that ribosomal peptide synthesis is a ribozyme-catalyzed reaction makes it almost certain that there was once an RNA World" (Orgel Leslie E. 2004). (bartleby.com)
  • Researchers directed the evolution of RNAs that could catalyze monomer synthesis, from the production of ribose to the attachment of the sugar to nucleobases. (bartleby.com)
  • 3. A strand of DNA serves as a template (model) for the synthesis of RNA molecules. (bartleby.com)
  • After second- strand cDNA synthesis, T7 RNA polymerase was used to generate aRNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
Molecules6
  • it was discovered that RNA molecules themselves can act as catalysts. (bartleby.com)
  • The unique potential of RNA molecules to act both as information carrier and as catalyst forms the basis of the RNA world hypothesis. (bartleby.com)
  • Others bred RNA enzymes, or ribozymes, that could conduct the steps of translation, phosphorylate other polymers, join molecules together, or break them apart. (bartleby.com)
  • Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and of RNA molecules. (bartleby.com)
  • Messenger RNA is matched to molecules of transfer RNA (tRNA) in the ribosomes to create amino acids. (bartleby.com)
  • RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. (genomicglossaries.com)
Antisense2
Intron2
  • In silico analysis revealed the presence of resident immature RNAs in resting platelets, characterized by retained introns, while unbiased proteogenomics correlated intron removal by RNA splicing with changes on proteome composition upon activation. (nature.com)
  • RNA which contains an intron sequence that has an enzyme- like catalytic activity. (genomicglossaries.com)
Abundance1
  • More recently, another group of researchers reported that they had developed a process for optimizing low- abundance RNA, by combining aRNA amplification with template- switching. (genomicglossaries.com)
Eukaryotic2
  • RNA processing: In eukaryotic cells, introns, non-coding regions of RNA, are removed and a tail and a cap is added to RNA to help its movement. (bartleby.com)
  • The RNA helicase eIF4A and the scaffold protein eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) and the capping protein eIF4E are part of the complex that loads the mRNAs onto the 40 S ribosomal subunit, together with eIF3. (biosyn.com)
Transcription3
  • Transcription is the formation of an RNA strand from a DNA template within the nucleus of a cell. (bartleby.com)
  • The RNA Technology and Bioinformatics Group within the RNA Bioscience Initiative develops new molecular and bioinformatic methods to analyze RNA sequence, diversity, nascent transcription, structure, and localization. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • Bacterial RNA polymerase (RNA Pol) can initiate transcription in vitro by accepting nucleotide metabolites capped with flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-Glc), and uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). (biosyn.com)
Populations1
  • Researchers at Stanford University used such a method to produce amplified heterogeneous populations of RNA from limited quantities of cDNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
Strand1
Enzyme3
  • an RNA molecule with an appropriately folded shape can serve as an enzyme. (bartleby.com)
  • The ability of RNAs as enzyme make a powerful assertion for the RNA world theory. (bartleby.com)
  • Additionally, I found out that RNA as enzyme is not only synthesized in cells, but also in labs, so the natural RNAs will ability as catalysis may not be impossible. (bartleby.com)
Biology1
  • Cutting-edge RNA technologies and computational methods fuel new discoveries, advancing the field of RNA biology across disciplines. (cuanschutz.edu)
Important1
  • RNA still serves important roles in cell now. (bartleby.com)
Process2
  • The process of RNA world includes several steps. (bartleby.com)
  • There is some suspect of RNAs' ability to be folded into the right shapes during self-replication process, because they cannot replicate the shapes and thus will lose ability to catalyze. (bartleby.com)
Viral6
  • Two other viral proteins, the phospoprotein and the large protein (L-protein or polymerase) are associated with the RNP. (cdc.gov)
  • A viral-encoded polymerase (L gene) transcribes the genomic strand of rabies RNA into leader RNA and five capped and polyadenylated mRNAs, which are translated into proteins. (cdc.gov)
  • The viral polymerase enters a single site on the 3' end of the genome, and proceeds to synthesize full-length copies of the genome. (cdc.gov)
  • Ebolaviruses, highly lethal zoonotic pathogens, possess longer genomes than most other non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses due in part to long 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) present in the seven viral transcriptional units. (scienceopen.com)
  • The presence of extraneous nucleotides between host RNA leaders and the viral termini fits with the previously described prime-and-realign theory. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Characterization of the 5′ and 3′ ends of viral messenger RNAs isolated from BHK21 cells infected with Germiston virus (Bunyavirus). (microbiologyresearch.org)
Subunit1
  • The research revealing the subunit compositions of RNA Polymerases II, IV and V in the plant genus Arabidopsis was published online Dec. 23, 2008 in Molecular Cell. (phys.org)
MRNAs3
  • Because lyssaviruses have a linear single-negative-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome, messenger RNAs (mRNAs) must be transcribed to permit virus replication. (cdc.gov)
  • The basic unit of genetic information is called a gene, which is a region of the DNA that contains the instructions to produce messenger RNAs (mRNAs). (illinois.edu)
  • An enzyme called RNA polymerase generates mRNAs through a process called transcription. (illinois.edu)
Binding protein1
Genomes2
  • Rabies virus belongs to the order Mononegavirales, viruses with a nonsegmented, negative-stranded RNA genomes. (cdc.gov)
  • Eukaryotic genomes are extensively transcribed, forming both messenger (m) and noncoding (nc) RNAs. (embl.org)
SiRNAs1
  • The Pikaard lab has shown that Pol IV is required for the production of small interfering RNAs (abbreviated as siRNAs) that specify the silencing of matching DNA sequences, whereas Pol V makes longer RNAs that are thought to pair with the siRNAs at the affected chromosomal sites. (phys.org)
Endogenous4
  • Whereas some nuclear events are unique to the endogenous or the exogenous RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, many nuclear processing steps (1,2) and all cytoplasmic processing steps (3,4) are shared by both pathways, presenting potential sources of saturation. (medscape.com)
  • Most endogenous miRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II before nuclear processing by the Drosha-DGCR8 complex (1). (medscape.com)
  • Exogenous miRNAs can be engineered as pri-miRNAs, thereby following the same steps, or as shRNA templates that enter the nucleus but are transcribed by RNA polymerase III, thereby bypassing the nuclear transcriptional and processing machinery employed by the endogenous pathway. (medscape.com)
  • We aimed to find potential network for circRNA-related competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) in atrial fibrillation (AF). (hindawi.com)
RNAi1
  • RNAi against ERK2 led to a reduction in RNA polymerase II activation, and luciferase reporter assays containing GP130 promoter and messenger RNA stability experiments also suggested that ERK2 has a transcriptional role important for the regulation of gp130 protein expression. (bl.uk)
Organisms2
  • The discovery of this RNA-based gene-silencing in organisms as diverse as plants, worms and humans suggested that cells must possess evolutionarily conserved machinery that mediates the process. (medscape.com)
  • The finding is important because it reveals more about the roles played by RNA in complex organisms. (phys.org)
Virus replication1
  • Cumulatively, these data identify novel mechanisms by which EBOV regulates its polymerase expression, demonstrate their relevance to virus replication and identify a potential therapeutic target. (scienceopen.com)
Viruses1
  • Compared to other related viruses, filovirus messenger RNAs have unusually long 5′ untranslated regions (UTRs) with undefined functions. (scienceopen.com)
Genes2
  • reported the discovery of a powerful RNA-based mechanism that silences genes in a sequence-specific manner. (medscape.com)
  • Then in a paper published Dec. 4 in Molecular Cell, the Pikaard lab announced a breakthrough in understanding the phenomenon of nucleolar dominance, the silencing of an entire parental set of ribosomal RNA genes in a hybrid plant or animal. (phys.org)
Translated into proteins1
  • These RNAs can be messenger RNAs that are translated into proteins, or they can be non-coding RNAs that carry out other functions in a cell. (nih.gov)
Cellular1
  • a phenomenon observed with several uORF-containing cellular messenger RNAs. (scienceopen.com)
Tightly1
  • In the RNP, genomic RNA is tightly encased by the nucleoprotein. (cdc.gov)
Nuclear1
  • We've known for decades that RNA Polymerases I, II and III are found in all eukaryotes, but it's only over the past several years that we've been aware that plants have two more nuclear polymerases, Pol IV and Pol V. Now it is clear that these enzymes evolved from Pol II over the past several hundred-million years. (phys.org)
Sequences1
  • RNA Polymerase II, for instance, is vital in the production of messenger RNAs that specify the amino acid sequences of each of the proteins in the cell. (phys.org)
Complex1
  • During the assembly process, the N-P-L complex encapsulates negative-stranded genomic RNA to form the RNP core, and the M protein forms a capsule, or matrix, around the RNP. (cdc.gov)
Expression3
  • Circular RNA (circRNA) is a noncoding RNA that forms a closed-loop structure, and its abnormal expression may cause disease. (hindawi.com)
  • These results indicate that a single dose of NMDAR1 antisense modifies the expression of NMDAR1 messenger RNA and protein in neurons in the neostriatum. (eurekamag.com)
  • Silencing ERK2 in human osteosarcoma U2OS cells with short interfering (si) RNAs nearly obliterated gp130 expression, and this effect could be seen in cancer cell lines from different origins (e.g. breast, prostate, lung and cervix) that possess different mutational backgrounds, as well as in non-cancer cell lines (prostate and kidney). (bl.uk)
Small1
  • In the Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) genome, four of its seven messenger RNAs have 5′-UTRs with a small upstream open reading frame (uORF). (scienceopen.com)
Templates1
  • RNA polymerases are the enzymes responsible for making RNA from DNA templates. (phys.org)
Found2
  • NMDAR2A: 19.7%) were found in the antisense-treated striatal tissues by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. (eurekamag.com)
  • A biologist has found that two kinds of RNA polymerase found in plants such as this Arabidopsis are actually derivatives of a much-studied Polymerase II found in eukaryotes. (phys.org)
Components1
  • The rabies genome encodes five proteins: nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G) and polymerase (L). All rhabdoviruses have two major structural components: a helical ribonucleoprotein core (RNP) and a surrounding envelope. (cdc.gov)
Ends1
  • Poly(A) polymerases (PAPs) catalyze the attachment of adenylates to the 3' ends of messenger RNA and other RNAs, forming poly(A) tails. (nih.gov)
Model1
  • Read about work from the Maraia Lab that offers a new model in understanding how polymerase III works. (nih.gov)
Structure2
  • The arrangement of these proteins and the RNA genome determine the structure of the rabies virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) (with a covalent closed-loop structure) are considered to be the key to pathogenesis of heart disease, providing a new perspective for the pathogenesis of AF [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
Levels1
  • There was no change in the levels of NMDAR2B, NMDAR2C and NMDAR2D messenger RNAs. (eurekamag.com)