ViralAntiretroviralTranscriptionally silentDefective provirusesReplication-competentLatently infected cellsGenomesRetrovirusInfectionPersistReservoirVirusesMMTVTranscriptionalHost'sInfectiousIntactCopiesSilentCellIntegration siteHumanMiceGeneticDiseaseFormStateExpressionHealthActivationResultsActive
Viral12
- the provirus may be activated and begin transcription of its viral genome. (wikipedia.org)
- However, rarer intact proviruses almost always reinitiate viral rebound if ART stops. (nature.com)
- Therefore, assessing therapies to prevent viral rebound hinges on specifically quantifying intact proviruses. (nature.com)
- A provirus is a virus genome that is integrated into the DNA of a host cell.This state can be a stage of virus replication, or a state that persists over longer periods of time as either inactive viral infections or an endogenous retrovirus. (absoluteastronomy.com)
- Provirus" refers to a remnant of viral genetic material embedded in the genome. (livescience.com)
- Second, we seek to target different regions of HIV-1 to excise crucial viral genes and/or to introduce mutations to render the provirus replication defective. (usz.ch)
- Just a cell showing provirus integration and perhaps some viral mRNA's being transcribed? (virology.ws)
- Then the integrated viral DNA, or provirus, is passed from parent to offspring. (meassociation.org.uk)
- The hidden HIV, researchers say, is part of the so-called latent reservoir of functional proviruses that remains long after antiretroviral drug therapy has successfully brought viral replication to a standstill. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Analysis of the remaining (88 percent of) non-induced proviruses showed that all were defective, possessing genetic deletions and mutations that would forestall viral replication. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- AbstractDespite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), latent proviruses can reinitiate viral production upon cell stimulation or treatment interruption. (sbir.gov)
- Once the provirus is integrated into the host cell DNA, it is transcribed using typical cellular mechanisms to produce viral proteins and genetic material. (msdmanuals.com)
Antiretroviral7
- Most proviruses persisting in people living with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) are defective. (nature.com)
- Although HIV infection can be suppressed by antiretroviral therapy (ART), latent HIV-1 proviruses persist in the genomes of long-lived CD4+ T cells in people living with HIV 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
- Antiretroviral therapy fails to cure HIV-1 infection because latent proviruses persist in resting CD4 + T cells. (wustl.edu)
- Antiretroviral therapy cannot cure HIV-1 infection due to the persistence of a small number of latently infected cells harboring replication-competent proviruses. (biomedcentral.com)
- If antiretroviral therapy is stopped or interrupted, some proviruses can reactivate, allowing HIV to make copies of itself and resume infection of other immune cells. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- That approach refers to forcing dormant proviruses to "turn back on," making them "visible" and vulnerable to the immune system's cytolytic "killer" T cells, and then eliminating every last infected cell from the body while antiretroviral drugs prevent any new cells from becoming infected. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Persistence of intact HIV-1 proviruses in the brain during antiretroviral therapy. (harvard.edu)
Transcriptionally silent3
- A latent infection results when the provirus is transcriptionally silent rather than active. (wikipedia.org)
- HIV persistence may arise from ongoing residual virus replication and/or from latently-infected cells defined as the cellular reservoir in which long-lived resting memory CD4+ T cells harbouring an integrated but transcriptionally silent provirus represent the largest pool in the blood (Chomont et al. (europa.eu)
- Latent HIV-1 proviruses are transcriptionally silent. (usz.ch)
Defective proviruses4
- Neither assay suggested defective proviruses decay over 10 years. (nature.com)
- To reconcile this difference, we modeled additional longitudinal IPDA data and showed that decelerating intact decay could arise from very long-lived intact proviruses and/or misclassified defective proviruses: slowly decaying defective proviruses that are intact in IPDA probe locations (estimated up to 5%, in agreement with sequence library based predictions). (nature.com)
- The data indicate that dividing clonally expanded T cells contain defective proviruses and that the replication-competent reservoir is primarily found in CD4(+) T cells that remain relatively quiescent. (nih.gov)
- Defective proviruses rapidly accumulate during acute HIV-1 infection. (cdc.gov)
Replication-competent2
- The identification of replication-competent noninduced proviruses indicates that the size of the latent reservoir - and, hence, the barrier to cure - may be up to 60-fold greater than previously estimated. (wustl.edu)
- A subset of HERV-K(HML-2) proviruses has some or all genes intact, and even encodes functional proteins, though a replication competent copy has yet to be observed. (tufts.edu)
Latently infected cells1
Genomes2
- all descendants of the infected cell will also bear proviruses in their genomes. (wikipedia.org)
- Analysis of Simian Endogenous Retrovirus (SERV) Full-Length Proviruses in Old World Monkey Genomes. (bvsalud.org)
Retrovirus4
- A provirus not only refers to a retrovirus but is also used to describe other viruses that can integrate into the host chromosomes, another example being adeno-associated virus. (wikipedia.org)
- List the differences between a provirus and a retrovirus. (indeed.com)
- If a germline cell is infected by a retrovirus, the integrated provirus can become established as an endogenous retrovirus that is transmitted to offspring. (msdmanuals.com)
- Una característica fundamental de la biología de los retrovirus es la síntesis de una copia de ADN del genoma que se integra en el ADN celular. (bvsalud.org)
Infection3
- In a productive infection, the provirus is transcribed into messenger RNA which directly produces new virus, which in turn will infect other cells via the lytic cycle. (wikipedia.org)
- Senior study investigator Robert Siliciano, M.D., Ph.D., who in 1995 first showed that reservoirs of dormant HIV were present in immune cells, says that while the latest study results show most proviruses in the latent reservoir are defective, curing the disease will depend on finding a way to target all proviruses with the potential to restart the infection. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Study results showed that among 213 HIV proviruses isolated from the reservoirs of eight patients and initially unresponsive to highly potent biological stimuli, some 12 percent could later still become active, and were capable of replicating their genetic material and transmitting infection to other cells. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Persist1
- The main hurdle towards a cure of HIV-1 is the presence of the HIV-1 latent reservoir, which is defined as transcriptionally inactive, integrated HIV-1 proviruses that persist life-long in the human body, hidden from the immune system. (usz.ch)
Reservoir2
- The disappointing finding comes after a three-year series of lab experiments, which they say represents the most detailed and comprehensive analysis to date of the latent reservoir of HIV proviruses. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Lead study investigator and Johns Hopkins postdoctoral fellow Ya-Chi Ho, M.D., Ph.D., says the team's investigation of "the true size" of the latent reservoir was prompted by a large discrepancy between the two established techniques for measuring how much provirus is in immune system cells. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Viruses1
- In the case of bacterial viruses (bacteriophages), proviruses are often referred to as prophages. (wikipedia.org)
MMTV1
- Additional screens for MMTV provirus entry sites in tumors revealed several other upregulated genes that are associated with other gene development pathways such as INT2, INT3, and INT4 [4,5,6]. (chemdiv.com)
Transcriptional1
- This project involves the examination of HIV-1 integration sites in search of factors that govern the transcriptional activity of HIV-1 proviruses. (usz.ch)
Host's1
Infectious2
- 1% of proviruses are induced to release infectious virus after maximum in vitro activation. (wustl.edu)
- Richert-Pöggeler , KR , Noreen , F , Schwarzacher , T , Harper , G , Hohn , T ( 2003 ) Induction of infectious petunia vein clearing (pararetro) virus from endogenous provirus in petunia. (cambridge.org)
Intact6
- Both assays admitted similar ratios of intact to total HIV DNA, but IPDA found ~40-fold more intact proviruses. (nature.com)
- The model also demonstrates how misclassification can lead to underestimated efficacy of therapies that exclusively reduce intact proviruses. (nature.com)
- We conclude that sensitive multi-probe assays combined with specific nfl-verified assays would be optimal to document absolute and changing levels of intact HIV proviruses. (nature.com)
- If both regions are amplified within a single provirus, the sequence is said to be intact, and if only one of the two probes is positive the provirus is determined to be defective 17 . (nature.com)
- Using direct sequencing and genome synthesis, we reconstructed full-length intact noninduced proviral clones and demonstrated growth kinetics comparable to reconstructed induced proviruses from the same patients. (wustl.edu)
- Further lab experiments on the cloned proviruses showed that the intact, non-induced proviruses could be reconstructed to produce active virus, which in turn could replicate in human immune cells. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Copies3
- A provirus does not directly make new DNA copies of itself while integrated into a host genome in this way. (wikipedia.org)
- She says the team's original method of calculating only reactivated proviruses yielded numbers that were 300-fold lower than a DNA-based technique used to gauge how many total proviral copies, both dormant and reactivated, are present. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- ERVs and related sequences are estimated at ~400,000 copies or 4.6% of the human genome, including genomic proviruses like 5' long terminal repeat (LTR)-gag-pol-env-3' LTR ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Silent1
- The barrier to curing HIV-1 is thought to reside primarily in CD4(+) T cells containing silent proviruses. (nih.gov)
Cell4
- A provirus is a virus genome that is integrated into the DNA of a host cell. (wikipedia.org)
- Unlike prophages, proviruses do not excise themselves from the host genome when the host cell is stressed. (wikipedia.org)
- Increased expression of the most recent HML-2 proviruses has been observed in tissues and cell lines from several types of cancer, including breast cancer, for which expression may provide a meaningful marker of the disease. (tufts.edu)
- Retroviruses use reverse transcription to create a double-stranded DNA copy (a provirus) of their RNA genome, which is inserted into the genome of their host cell. (msdmanuals.com)
Integration site2
- Pim-3 is a member of the provirus integration site for Moloney murine leukemia computer virus (Pim) family proteins that show serine/threonine kinase activity. (biongenex.com)
- More than 10% of HML-2 proviruses are human-specific, having integrated subsequent to the Homo-Pan divergence, and, of these, 11 are currently known to be polymorphic in integration site with variable frequencies among individuals. (tufts.edu)
Human1
- Proviruses may account for approximately 8% of the human genome in the form of inherited endogenous retroviruses. (wikipedia.org)
Mice2
Genetic1
- In the latest study, researchers sequenced, or spelled out, the entire genetic code of HIV proviruses that reactivated and those that could not be induced to do so. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Disease2
- A higher provirus load increases not only the overall risk of HAM/TSP but also the likelihood that the disease will progress more quickly. (medscape.com)
- Siliciano says that all of these non-induced proviruses had previously been thought to be defective, with no possible role in resumption of the disease. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Form1
- to form a PROPHAGE or integration of retroviral DNA into cellular DNA to form a PROVIRUS. (umassmed.edu)
State2
- Endogenous retroviruses are always in the state of a provirus. (wikipedia.org)
- After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES). (bvsalud.org)
Expression1
- The cerebellum and testis also supported the widest range of provirus expression of any tissue, with 17 and 19 proviruses expressed, respectively," the researchers wrote in their report. (livescience.com)
Activation1
- In the first approach, we aim to activate the latent proviruses by using a CRISPR activation system. (usz.ch)
Results1
- Reverse transcription of HIV-1 results in the generation of a linear cDNA that serves as the precursor to the integrated provirus. (biomedcentral.com)
Active1
- Noninduced proviruses have unmethylated promoters and are integrated into active transcription units. (wustl.edu)