Protein 2 o 2 antibodies toll like receptor 2. Medical search. Frequent questions

Specific bacterial products potently stimulate immune cells via toll-like receptors (TLRs). (tum.de)
Our major goal is to understand the interaction and neutralization of foreign antigens by the immune system through high-resolution x-ray structural studies of antibodies, Variable Lymphocyte Rectors (VLRs) and antigens in the humoral system, T-cell receptor complexes with MHC class I and class II in the cellular system, and through pattern recognition receptors, such as TLRs, in the innate immune system. (scripps.edu)
Many researchers are pursuing the development of antagonists that block TLR receptors either by inhibiting activation of TLRs or signaling pathways downstream of TLRs 7 . (nature.com)
Simultaneous stimulation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM-1) activating receptor on monocytes results in the amplification of the inflammatory signal and multiple increase in proinflammatory cytokine production. (hindawi.com)
This is mostly due to surface toll-like receptors (TLRs) that can recognize both extracellular highly conserved microorganism structures or PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) and alarmins further activating transcription factors of the same proinflammatory genes coding the production of proinflammatory regulatory substances, including cytokines and chemokines [ 4 , 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in innate immune responses and inflammation. (diabetesjournals.org)

As part of the innate immune system the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway contributes to the first line of defense against microbial pathogens. (antibodies-online.com)
Role of adaptor TRIF in the MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway. (antibodies-online.com)
Furthermore, we the expression of fibrosis‑related proteins and NF‑κB signaling pathway proteins was determined using western blot analysis. (spandidos-publications.com)

The most promising Ags were submitted to a more in-depth biophysical investigation of their structure and conformation stability, and for their capacity to interact with neutralising antibodies (Abs) and peptides. (europa.eu)
This antibody was developed against a mixture of synthetic peptides containing amino acids 180-196, 353-370, and 473-489 of human TLR2 (NP_003255). (novusbio.com)
Over 250 crystal structures of monoclonal Fab fragments and complexes with a variety of antigens, such as peptides, steroids, cocaine, and proteins, including HIV-1, gp120 and gp41, have led to significant insights into antibody-antigen recognition, virus neutralization, and vaccine design for HIV-1. (scripps.edu)

Clones that neutralised FBG activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), without impacting pathogenic TLR4 activation, were epitope mapped by crystallography. (bmj.com)
Activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by tenascin-C, a matrix molecule persistently expressed at high levels in people with RA, drives chronic inflammation in models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). (bmj.com)
e.g. lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria are recognized by TLR4 while TLR5 recognizes the bacterial protein flagellin. (antibodies-online.com)
TLR4/MD-2 monoclonal antibody therapy affords protection in experimental models of septic shock. (tum.de)
To neutralize LPS signaling in experimental models of sepsis, we generated mAbs toward the TLR4/myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2) complex. (tum.de)
The binding properties of an array of selected rat mAbs differed in respect to their specificity for TLR4/MD-2 complex. (tum.de)
These results demonstrate that neutralizing TLR4/MD-2 is highly efficacious in protecting against bacterial infection-induced toxemia and offers TLR4/MD-2 mAb treatment as a potential therapy for numerous clinical indications. (tum.de)
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), the principal signaling receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mammals, requires the binding of MD-2 to its extracellular domain for maximal responsiveness. (enzolifesciences.com)
MD-2 enables TLR4 to respond to a wide variety of LPS partial structures, Gram-negative bacteria, and Gram-positive lipoteichoic acid, but not to Gram-positive bacteria, peptidoglycan, and lipopeptide. (enzolifesciences.com)
Description: The UT41 monoclonal antibody was generated against BaF3 cells overexpressing mouse TLR4. (cytekbio.com)
Two of these receptors, TLR2 and TLR4, are pattern recognition receptors and signaling molecules in response to bacterial lipoproteins and have been implicated in innate immunity and inflammation. (cytekbio.com)
TLR4 physically associates with another molecule called MD-2, and together with CD14, this complex is responsible for LPS recognition and signaling. (cytekbio.com)
The MTS510 monoclonal antibody co-immunoprecipitates MD-2 (~30 kDa) and TLR4 (~100 kDa), and preferentially reacts with TLR4 that is associated with MD-2. (cytekbio.com)
In comparison, binding of the UT41 monoclonal antibody occurs with and without formation of the TLR4/MD-2 complex. (cytekbio.com)
mouse liver tissue were subjected to SDS PAGE followed by western blot with 19811-1-AP (TLR4 Antibody) at dilution of 1:2000 incubated at room temperature for 1.5 hours. (ptglab.com)
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human placenta tissue slide using 19811-1-AP (TLR4 Antibody) at dilution of 1:200 (under 10x lens). (ptglab.com)
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human placenta tissue slide using 19811-1-AP (TLR4 Antibody) at dilution of 1:200 (under 40x lens). (ptglab.com)
A nitric oxide (NO) detection kit was used to determine the concentration of NO. Western blotting analysis was performed to determine the levels of intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM)‑1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)‑1, endothelin‑1, caspase‑3, Bax, Bcl‑2, Toll‑like receptor 4 (TLR4), p65 and p‑p65. (spandidos-publications.com)
Compared with the ox‑LDL group, S/V treatment significantly increased the cell viability, NO concentration and Bcl‑2 expression, decreased the levels of IL‑1β, IL‑6 and TNF‑α and reduced the expressions of MALAT1, ICAM‑1, VCAM‑1, cleaved‑caspase‑3, Bax, TLR4 and p‑p65. (spandidos-publications.com)
A novel oligosaccharide compound AVR-25 selectively binds to the TLR4 protein (IC 50 = 0.15 µM) in human peripheral blood monocytes and stimulates IL-10 production. (nature.com)
Eritoran, an LPS analog 8 failed to improve outcome in a large phase 3 trial and TAK-242, a TLR4 signaling inhibitor, was not pursued after a phase 2 clinical trial. (nature.com)
Thus, in the present study, we examined TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA and protein expression and mechanism of their induction in monocytic cells under high-glucose conditions. (diabetesjournals.org)

Conjugation service and the corresponding secondary antibody are available. (biomatik.com)
Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti rabbit IgG was used as the secondary antibody. (sabbiotech.cn)

Studies on other pattern recognition receptors, include peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP), TREM-1, Toll-like receptors (TLR) have revealed how unique pathogen-associated molecules are recognized by the immune system. (scripps.edu)
2020) Inflammation by pattern recognition receptors in the uterine wall decidua and the placenta of normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. (ntnu.edu)

The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family in mammals comprises a set of transmembrane proteins characterized by multiple copies of leucine rich repeats in the extracellular domain, and in the IL-1 receptor motif in the cytoplasmic domain. (novusbio.com)
The G28-8 monoclonal antibody specifically recognizes RP105/Bgp95, a 95-105 kDa type I membrane protein consisting of extracellular leucine-rich repeats and a short cytoplasmic domain. (bdbiosciences.com)
The region of human TLR5 used as an immunogen includes the first 2 of 16 leucine-rich repeats and shares 72% amino acid identity with mouse and rat TLR5. (rndsystems.com)
The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family in mammal comprises a family of transmembrane proteins characterized by multiple copies of leucine rich repeats in the extracellular domain and IL-1 receptor motif in the cytoplasmic domain. (enzolifesciences.com)
This family of type I transmembrane protein is characterized by an extracellular domain with leucine-rich repeats and a cytoplasmic domain with homology to the type I IL-1 receptor. (cytekbio.com)
A structural basis of the interactions between leucine-rich repeats and protein ligands. (embl.de)
We present here the crystal structure at 2.5 A resolution of the complex between ribonuclease A and ribonuclease inhibitor, a protein built entirely of leucine-rich repeats. (embl.de)
they appear to be the principal reasons for the effectiveness of leucine-rich repeats as protein-binding motifs. (embl.de)
The structure can serve as a model for the interactions of other proteins containing leucine-rich repeats with their ligands. (embl.de)
Leucine-rich repeats are short sequence motifs present in a number of proteins with diverse functions and cellular locations. (embl.de)
The crystal structure of ribonuclease inhibitor protein has revealed that leucine-rich repeats correspond to beta-alpha structural units. (embl.de)
These two features may be responsible for the protein-binding functions of proteins containing leucine-rich repeats. (embl.de)

Mammals often have acquired immune responses (T-cell and antibody responses) to flagellated bacterium, which occur frequently to flagellar antigens. (wikipedia.org)
The propensity of the immune response to flagellin may be explained by two facts: Flagellin is an extremely abundant protein in flagellated bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
There exists a specific innate immune receptor that recognizes flagellin, Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5). (wikipedia.org)
SARS-CoV-2 effectively evades the host response by manipulating the immune answer on several points. (antibodies-online.com)
Toll-Like Receptor 3 Signaling via TRIF Contributes to a Protective Innate Immune Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection. (antibodies-online.com)
[ 2 ] Recognition of HSV DNA by Toll-like receptors results in the activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems and production of interferon gene products. (medscape.com)
[ 1 ] Viral suppression of host cell immune responses and subsequent evasion of the immune system is accomplished via a complex interplay between HSV virion protein products and the immune system. (medscape.com)
TLR5, a Type I membrane protein belonging to the Toll-like receptor family, participates in the innate immune response to microbial agents. (prosci-inc.com)
2002). Cutting edge: role of Toll-like receptor 1 in mediating immune response to microbial lipoproteins. (invivogen.com)
Second, T cell therapies using Tregs (either polyclonal, antigen-specific, or genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to establish active dominant immune tolerance or T cells (engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to delete pathogenic immune cells. (frontiersin.org)
Immune tolerance co-evolved as a safety system that maintains a state of immune unresponsiveness to autoantigens and self-tissues ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
Proteins or protein-derived compounds that occur in food may trigger the immune response of the body. (imupro.com)
The immune system takes food proteins or derived compounds as immunogens and generates food specific IgG antibodies , which bind to food particles and then induce an inflammatory response, which may lead to various symptoms or diseases, one of which is hypertension. (imupro.com)
The normal process of fracture repair begins with an immediate inflammatory response as the innate immune system (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells) responds with a variety of cytokines that recruit and activate several cell types, including osteoprogenitor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to the site of injury [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
2 The development of multiple efficacious vaccines has been critical in the control of the pandemic, but their efficacy has been limited by the appearance of viral variants, and the vaccines can be associated with rare off-target or toxic effects, including allergic reactions, myocarditis, and immune-mediated thrombosis and thrombocytopenia in some healthy adults. (rfidcapsules.com)
They can bind to the protective neutralizing Ab1 antibody, resulting in immune-complex formation and clearance, thus impairing Ab1 efficacy. (rfidcapsules.com)
Alternatively, it could stimulate ACE2 function by triggering the receptor, affect expression of ACE2 after binding by down-regulating or internalizing ACE2, or, after binding the cells, induce a complement-mediated or immune-cell attack on ACE2-expressing cells. (rfidcapsules.com)
Inflammation is initiated largely by signaling through members of the Toll-like family of innate immune receptors (TLR) that are activated by pathogen-encoded ligands. (bu.edu)
Moody KL, Uccellini MB, Avalos AM, Marshak-Rothstein A, Viglianti GA. Toll-Like Receptor-Dependent Immune Complex Activation of B Cells and Dendritic Cells. (bu.edu)
RAS patients have an anomalous activity of the toll-like receptor TLR2 pathway that probably influences the stimulation of an abnormal Th1 immune response. (medscape.com)

ANA production can precede symptoms and indications of disease by 5 or more years, with more complete serological evaluation demonstrating increasing creation of antibodies to nuclear antigens such as for example DNA, Sm, RNP, Ro, and La.4 This stage of disease could be known as preautoimmunity because symptomatology isn't manifest. (columbiagypsy.net)
D) Rat brain immunostaining with CSF of the patient (upper panel) indicating the presence of antibodies against neuronal surface antigens, compared with that of a healthy control individual (lower panel). (antinmdafoundation.org)
The T-cell receptor in complex with pMHC has revealed how peptide antigens can be recognized in the context of the MHC molecule. (scripps.edu)
Many other key molecules in cellular immunology are being studied, such as non-classical or MHC homologues: for example, CD1 binds lipid, glycolipid, and lipopeptide antigens from the cell walls of microbial pathogens and the NK family of receptors recognizes classical as well as distant MHC homologues. (scripps.edu)
Attack by phagocytic cells can be facilitated when antigens are coated with antibody (Ab), which is produced as part of acquired immunity, or when complement proteins opsonize antigens. (msdmanuals.com)

The expression of HMGB1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) was assessed with immunofluorescence and western blot analysis. (molvis.org)
We also found that chitin elicitor receptor kinase OsCERK1 and a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, the OsMKK4-OsMPK6 cascade, play essential roles in the elicitor-induced production of diterpenoid phytoalexins. (go.jp)
High glucose has been shown to induce inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, reactive oxygen species (ROS), protein kinase C (PKC), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity in both clinical and experimental systems ( 7 - 12 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

Associations of human leukocyte antigen with neutralizing antibody titers in a tetravalent dengue vaccine phase 2 efficacy trial in Thailand. (cdc.gov)

Mitogen-activated-protein-kinases (MAPK) acts as downstream signalling compounds, leading ultimately to PAMP-triggered immunity in which more than 900 genes are up-/down-regulated upon flg22 treatment. (wikipedia.org)
We performed extensive functional characterization of diterpenoid phytoalexin biosynthetic genes in rice, and found that the genes for the biosynthesis of the major diterpenoid phytoalexins, phytocassanes and momilactones, are clustered on chromosomes 2 and 4, and that their expression is coordinately induced in rice cells after elicitation. (go.jp)
Transcription of the genes involved in fatty acid utilization and peroxisome biogenesis is controlled by Ctf1-family Zn 2 Cys 6 type transcription factor Por1p in response to fatty acids in Y. lipolytica . (go.jp)
and 2) the molecular mechanism(s) of how ligand-activated NR inhibit TLR-induced transcription of both HIV-1 and inflammatory cytokine genes. (bu.edu)
Study of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Endosomal Toll-Like Receptors-3, 7, and 9 Genes in Patients With Dengue: A Case-Control Study. (cdc.gov)

Antibody efficacy in preventing RA synovial cell cytokine release, and in modulating collagen-induced arthritis in rats, was assessed. (bmj.com)
Anti-FBG antibodies inhibited cytokine release by RA synovial cells and prevented disease progression and tissue destruction during collagen-induced arthritis. (bmj.com)
these antibodies inhibit cytokine release by RA synovial cells and prevent disease progression and tissue destruction during collagen-induced arthritis. (bmj.com)
The protein encoded by this gene is a secreted cytokine that is important for the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes. (antikoerper-online.de)
The receptor of this cytokine is a heterotrimeric protein complex whose gamma chain is also shared by interleukin 4 (IL4) and interleukin 7 (IL7). (antikoerper-online.de)
To date, three broad approaches to adjunctive (non-antibiotic) therapy have been considered for the treatment of sepsis: (1) optimizing oxygen delivery through oxygenation/ventilation strategies and fluid/vasopressor use to maintain peripheral perfusion, (2) reducing bacterial virulence factors via anti-endotoxin antibodies and endotoxin removal columns and (3) targeting host response factors using corticosteroids, anti-cytokine drugs, and anticoagulants. (nature.com)
Additionally, alcohol inhibits the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), via the p38 ERK1/2 MAPK pathway [ 9 ]. (cdc.gov)

Flagellin perception in Arabidopsis thaliana functions via the receptor-like-kinase FLS2 (FLAGELLIN SENSING 2). (wikipedia.org)
High glucose increased TLR expression, myeloid differentiation factor 88, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65-dependent activation in THP-1 cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
Previously, we have shown in a mouse model that exposure to hog dust extract (HDE) collected from a CAFO results in the activation of protein kinase C (PKC), elevated lavage fluid cytokines/chemokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the development of significant lung pathology. (cdc.gov)

The Interleukin 1 receptor family comprises at least nine members. (rndsystems.com)
Interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein-like 2 (IL1RAPL2), also known as TIGIRR1, is a member of the IL-1 RI-like family of the IL-1R/Toll-like receptor superfamily. (rndsystems.com)

Western Blot: TLR2 Antibody [NB100-56720] - Analysis using the Azide Free version of NB100-56720. (novusbio.com)
Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: TLR2 Antibody [NB100-56720] - Analysis of mouse pancreas tissue using an isotype control (top) and this antibody (bottom) at 5 ug/ml. (novusbio.com)
Anti Mouse Tlr2 Antibody, supplied by Thermo Fisher, used in various techniques. (bioz.com)
Mouse Anti Tlr2 Antibody, supplied by Millipore, used in various techniques. (bioz.com)

The chemokine receptors, CXCR3 and CCR10, have been found to be up-regulated in HSV-specific CD8 + T cells and may contribute to homing mechanisms and control of inflammation during periods of reactivation. (medscape.com)
A key mediator in inflammation is Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). (cdc.gov)
Inflammation is a hallmark of hypertension, and there is a mounting evidence suggesting that chronic low-grade inflammation contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD) including HT (2-5). (imupro.com)
Food-specific IgG antibodies were found to be tightly associated with low grade systemic inflammation and correlated with elevated systolic blood pressure (8). (imupro.com)

Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), which recognizes peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid, and zymosan, is expressed in airway epithelium and is a key mediator in lung innate immunity. (cdc.gov)

Methods Monoclonal antibodies recognising the fibrinogen-like globe (FBG) of tenascin-C were generated by phage display. (bmj.com)
For the last two decades, our understanding of immunology exploded with the advent of technologies that allowed high throughput screening and generation of large molecule biologics such as monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and small molecule compounds. (frontiersin.org)

TLR5 is an ~100 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein of the Toll-like receptor family. (rndsystems.com)
This Mouse TLR5 antibody is generated from rabbits immunized with a KLH conjugated synthetic peptide between 71-102 amino acids from the N-terminal region of mouse TLR5. (prosci-inc.com)
This protein binds to TIRAP and MyD88 via their respective TIR domains TLR5 is highly expressed in liver, and is detected in lung and at very low levels in most other tissues. (prosci-inc.com)

IL1RAPL2 is a type I transmembrane protein that contains three Ig-like domains in its extracellular region and one intracellular TIR domain. (rndsystems.com)

Analysis of motifs present in Tom20 sequences from fungi and animals found several highly conserved regions, including features of the transmembrane segment, the ligand-binding domain and functionally important flexible segments at the N terminus and the C terminus of the protein. (abbkine.com)

TLR1-GFP fusion gene was generated by fusing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene to the C terminus of human Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) gene. (invivogen.com)
Gene 2: 217-223. (invivogen.com)
A) in exon 2 of the gene TLR3 (NM_003265.2) (figure, A and B). Such mutation shows a very low allelic frequency (0.00082%, 1/121,316). (antinmdafoundation.org)
A) in exon 2 of the TLR3 gene (NM_003265.2) in the patient and her mother (who was asymptomatic). (antinmdafoundation.org)
Fluorescent proteins enable a wide range of applications where they have functioned as cell lineage tracers, reporters of gene expression, or as a measure of protein-protein interactions. (antibodiesinc.com)
Antibodies were analyzed by western blot analysis (1:5000 dilution) and immunohistochemistry (1:500 dilution) using transgenic mice expressing the GFP gene product. (antibodiesinc.com)
Recent findings have demonstrated that activation of certain nuclear receptors (NR), including peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR), liver X receptor (LXR), and glucocorticoid receptor (GR)) potently inhibits TLR-induced inflammatory gene expression in MØ, LC/DC, and epithelial cells. (bu.edu)
Correlation of C-reactive protein levels, gene polymorphism and platelets count in Dengue infection. (cdc.gov)

Western blot analysis of mouse spleen lysate probed with Rabbit anti Human CD281 ( AHP1181 ) at 1(A), 2(B) and 4(C) ug/ml. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
Western blot analysis of MD-2 in human (A), mouse (B) and rat (C) spleen lysate using PAb to MD-2 (Prod. (enzolifesciences.com)
Western blot analysis of NF-kB p65 on different lysates using anti-NF-kB p65 antibody at 1/1,000 dilution. (sabbiotech.cn)
Western blot analysis of NF-kB p65 on hybrid fish (crucian-carp) heart tissue lysate using anti-NF-kB p65 antibody at 1/500 dilution. (sabbiotech.cn)

The second subfamily of proteins (p105 and p100) has a C-terminal region that contains multiple copies of ankyrin repeats, instead of a transactivation domain, and can bind to and inhibit Rel proteins. (oncotarget.com)

No direct ligands have been identified so far for Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) which seems to act as a coreceptor for TLR2. (invivogen.com)

An isotype control should be used at the same concentration as the antibody of interest. (bdbiosciences.com)

cDNAs encoding precursors for two distinct proteins of the same size have been described, designated p105 and p100. (sabbiotech.cn)

A temporal gate for viral enhancers to co-opt Toll-like-receptor transcriptional activation pathways upon acute infection. (sabbiotech.cn)

and 2) the role of endogenous nucleic acid autoantigens as mediators of systemic lupus erythematosus. (bu.edu)
2) Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are characterized by the overproduction of antibodies, many of which recognize ribonucleoprotein and/or chromatin related autoantigens. (bu.edu)
The early postoperative period in CABG patients is associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), which is complicated with multiple organ dysfunction and high mortality in 5%-16% of cases (EACTA 2007 data) [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)

Both severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the vaccines against it elicit antibodies to the spike protein that the virus uses to bind to the angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor on target cells. (rfidcapsules.com)
While the rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines has been a scientific triumph, the need remains for a globally available vaccine that provides longer-lasting immunity against present and future SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). (stanford.edu)

The Network Hypothesis, formulated in 1974 by Niels Jerne, described a mechanism by which the antibody responses to an antigen themselves induced downstream antibody responses against the antigen-specific antibody. (rfidcapsules.com)

p100 and p105 can however undergo limited proteolysis to generate p52 and p50, respectively, which can form heterodimers with Rel proteins to form transcriptional activators [ 5 ]. (oncotarget.com)

Both proteins specifically bind to DNA sequences that are the same or slight variations of the 10 bp kB sequence in the immunoglobulin k light chain enhancer. (sabbiotech.cn)
The idiotype portions of Ab1 that bind and neutralize the spike protein have distinctive sequences in complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3), and those antibody-binding regions can themselves elicit antibody responses called anti-idiotype (Ab2) antibodies as a means of down-regulation. (rfidcapsules.com)
Some of the Ab2 binding regions, or paratopes, can also mirror the spike protein itself and bind to the same target as the spike protein, the ACE2 receptor. (rfidcapsules.com)
Recent evidence suggests that oxidized beta-2 glycoprotein I is able to bind to and activate dendritic cells in a manner similar to activation triggered by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), which could amplify the production of autoantibodies. (medscape.com)

Mucosa of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts: The mucus contains antimicrobial substances, such as lysozyme, lactoferrin, and secretory immunoglobulin (Ig) A antibody (SIgA). (msdmanuals.com)

SAA is a functional agonist for formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2/ALX), where it promotes chemotaxis and survival of neutrophils. (frontiersin.org)

Although still early in clinical development, agonists of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) have demonstrated potential for the treatment of cancer. (nih.gov)
TLR9 agonists directly induce activation and maturation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and enhance differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells. (nih.gov)

High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) has been reported to be a potent proangiogenic factor induced by inflammatory stress. (molvis.org)
Blood samples were tested for food-specific IgG antibodies and the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP). (imupro.com)
From the exposed, it can be assumed that food specific IgG antibodies mediate inflammatory responses, that are associated with increased CRP, a marker that exhibits a central role in the pathogenesis of hypertension (13-15). (imupro.com)
A few of these inflammatory responses, such as inflammatory cell recruitment, can be modulated by alcohol exposure [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. (cdc.gov)

Rabbit anti Human CD281 antibody detects an epitope within the N-terminal (NT) region of CD281, also known as toll like receptor 1 (TLR1). (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
This fusion protein can be used to study the localization of TLR1. (invivogen.com)
TLR1 and TLR2 interact to recognize triacylated lipopeptides [1] such as Pam3CSK4, but not diacylated lipopeptides [2]. (invivogen.com)

Sample: Recombinant protein. (biomatik.com)
Full length recombinant human MD-2. (enzolifesciences.com)
Chickens were immunized with purified recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFP) emulsified in Freund's adjuvant. (antibodiesinc.com)

This Rat Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM20 homolog (TOMM20) ELISA Kit employs a two-site sandwich ELISA to quantitate TOMM20 in samples. (abbkine.com)
Rat Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM20 homolog (TOMM20) ELISA Kit has high sensitivity and excellent specificity for detection of Rat TOMM20. (abbkine.com)

Our findings suggest that susceptibility to recurrent lymphocytic meningitis might be caused by low serum IgG subclass 2 immunodeficiency. (cdc.gov)
Previous research has reported an association of low serum IgG subclass 1 (IgG1) and IgG subclass 3 (IgG3) levels with increased frequency of RBLM ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
We report an unusual case of serum IgG subclass 2 immunodeficiency in a patient with 8 lifetime episodes of RBLM. (cdc.gov)
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed pleocytosis with a lymphocytic predominance, elevated protein at 114 mg/dL (reference range 15-45 mg/dL), and normal glucose at 44 mg/dL (reference range 40-70 mg/dL), compared with a serum glucose level of 83 mg/dL. (cdc.gov)
A decrease in serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and bacterial colony forming unit (CFU) confirmed improved bacterial clearance. (nature.com)
Cross-reactivity between a streptococcal 60- to 65-kd heat shock protein (hsp) and the oral mucosa has been demonstrated, and significantly elevated levels of serum antibodies to hsp are found in patients with RAS. (medscape.com)

Our laboratory, in collaboration with Dr. Ann Marshak-Rothstein, is defining the protein and nucleic acid composition of these immunostimulatory autoantigens and determining whether different forms of apoptosis are capable of selectively releasing these autoantigens from cells, thereby making them accessible to autoreactive B cells. (bu.edu)

The monoclonal antibody was purified from tissue culture supernatant or ascites by affinity chromatography. (bdbiosciences.com)

Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of human disease. (antibodies-online.com)
The pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is incompletely understood, with its effects on multiple organ systems 1 and the syndrome of "long Covid" occurring long after the resolution of infection. (rfidcapsules.com)
Although antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies are clinically linked to APS, whether they are involved in the pathogenesis or are an epiphenomenon is unclear. (medscape.com)

These antibodies are to be used as research laboratory reagents and are not for use as diagnostic or therapeutic reagents in humans. (antibodiesinc.com)

IL-6 production by TLR3-agonists stimulated MDDCs was also decreased in the patient compared with a healthy control in 2 independent experiments (data not shown). (antinmdafoundation.org)

CSF immunochemistry studies on rat brain tissue (figure, D, upper panel) and cultured live neurons showed strong reactivity revealing the presence of neuronal antibodies. (antinmdafoundation.org)

The expression of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) on CD11b + CD45 low-med and CD11b + CD45 high cells in mild and severe brain injury after HI. (bioz.com)

In this update, the author discusses advancements in the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of patients with arterial ischemic stroke and cerebral venous thrombosis associated with genetic and acquired thrombophilia, including the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. (medlink.com)
antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is the most common acquired disorder. (medlink.com)
In antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, pregnancy morbidity, including spontaneous abortions or preterm delivery due to placental insufficiency, is another clinical manifestation. (medlink.com)

More information to SARS-CoV-2 Interferon Antagonism and antibodies for key actors and inhibitors. (antibodies-online.com)

Glycation, the result of a protein or lipid molecule bonding with sugar molecules, is a consequence of the aging process. (molvis.org)
We and others have shown that the proinflammatory phenotype in diabetes is characterized by elevated plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, monocytic activity, etc. ( 4 - 6 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

The avian H5N1 and swine H1N1 influenza virus HA structures have been determined as well as mutations that enhance binding to human receptors that may allow the virus to cross the species barrier into humans and be transmissible. (scripps.edu)

According to older case series, HSV has accounted for an estimated 0.5%-18% of viral meningitis cases ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Although the term "Mollaret's meningitis" is reserved for idiopathic recurrent aseptic meningitis (a term established before the advent of PCR), and recurrent meningitis attributable to HSV-2 (or less commonly, Epstein-Barr virus) is called "recurrent viral meningitis," the 2 conditions are clinically indistinguishable ( 4 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Proteins encoded by the v-Rel viral oncogene and its cellular homolog, c-Rel, are members of a family of transcription factors that include the two subunits of the transcription factor NF kB (p50 and p65) and the Drosophila maternal morphogen, dorsal. (sabbiotech.cn)
The 1918 flu, which killed 20-40 million people worldwide, is being investigated through structural and binding studies of the 1918 viral proteins, such as the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase, as well as other the viral proteins. (scripps.edu)

This family of proteins comprises two subfamilies that share a DNA-binding and dimerization domain called the Rel homology domain (RHD) [ 4 ] and form homo- or hetero- dimers. (oncotarget.com)

After removing any unbound substances, a biotin-conjugated antibody specific for TOMM20 is added to the wells. (abbkine.com)
Suchen Sie IL-2 Antikörper mit einer bestimmten Konjugation wie Biotin, FITC, PE. (antikoerper-online.de)

CSF studies showed pleocytosis (15 cells/μL) and elevated protein concentration (100 mg/dL) but were HSV-1 PCR negative. (antinmdafoundation.org)

Anatomy23

Organisms18

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs139

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment37

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes38

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care5

TLRs6

Signaling pathway3

Peptides3

TLR422

Secondary antibody2

Pattern recogniti2

Leucine rich re12

Immune20

Antigens5

Mitogen-activa3

Neutralizing antibody titers1

Genes5

Cytokine7

Kinase3

Interleukin2

TLR2 Antibody4

Inflammation4

Recognizes1

Monoclonal antibodies2

TLR53

Extracellular1

Transmembrane1

Gene8

Western blot analysis4

Inhibit1

Ligands1

Isotype1

P105 and p1001

Pathways1

Systemic3

Vaccines2

Antigen-specific1

Transcriptional1

Bind4

Immunoglobulin1

Peptide1

TLR92

Inflammatory4

TLR13

Recombinant3

Mitochondrial2

Serum6

Nucleic acid1

Affinity chromatography1

Pathogenesis3

Reagents1

Agonists1

Reactivity1

Membrane protein1

Antiphospholipid3

Inhibitors1

Molecules2

Avian1

Viral4

Comprises1

Biotin2

Concentration1