• The most widely understood role of RNA is in protein synthesis, which includes messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (see Chapter 2). (printerresource.com)
  • Base modifications occur primarily in tRNA and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and occur after the RNA is transcribed. (printerresource.com)
  • rRNA is the physical and mechanical factor of the ribosome that forces transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) to process and translate the latter into proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • In bacteria , a single RNA polymerase produces the primary transcript precursors for all three major classes of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The genome has also experienced a major reduction in tRNA gene content, including loss of functional tRNAs of both native and chloroplast origin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plant mitochondrial genomes contain genes for their own rRNA subunits as well as for some of the ribosomal proteins and tRNAs required for translation (Figure 1 ), but many necessary ribosomal protein and tRNA genes are located in the nuclear genome, so their gene products must be imported into the mitochondrion [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because bacteria do not contain nuclei, ribosomes bind to mRNA as it is being transcribed, and protein synthesis occurs simultaneously with transcription. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Exons, which contain the coding sequences for the proteins, are separated in pre-mRNA by introns , regions that have no coding function. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Gene expression also relies on extensive C-to-U (and sometimes U-to-C) RNA editing, in which substitution of specific pyrimidines in the mRNA sequence restores phylogenetically conserved codons [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The biological system is complex with many regulatory features such as DNA, mRNA, proteins, metabolites, and epigenetic features such as DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications (PTMs). (rsc.org)
  • Moreover, genetic and simple obesity share similar structural and functional features of dysbiosis, such as higher production of toxins with known potential to induce metabolic deteriorations (e.g. trimethylamine-N-oxide and indoxyl sulphate), higher abundance of genomes containing genes coding enzymes involved in the production of these toxic co-metabolites and higher abundance of pathways for biosynthesis of bacterial antigens (such as endotoxin) [13-15]. (deepdyve.com)
  • Of manually curated genomes, 22 (18 are complete), ranging from 159 kilobase (kb) to 527 kb in length, were found to encode the pmoC gene, an enzymatically critical subunit of the particulate methane monooxygenase, the predominant methane oxidation catalyst in nature. (nature.com)
  • Future work is needed to determine whether phage-associated PmoC has similar functions to additional copies of PmoC encoded in bacterial genomes, thus contributing to growth on methane. (nature.com)
  • The recently reported phage genomes range up to 735 kb in length and encode a diversity of genes involved in transcription and translation, as well as genes that may augment host metabolism 2 . (nature.com)
  • Augmentation of bacterial energy generation by auxiliary metabolic genes has been reported for phages with smaller genomes. (nature.com)
  • For example, a complete 16S rRNA gene sequence can be obtained by analyzing the sequences of genomes or large genome fragments, providing taxonomic information along with information on other functional genes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Angiosperm mitochondrial genomes also contain numerous introns, some of which have been split such that the resulting gene fragments must be transcribed separately and then trans- spliced together [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 13) The combined genetic contributions of these microbes - in excess of 1,000,000 protein-coding genes - provide traits not encoded in our own genomes. (mpkb.org)
  • In this study we designed a set of PCR primers for the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA sequence based on 64 complete mitochondrial genomes and then tested their efficacy. (lookformedical.com)
  • Alignment of sequences was performed for the excised mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA sequences, and conserved regions were identified for all 64 mitochondrial genomes. (lookformedical.com)
  • Sequenced genomes were classified using the seven-gene multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme and a core genome (cg)MLST scheme was used to determine phylogeny. (cdc.gov)
  • A. Ribosomal RNA analysis StructRNAfinder - predicts and annotates RNA families in transcript or genome sequences. (printerresource.com)
  • All ribosomal proteins (including the specific sequences that bind to rRNA) have been identified. (wikipedia.org)
  • SSU and LSU rRNA sequences are widely used for study of evolutionary relationships among organisms, since they are of ancient origin, are found in all known forms of life and are resistant to horizontal gene transfer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Environmental sequences of ten novel plastid lineages and structural innovations in plastid proteins confirm that plastids in apicomplexans and their relatives are widespread and share a common, photosynthetic origin. (elifesciences.org)
  • To obtain a better understanding of metabolically active microbial communities, we tested a molecular ecological approach using poly(A) tailing of environmental 16S rRNA, followed by full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis and sequencing to eliminate potential biases caused by mismatching of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer sequences. (frontiersin.org)
  • The four archaeal 16S rRNA sequences that were obtained using the poly(A) tailing method formed deeply branching lineages that were related to Candidatus "Parvarchaeum" and the ancient archaeal group. (frontiersin.org)
  • Considering the current limitations of NGS technology, full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences are better suited to downstream analytical methods such as fluorescence in situ hybridization. (frontiersin.org)
  • The original designs of most of the PCR primers used for the analysis of 16S rRNA genes were based on known sequences deposited in public databases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Specific sequences on DNA, called promoters , determine where the RNA polymerase binds and how frequently it initiates transcription. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • In a structural gene, the transcribed region contains the coding sequences that dictate the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • classification of new phytoplasmas associated with diseases of strawberry in florida, based on analysis of 16s rrna and ribosomal protein gene operon sequences. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • since the symptoms were suggestive of phytoplasma infection, plants were assayed for presence of phytoplasma by pcr amplification of 16s rdna and ribosomal protein (rp) gene sequences. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • analysis of 16s rrna gene sequences amplified by pcr indicated that the symptoms were associated with infection by a phytoplasma, designated strawberry yellows (strawy) phytoplasma. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • primers designed from sequences of the gene encoding the elongation factor tu (tuf gene) of several culturable mollicutes amplified most of the tuf gene from phytoplasmas of the aster yellows, stolbur and x-disease groups. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Thus, the PTGS degradation machinery in plants would lead to the elimination of the viral RNA, as long as the dsRNA trigger contains sequences homologous to the invading virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The HMP in particular includes, for each sample, both 16S rRNA gene surveys and shotgun metagenomic sequences, from a subset of the subjects recruited at two geographically distant locations in the United States. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, they neither markedly altered the core gut microbiome, which was dominated by three bacterial species, nor detectably colonized the gut environment after the 4-week probiotic treatment. (matis.is)
  • However, the gut microbiome of fish was significantly altered by both the protein source and the processing method of the BSF larvae. (matis.is)
  • Further, with advancing technologies, microbiome studies are shifting beyond the examination of the 16S rRNA gene, to include whole metagenome and metatranscriptome sequencing, as well as metabolome characterisation. (bmj.com)
  • In this review, we discuss considerations of the study design for each data feature, the limitations in gene and protein abundance and their rate of expression, the current data integration methods, and microbiome influences on gene and protein expression. (rsc.org)
  • In addition to the host regulatory mechanisms response to disease, the microbiome can make changes to the expression of the host features such as their genes, proteins, and/or PTMs. (rsc.org)
  • To understand the relationship between our bacterial microbiome and health, it is essential to define the microbiome in the absence of disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We describe the bacterial community composition of ten digestive tract sites from more than 200 normal adults enrolled in the Human Microbiome Project, and metagenomically determined metabolic potentials of four representative sites. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The bacterial microbiome of the human digestive tract contributes to both health and disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The study also demonstrates that the microbiota of hospital wastewater can serve as a reservoir of novel resistance genes, including previously uncharacterized carbapenemases with the potential to spread further. (biomedcentral.com)
  • human microbiota The bacterial community in the human body. (mpkb.org)
  • The sheer number of non-human genes represented by the human microbiota - there are millions in our "extended genome" 2) compared to the nearly 23,000 in the human genome - implies we have just begun to fathom the full extent to which bacteria work to facilitate their own survival. (mpkb.org)
  • Genes in the human microbiota far outnumber those in the human genome. (mpkb.org)
  • Taxonomic profile with the undigested microbiota was resolute through Illumina MiSeq pyrosequencing regarding 16S ribosomal RNA. (alksignal.com)
  • Eukaryotic rRNA has over 70 ribosomal proteins which interact to form larger and more polymorphic ribosomal units in comparison to prokaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Eukaryotic genes are transcribed in the nucleus by three different RNA polymerases , each principally responsible for one of the major classes of RNA. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • rRNA genes contain regions of variable DNA sequence that are unique to the species carrying the … Ribosomal RNA is transcribed from ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and then bound to ribosomal proteins to form small and large ribosome subunits. (printerresource.com)
  • Colonization of the gut starts just after birth when pioneering species interact, through surface receptors, with gut cells to promote the expression of a specific set of host genes and favour the colonization of commensal microorganisms [6]. (deepdyve.com)
  • Phylogenic information derived from the 16s rRNA is currently used as the main method of delineation between similar prokaryotic species by calculating nucleotide similarity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mitochondrial gene loss and functional transfer to the nucleus is an ongoing process in many lineages of plants, resulting in substantial variation across species in mitochondrial gene content. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 7) The human gut alone contains on average: 40,000 bacterial species, 8) 9 million unique bacterial genes and 100 trillion microbial cells. (mpkb.org)
  • The nuclear ribosomal repeats for the 18S, 5.8S, and 26S RNAs of two closely related Picea (spruce) species were characterized by restriction mapping and Southern blot hybridization. (lookformedical.com)
  • Therefore, in this study, to select P. odoriferum -specific genes, species-specific genes were selected using the data of the P. odoriferum JK2.1 whole genome and similar bacterial species registered with NCBI. (ppjonline.org)
  • We identified novel species-specific genes to detect and quantify targeted P. odoriferum and designed specific primer sets targeting HAD family hydrolases. (ppjonline.org)
  • In the present study, we searched the unreported phage genomic fragments from this lake for genes involved in methane oxidation. (nature.com)
  • CF27 exhibits a large number of genomic islands (mostly containing genes of unknown function), suggesting that a large number of genes has been acquired by horizontal gene transfer over time. (frontiersin.org)
  • The Giardia lamblia vsp gene repertoire: characteristics, genomic organization, and evolution. (mbl.edu)
  • This leads to accurate detection of both known and previously undescribed resistance genes in genomic and metagenomic sequence data. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2002). A large increase in nikkomycin production was obtained when an extra nikkomycin biosynthetic gene cluster was integrated into the genomic of Saccharopolyspora ansochromogenes (Liao et al. (mirnamimic.com)
  • In our study, the strategy of direct cloning based on Red/ET technology was applied to obtain the spinosyn biosynthetic gene cluster from the genomic DNA of S. spinosa, which is simple and convenient. (mirnamimic.com)
  • Two other major roles for noncoding RNA are in genome defense and in genetic regulation. (printerresource.com)
  • Using an RNA genome, many viruses are known to encode their genetic information. (printerresource.com)
  • To determine if ETBF-induced mutations impact the Apc gene, and other tumor suppressors or proto-oncogenes, we performed whole-exome sequencing and whole-genome sequencing on tumors isolated after ETBF and sham colonization of Apcmin/+ and Apcmin/+Msh2fl/flVC mice, as well as whole-genome sequencing of organoids cocultured with ETBF. (bvsalud.org)
  • In terms of the distribution of identified genes in a specific category relative to the whole genome, only the categories of PE/PPE and conserved hypotheticals have statistical significance. (hindawi.com)
  • The genome contains the fewest genes of any angiosperm mitochondrial genome sequenced to date, with intact copies of only 25 of the 41 protein genes inferred to be present in the common ancestor of angiosperms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1) "native" tRNAs encoded in the mitochondrial genome and inherited from the α-proteobacterial progenitor of mitochondria, 2) chloroplast-like tRNAs, which are also encoded in the mitochondrial genome but which were acquired by functional gene transfer from the chloroplast genome during land plant evolution, and 3) nuclear-encoded tRNAs imported from the cytosol. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 9) According to Asher Mullard, "Between them [the bacteria in our bodies], they harbor millions of genes, compared with the paltry 20,000 estimated in the human genome. (mpkb.org)
  • Vol 63: Ribosomal DNA Sequence Heterogeneity Reflects Intraspecies Phylogenies and Predicts Genome Structure in Two Contrasting. (lookformedical.com)
  • While there are reasonable approaches to map RNA secondary structures genome-wide, understanding how different RNAs interact to carry out their regulatory functions requires mapping of intermolecular base pairs. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • about 85% of the tuf gene from two aster yellows strains and a tomato stolbur phytoplasma was sequenced. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • It is, thus, plausible that hospital wastewaters could provide opportunities to find novel carbapenemases and other resistance genes not yet described in clinical strains. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite a lack of long-term colonization, the presence of the bacterial strains showed either beneficial or detrimental effects on the host through growth rate enhancement or reduction, as well as changes in fish motility under confinement. (matis.is)
  • This study offers insights into the effect of bacterial strains on a salmonid host and highlights three strains, Carnobacterium divergens V41, Pediococcus acidilactici ASG16, anti Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ISCAR-07436, for future research into growth promotion of salmonid fish through probiotic supplementation. (matis.is)
  • This work demonstrated the genetic diversity of several Mhp field strains based on 16 selected genes related to virulence and/or immune response in Brazil. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our findings demonstrate the difference between Mhp field strains could influence the virulence, and we hypothesize that the most frequent genes in Mhp field strains could possibly be used as vaccine candidates. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Based on our results, we suspect that Mhp genetic variability may be associated with the frequency of genes among the field strains and we have demonstrated that some Mhp field samples could not have many important genes described in the literature. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This work provided insight into the diversity of Mhp field strains based on 16 genes using PCR assay and bioinformatic analyses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Interestingly, s479 is not only encoded next to CRISPR-cas genes but the mature s479 contains a crRNA-like 5´ handle and experiments with Cas protein deletion strains indicate maturation by Cas6 and interaction with Cas proteins. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • Ribosomal RNA is transcribed from ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and then bound to ribosomal proteins to form small and large ribosome subunits. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because of these configurations, rRNA can form tight and specific interactions with ribosomal proteins to form ribosomal subunits. (wikipedia.org)
  • These interactions along with the association of the small and large ribosomal subunits result in a functioning ribosome capable of synthesizing proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • These are combined with ~50 ribosomal proteins to form ribosomal subunits. (wikipedia.org)
  • These ribosomal proteins contain basic residues (as opposed to acidic residues) and aromatic residues (i.e. phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan) allowing them to form chemical interactions with their associated RNA regions, such as stacking interactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, the effect of identified candidate mutations on protein stability and interactions was assessed quantitatively with well-established computational methods. (biomedcentral.com)
  • article{Schafer:2021, abstract = {RNA-RNA inter- and intramolecular interactions are fundamental for numerous biological processes. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • Sequencing of the RNA via classical RNA-seq and subsequent specialised bioinformatic analyses the result in the prediction of inter- and intramolecular RNA-RNA interactions. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • Existing approaches adapt standard RNA-seq analysis pipelines, but often neglect inherent features of RNA-RNA interactions that are useful for filtering and statistical assessment. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • Here we present RNAnue, a general pipeline for the inference of RNA-RNA interactions from DDD experiments that takes into account hybridisation potential and statistical significance to improve prediction accuracy. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • Bacteriophages (phages), viruses that infect and replicate within bacteria, are important in both natural and human microbiomes because they prey on bacterial hosts, mediate horizontal gene transfer, alter host metabolism and redistribute bacterially derived compounds via host cell lysis 1 . (nature.com)
  • Among the investigated mobile genetic elements, class 1 integrons (11% relative abundance to 16S rRNA genes) were the most abundant. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We analyzed the genetic profile of Mhp field samples using 16 genes that encode proteins involved in the mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis and/or the immune responses of the host. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In our work, we suggest the use of a PCR assay associated with bioinformatic tools for the analysis of genetic differences based on several Mhp genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent multi-omics studies have revealed the heterogeneity and complexity of tumor features such as their genetic mutations, transcriptome, proteins, and signaling pathways. (rsc.org)
  • The spinosyn-producing microorganism, S. spinosa, has been shown to be recalcitrant to genetic manipulation and gene transfer processes (Matsushima et al. (mirnamimic.com)
  • According to [5] the results of biochemical tests used for bacterial identification and bio-typing may show variability due to the action of environmental factors on gene expression, the low discriminatory power of microorganisms with little genetic variability, and the risk of erroneous interpretations. (peertechzpublications.com)
  • In this sense, RNAi has become a powerful genetic tool for selectively silencing gene expression in many eukaryotes [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, investigations into bacterial metabolism and genetic manipulation of the organism are especially difficult when cloned mutants cannot easily undergo selection and isolation in pure culture. (internationaltextbookofleprosy.org)
  • Distel, D. L., DeLong, E. F., and Waterbury, J. Epub … Bacterial Identification by 16S rRNA Gene Sequence Analysis Background All bacteria contain 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of approximately 1500 base pairs (bp) in length. (printerresource.com)
  • 6. I want to study ribosomal RNA expression and potential processing sites in bacteria. (printerresource.com)
  • They used a gene that encodes for 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in bacteria to characterize the nucleotide sequence of the bacillus from a patient with Whipple disease. (medscape.com)
  • The bacteria is gram negative, rod shaped and aerobic belongs to the bacterial family of pseudomonadanceae. (ukessays.com)
  • Neither approach relies on the host-bacteria being cultivable, but both largely lack the ability to differentiate between mobilized and non-mobilized genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • based methods for culturing bacteria have drastically underrepresented the size and diversity of bacterial populations. (mpkb.org)
  • Parallel samples from 51 chronic wounds were studied using aerobic culturing and 16S DNA sequencing for the identification of bacteria. (lookformedical.com)
  • In this study, we performed a new bioinformatics analysis on microarray-based gene expression data obtained from the public domain to explore genes that were differentially induced by drugs between the group of capreomycin and PA-824 and the group of mainly the first-line TB drugs. (hindawi.com)
  • catharanthus roseus genes regulated differentially by mollicute infections. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Transcriptomic analysis of ileal mucosa identified 487 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between two groups. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The involvement of RNA in such fundamental processes as protein synthesis and RNA processing has led to the idea that ribozymes were more common in early life. (printerresource.com)
  • These modifications are essential for their proper function in protein translation (see Chapter 13: Protein Synthesis). (printerresource.com)
  • rRNA is a ribozyme which carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • RNA polymerases differ from DNA polymerases in that they can initiate the synthesis of new strands in the absence of a primer. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The transcribed region of a gene contains the template for synthesis of an RNA, which begins at the start point. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The approach required the in vitro synthesis of large amounts of RNA involving high cost and considerable labour. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genes are transcribed by enzymes called RNA polymerases that generate a single-stranded RNA identical in sequence (with the exception of U in place of T) to one of the strands of the double-stranded DNA. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Mcl1 antiapoptotic protein is produced by Mtb -infected alveolar macrophages and is important for interrupting apoptosis in infected macrophages by regulating the mitochondrial membrane and blocking the release of cytochrome C and DNA-degrading enzymes [ 7 ⎼ 9 ]. (ajgreenchem.com)
  • 7 ] undertook the first metagenome-based community characterization on amplified 16S rRNA genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We selected a small RNA (s479) from H. volcanii for detailed characterization. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • Bioinformatic analyses were performed to classify the Mhp field samples based on their similarity according to the presence of the studied genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Through a clever multi-omics design, the authors were able to use three major types of integrated analyses to identify differences in encoded and expressed microbial functions that were involved in the BPA-degrading microbial community. (rsc.org)
  • Upregulation of these genes in the deletion strain was confirmed by northern blot and proteome analyses. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • Therefore, we only amplified the pUC replication origin, apramycin resistance gene, and oriT of RK2 from this plasmid as the linear cloning vector. (mirnamimic.com)
  • The c. 18-kb spinosyn genes in plasmid pUCAmT-spn served as the homologous sequence and guided a single-crossover homologous recombination to generate stable, apramycin-resistant exconjugants with all the genes duplicated. (mirnamimic.com)
  • This straightforward technique is particularly suitable for large DNA molecules and is therefore ideal for engineering PKS and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase pathways. (mirnamimic.com)
  • RNA polymerase III promoters differ significantly from RNA polymerase II promoters in that they are located downstream from the transcription start site and within the transcribed segment of the DNA. (printerresource.com)
  • Divergence in one region of 18S rRNA appears to be the result of a gene conversion event, in which recombination with a homologous gene of chloroplast origin led to the complete replacement of a helix in this ribosomal RNA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • According to a recent National Institutes of Health (NIH) estimate, 90% of cells in the human body are bacterial, fungal, or otherwise non-human. (mpkb.org)
  • High throughput sequencing of amplified integron gene cassettes identified a novel functional variant of an IMP-type (proposed IMP-81) carbapenemase gene (eight aa substitutions) along with recently described novel resistance genes like sul4 and bla RSA1 . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing and metagenomics, we resolved the microbial community composition on the North and South Shelves of Iceland, analyzed its evolution from 2011 to 2018, identified frequently occurring taxa, and predicted their potential metabolism. (matis.is)
  • Current evidence has been limited to mainly cross-sectional studies using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, attempting to answer the question 'who is there? (bmj.com)
  • This study compares the results of aerobic culturing and molecular testing (culture-free 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing), and it examines the relative abundance score that is generated by the molecular test and the usefulness of the relative abundance score in predicting the likelihood that the same organism would be detected by culture. (lookformedical.com)
  • NDM (0.9% relative abundance to 16S rRNA genes) was the most common carbapenemase gene, followed by OXA-58 (0.84% relative abundance to 16S rRNA genes). (biomedcentral.com)
  • A model is proposed where the relative levels of active antagonist (RsbV1) and switch-protein anti-sigma factor (RsbW) control the availability of σ 66 and subsequently act as a molecular 'throttle' for Chlamydia growth and development. (plos.org)
  • Protein structure and interaction modelling are used to understand the functional effects of putative mutations and provide insight into the molecular mechanisms leading to resistance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • LSU rRNA subtypes have been called ribozymes because ribosomal proteins cannot bind to the catalytic site of the ribosome in this area (specifically the peptidyl transferase center, or PTC). (wikipedia.org)
  • Microbes form most of the world's biomass: there are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a milliliter (gram) of fresh water. (mpkb.org)
  • This study provides evidence that a switch-protein kinase regulatory network controls availability of σ 66 , the main sigma subunit for transcription in Chlamydia . (plos.org)
  • article{marchfelder2021small, abstract = {The function and mode of action of small regulatory RNAs is currently still understudied in archaea. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • The EPS matrix is made up of polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids. (ukessays.com)
  • WGS was performed on all isolates to detect the presence of genes or mutations previously associated with resistance. (cdc.gov)
  • Recently, different strategies to detect RNA-RNA duplexes in living cells, so called direct duplex detection (DDD) methods, have been developed. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • The locus of the psl polysacchide genes encode the cells to adhere to a surface and thus maintaining the biofilm structure. (ukessays.com)
  • The sRNA gene is encoded between a CRISPR RNA locus and the Cas protein gene cluster, the s479 deletion strain is viable and was characterized in detail. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • Shotgun metagenomics revealed a total of 112 different mobile antibiotic resistance gene types, conferring resistance against almost all classes of antibiotics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, pmoC-phage abundance patterns correlate with those of the coexisting bacterial methanotrophs, supporting host-phage relationships. (nature.com)
  • Bacterial persistence in vivo is analogous to the stationary phase culture in vitro [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Common to all is the Psoralen-mediated in vivo RNA crosslinking followed by RNA Proximity Ligation to join the two interacting RNA strands. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • Subinhibitory concentrations of tetracycline affect virulence gene expression in a multi-resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. (mcmaster.ca)
  • In this research project we try to quantify the gene expression of the above genes pilB, pslA, lecA, ureB using rpoD as the house keeping gene. (ukessays.com)
  • The gene expression is quantified using real time PCR. (ukessays.com)
  • The results from the planktonic and biofilm gene expression results are compared. (ukessays.com)
  • Studies on the developmental onset of the teleost circadian clock have been carried out in zebrafish and, recently, in rainbow trout and Senegalese sole, where rhythms of clock gene expression entrained by light-dark (LD) cycles have been reported from the first days post fertilization. (researchgate.net)
  • tomato flower abnormalities induced by stolbur phytoplasma infection are associated with changes of expression of floral development genes. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • category proteins are NO)-induced membranes in Cancers non-pathological as the complex of basis, ligase, specific expression process and domain of tonoplast editing( Giralt JA and Greengard process, 2004). (erik-mill.de)
  • Representative σ 66 -dependent gene transcription was repressed in the absence of rsbV1 or upon increased expression of RsbW, and increased upon elevated expression of RsbV1. (plos.org)
  • The primary data for 1-step growth, 2-step growth and gene expression summarized in Figs 4 and 5 are available in the S1 Dataset in the supplementary information. (plos.org)
  • Other candidates that might play an auxiliary role in desilencing PY include TraY, which autoregulates its expression at the PY promoter (Silverman & Sholl, 1996), or another nucleoid-associated protein such as Lrp (Starcic-Erjavec et al. (mirnamimic.com)
  • In particular, with some exceptions such as olfactory receptors and genes involved in keratin production, transporter genes are significantly more heterogeneously expressed than are most non-transporter genes. (biorxiv.org)
  • these often differ significantly from the 'housekeeping' genes commonly used for normalisation in transcriptomics and qPCR studies. (biorxiv.org)
  • Moreover, it is well recognized that the excessive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics can affect the relative proportions of gut microbial populations and foster bacterial resistance [24]. (deepdyve.com)
  • RT027 isolates also showed higher MICs to clindamycin and moxifloxacin and were more likely to harbor associated resistance genes or mutations. (cdc.gov)
  • The lack of vanA/B genes or mutations consistently associated with elevated vancomycin MICs suggests there are multifactorial mechanisms of resistance. (cdc.gov)
  • The increased carbapenem resistance in isolates with acquired non-carbapenemase -lactamase genes suggests that horizontally transmitted mechanisms aside from carbapenemases themselves may be important drivers of the spread of carbapenem resistance in P. aeruginosa. (cdc.gov)
  • The analysis revealed that mutations in the genes rpoB (rifampicin), katG (isoniazid), inhA -promoter (isoniazid), rpsL (streptomycin) and embB (ethambutol) were responsible for the majority of resistance observed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • HMM accurately predicts the gene fragments belonging to specific gene classes, based on evolutionarily conserved domains [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This approach provides a reliable and potential tool, not only for plant protection against virus diseases, but also for the study of gene silencing mechanisms in plant virus infections. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants is a homology-dependent RNA degradation system designed to act as a natural defence barrier against virus infections [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • sequence and rflp analysis of the elongation factor tu gene used in differentiation and classification of phytoplasmas. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • In vitro analysis revealed that a putative switch-protein kinase regulator, RsbW, is capable of interacting directly with σ 66 , as well as phosphorylating its own antagonist, RsbV1, rendering it inactive. (plos.org)
  • Unlike microbial studies, where analysis of the 16S ribosomal DNA sequence is standard, the best gene for metazoan metagenetics is less clear. (lookformedical.com)
  • Thereafter, the specificity of the selected gene was tested through blast analysis. (ppjonline.org)
  • RNAnue: efficient data analysis for RNA-RNA interactomics. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • Fish fed BSFC+, had an increased diversity and evenness of the community compared with conventional protein sources alone, and compared with the other BSF processing methods. (matis.is)
  • Rhizobial diversity has been revealed by several methodologies, providing valuable information about bacterial genotypes that are well adapted to a certain environment. (benthamscience.com)
  • A gene is a segment of DNA that functions as a unit to generate an RNA product or, through the processes of transcription and translation, a polypeptide chain. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular human pathogen that exhibits stage-specific gene transcription throughout a biphasic developmental cycle. (plos.org)
  • While only 7 (0.1%) isolates harbored carbapenemase genes, 66 (6.5%) had acquired non-carbapenemase -lactamase genes, and these were more likely to have OprD dysfunction and be resistant to all carbapenems tested. (cdc.gov)
  • Our results indicate that ETBF-induced tumor formation results from loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of Apc, unless the mismatch repair system is disrupted, in which case, tumor formation results from new acquisition of protein-truncating mutations in Apc. (bvsalud.org)
  • A subset of the mutations identified in rpoB and katG were predicted to affect protein stability. (biomedcentral.com)
  • phytoplasmas are unculturable bacterial plant pathogens transmitted by phloem-feeding hemipteran insects. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • There are two formats in each immunoassay test: 1) sandwich format (for macromolecule detection, such as foodborne pathogens and allergen proteins). (peertechzpublications.com)
  • We identified four assembled fragments that encoded the enzymatically critical pmoC subunit of pMMOs. (nature.com)
  • These findings suggest a markedly expanded role for nuclear gene products in the translation of mitochondrial genes in S. latifolia and raise the possibility of altered selective constraints operating on the mitochondrial translational apparatus in this lineage. (biomedcentral.com)