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While Western powers on the Council - the US, France, Britain, Germany and Belgium - have expressed caution in reducing UN peacekeepers in Darfur, South Africa - along with Russia, China, and Indonesia - have argued that the Sudanese protests are an internal affair, and that the improved security situation in Darfur - in a mission led by South African diplomat, Kingsley Mamabolo - should be the main determinant of troop levels. (ipatc.joburg)
As South Africa prepares to chair the Council in October, some of the themes it is mulling include Women and Security, and Strengthening the UN's relations with African regional organisations. (ipatc.joburg)

Systematic human rights abuses, police brutality, violations of international law and fundamental rights, the Sahrawi people of Africa's last colony, Western Sahara, have endured decades of repression at the hands of Moroccan occupying forces. (left.eu)
Moroccan authorities also continued to block journalists and human-rights organisations from entering the territory and investigating abuses. (left.eu)
What followed was a sham effort at 'consultation' by the Commission, involving a strange assortment of groups such as Morocco's largest mining firm, officials elected illegally under Moroccan occupation, Moroccan state-owned companies and private corporate interests. (left.eu)
MEP Patricia Lalonde, was a board member at a secretive Morocco-based foundation, EuroMedA, alongside former Moroccan government ministers and state officials. (left.eu)
c) Locating Boujdour in Morocco is a tacit recognition of the Western Sahara as part of the Moroccan territory. (wsrw.org)
We express our strongest condemnation of the new aggression perpetrated by the Moroccan army against the Saharawi population, as well as our total rejection of the unacceptable behaviour of the Spanish Government in the face of the worrying events in Western Sahara. (pressenza.com)
We urge the Spanish Government to fulfil its obligations as the administering power of the Saharawi territory pending decolonisation so that the Saharawi population can gain access to their freedom and independence and, in turn, we demand that the Spanish Government immediately cease the sale and donation of arms to the Moroccan army. (pressenza.com)
We denounce the crimes against humanity committed by Morocco in the Occupied Territories of Western Sahara and the ongoing harassment and brutality with which the Moroccan apparatus of repression treats the Saharawi civilian population, activists and journalists. (pressenza.com)
This led to a reported shortage of gas in both Morocco and also Spain, which had previously received gas supplies through the Gazoduc Maghreb Europe (GME) pipeline, despite claims made by Moroccan officials that the move would have little impact. (dailytelegraph.co.nz)
Western Sahara is home to the Algerian-backed Polisario Front, a Sahrawi rebel national liberation movement aiming to end Moroccan presence in the territory. (cameroonconcordnews.com)
In 1991, Moroccan forces and Sahrawi rebels agreed on a UN-brokered truce and a referendum to settle the status of Western Sahara. (cameroonconcordnews.com)
Moroccan intelligence has exposed an Iranian-backed militia forming against Israel in the Sahara, with its leaders discussing a fresh wave of appalling attacks on the telephone. (express.co.uk)
Moroccan and Western intelligence suggests Iran is the common thread between this network of militias which it supports with arms, money and training to weaponise against the West in general and the US and Israel in particular. (express.co.uk)
While no other country than the United States has ever recognized Morocco's unilateral annexation of Western Sahara , [2] [3] a number of countries have expressed their support for a future recognition of Moroccan sovereignty over the territory as an autonomous part of the Kingdom . (decisivechro276.cfd)
The UN recognizes neither Moroccan [5] nor SADR sovereignty over Western Sahara. (decisivechro276.cfd)
Moroccan settlers currently make up more than two thirds of the 500,000 inhabitants of Western Sahara . (decisivechro276.cfd)
According to the Moroccan government, in 1958 the Moroccan Army of Liberation fought Spanish colonizers and almost liberated what was then Spanish Sahara. (decisivechro276.cfd)
[ citation needed ] The fathers of many of the Polisario leaders were among the veterans of the Moroccan Southern Army, for example the father of Polisario leader Mohammed Abdelaziz . (decisivechro276.cfd)
Initially, the Moroccan people rebelled against the occupying forces of France and Spain who had occupied Morocco at the 1906 Convention of Algeciras (Spain) with the consent of the Alaouite dynasty. (riftime.com)
During preliminary discussions of a state visit of Hassan II to the US in 1970, General Mohamed Medbouh is addressed by an American Senator on the corruption within Moroccan government circles. (riftime.com)
The area 446550km2 excludes all disputed territories, while 710850km2 includes the Moroccan-claimed and partially-controlled parts of Western Sahara (claimed as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic by the Polisario Front ). (explained.today)
The region constituting Morocco has been inhabited since the Paleolithic era over 300,000 years ago, and the first Moroccan state was established by Idris I in 788. (explained.today)

Western Sahara (Sahrawi Rep. (mbendi.co.za)
The state of Western Sahara or Sahrawi Republic lies along the coast of West Africa between Mauritania to its south and east, and Morocco on its northern border, and forms part of the West African region. (mbendi.co.za)
It formed a government-in-exile in 1976 and declared the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). (mbendi.co.za)
While the 1975 annexation and the resulting conflict forced tens of thousands of Sahrawi people into refugee camps in the desert, European countries and Morocco have remained fixed on exploiting the occupied territory's resources, such as fertile fishing grounds off the coast. (left.eu)
However, while the Court's judgment meant the European Commission would first need to obtain the consent of the Sahrawi people before finalising agreements with Rabat, the Commission went on to relaunch a new trade deal, the EU-Morocco Association Agreement. (left.eu)
notably France, Israel, Spain, and the Polisario Front that represents the national liberation movement for the Sahrawi people. (dailytelegraph.co.nz)
Another section, the Liberated Territories , is administered by the Polisario Front as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). (decisivechro276.cfd)

In May 1991, the Polisario Front and Morocco ended many years of fighting following a UN sponsored peace settlement. (mbendi.co.za)
Finally, in 1991, the Moroccans and the Polisario Front independent movement signed a ceasefire. (left.eu)

However the Polisario Front liberation movement continued its struggle to end all foreign occupation of its country. (mbendi.co.za)
Western Sahara , formerly the Spanish colony of Spanish Sahara , is a disputed territory claimed by both the Kingdom of Morocco and the Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro (Polisario Front) , which is an independence movement based in Tifariti and Bir Lehlou . (decisivechro276.cfd)
In the Western Sahara - which Morocco "stole" in 1975, and has occupied since with the strong support of Paris and Washington - Tshwane has been one of the few consistent backers of the Algeria-based POLISARIO Front liberation movement, which has lost many of its former African supporters. (ipatc.joburg)

Since 2016, consecutive rulings by the EU Court of Justice have ruled that Western Sahara is a "separate and distinct" territory from any country in the world, including Morocco, and that its people have a right to self-determination - as already concluded by the International Court of Justice in 1975 and repeated in well over 100 UN Resolutions. (wsrw.org)
Morocco annexed Western Sahara, a former Spanish colony, in 1975. (cameroonconcordnews.com)
Since the Madrid Accords of 1975, a part of Western Sahara has been administered by Morocco as the Southern Provinces . (decisivechro276.cfd)

They sadly went on to consolidate the illegal annexation by extending various EU-Morocco deals to cover Western Sahara. (left.eu)
Morocco maintains that Western Sahara is an integral part of the kingdom, but the international community has not recognized the annexation. (cameroonconcordnews.com)
The Annexation of Western Sahara by Morocco took place in two stages, in 1976 and 1979, and is considered illegal under international law . (decisivechro276.cfd)

Dubbed North Africa's new 'Cold War', the tensions between Morocco and neighboring Algeria threaten to escalate and the consequences of this have a lot more to do with Western meddling in the affairs of the two countries than meets the eye. (dailytelegraph.co.nz)
and pushing for closer cooperation between the UN Security Council and Africa's regional organisations. (ipatc.joburg)

The two operational wind farms, Foum el Oued and Aftissat, serve industrial end-users, such as Morocco's state-owned company OCP's subsidiary Phosboucraa, which illegally exploits the phosphate reserves of the Non-Self-Governing Territory. (wsrw.org)
However, he stressed that rejoining of the body did not mean an change in Morocco's stance on Western Sahara. (cameroonconcordnews.com)
Seen from afar, Morocco's 2011 events are the pitch-perfect tale of street protests with a happy ending: after huge pro-democracy demonstrations broke out, the government complied without firing a bullet and a reformed Constitution was approved by popular referendum. (ahmedbenchemsi.com)

In November 1984, the Polisario Front's SADR was recognised by the Organisation for African Unity leading to the withdrawal of Morocco from the OAU in protest. (mbendi.co.za)
Morocco withdrew from the AU in 1984, when the mineral-rich and sparsely populated Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) - commonly known as Western Sahara - was accepted as a member. (cameroonconcordnews.com)

The Lebanese Government and Hezbollah dispute the application of this resolution to Hezbollah, referring to it as a "resistance movement" and not a militia. (wikipedia.org)
Since 2012 Hezbollah is helping the Syrian government during the Syrian Civil War in the fight against the rebels, which Hezbollah has described as a Wahhabi-Zionist conspiracy to destroy its alliance with Syria against Israel. (wikipedia.org)
In 2013, it was reported that Hezbollah had ordered Hamas to leave Lebanon, on account of Hamas' support for forces fighting against the Syrian government of President Bashar Assad. (wikipedia.org)
In Western Sahara, Hezbollah and Iran have armed and trained the Polisario Front against Morocco. (express.co.uk)
The Lebanese terrorist organisation Hezbollah fires rockets into Israel on an almost daily basis, and terrorists have attempted to enter the country via the northern border forcing entire communities to be evacuated. (express.co.uk)
In a telephone transcript published by Die Welt between Mustafa Muhammad Lemine Al-Kitab, a Polisario officer in Syria responsible for the Middle East, and a Hezbollah agent, the two allegedly discussed the possibility of joint attacks against Israel with Hamas, Hezbollah, Algeria and Iran. (express.co.uk)

In 2016, the European Court of Justice reaffirmed that Morocco had no sovereignty over Western Sahara, meaning that the EU's agreements with Morocco cannot cover the territory. (left.eu)
In order to resolve the sovereignty issue, the UN has attempted to hold a referendum through the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), and is holding direct talks between the Kingdom of Morocco and the Polisario Front. (decisivechro276.cfd)

1. In four consecutive rulings, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has underlined that Western Sahara and Morocco are two 'distinct and separate' territories and that the legal prerequisite for economic activities in Western Sahara is the explicit consent of the Saharawi people. (wsrw.org)
He has reported from and lived in the occupied Palestinian territories and currently works with Quds News. (dailytelegraph.co.nz)
Western Sahara is listed by the United Nations (UN) as a non- decolonized territory and is thus included in the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories , which regards Spain as the de jure administering state. (decisivechro276.cfd)
Most of the continent lies in the tropics, except for a large part of Western Sahara , Algeria , Libya and Egypt , the northern tip of Mauritania , and the entire territories of Morocco , Ceuta , Melilla , and Tunisia which in turn are located above the tropic of Cancer , in the northern temperate zone . (wikipedia.org)

Rabat has denied most of the charges laid out against it by the Algerian government. (dailytelegraph.co.nz)
Because the government in Rabat sent Arabic-speaking officials to the Rif, among others, who spoke neither the native language of the area nor respected the traditions and customs of the Riffians. (riftime.com)

The UN's Deputy Secretary-General, Mark Malloch Brown, contests characterisations of the Lebanese militia as a terrorist organisation in the mould of al-Qaeda. (wikipedia.org)
Citing secret service reports and financial investigators, German publication Die Welt reports Tehran has been expanding its network for several years, including arming the Polisario Front militia against Morocco. (express.co.uk)

For all these reasons, we demand from the Spanish Government coherence and firmness in its defence of International Law and the support and respect for the legitimate right to freedom of the Saharawi people, as well as the formal recognition of the diplomatic status of the Polisario Front, as the sole and legitimate representative of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic. (pressenza.com)
He said that "first you are going to have them [Algeria and Morocco] seeking regional supremacy, through the arms race that we have been seeing for nearly a decade now, but also through the diplomatic race. (dailytelegraph.co.nz)
Morocco obviously normalized relations with Israel so it's expanding its diplomatic influence. (dailytelegraph.co.nz)
The 'Alawi dynasty , which rules the country to this day, seized power in 1631, and over the next two centuries expanded diplomatic and commercial relations with the Western world . (explained.today)

The final future of the state of Western Sahara will be settled when the forthcoming UN-supervised referendum is held in which the country's inhabitants must choose between independence or integration with Morocco. (mbendi.co.za)
However, Morocco has persistently worked to defer the referendum, which has still not taken place. (left.eu)

Since replacing Spain as coloniser, Morocco has attempted to control a territory about the size of the UK using military force to suppress free speech and pro-independence protests. (left.eu)
Following intermittent riots and revolts against colonial rule, in 1956, Morocco regained its independence and reunified. (explained.today)
Since independence, Morocco has remained relatively stable. (explained.today)

WSRW asks UN Member States to raise the rights of the people of Western Sahara, for whom Spain continues to bear responsibility. (wsrw.org)
WSRW has reason to assume that a shipment of fish oil from occupied Western Sahara was discharged this afternoon in the Netherlands. (wsrw.org)
In collaboration with Dachverband der Kritischen Aktionärinnen und Aktionäre, Western Sahara Resource Watch (WSRW) had - again - submitted questions relating to the legal foundations of SGRE's operations in Western Sahara. (wsrw.org)

The Kingdom of Morocco has officially submitted a request to accede to the African Union Constitutive Act, and therefore, become a Member of the Union," the statement read. (cameroonconcordnews.com)
The official position of the Kingdom of Morocco since 1963 is that all of Western Sahara is an integral part of the kingdom. (decisivechro276.cfd)
Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa . (explained.today)

A Japanese-Canadian vessel that transported conflict phosphate from occupied Western Sahara was yesterday received by a floating protest in New Zealand. (wsrw.org)
Ravensdown is "risking potentially disruptive direct action by refusing to allow port workers to register their protest at the importing of Blood Phosphate from the Western Sahara", says the New Zealand Rail and Maritime Transport Union. (wsrw.org)
Morocco has made an official request to join the African Union (AU) again more than four decades after leaving the pan-African bloc in protest at Western Sahara's membership. (cameroonconcordnews.com)

The bay of Mogán at Gran Canary Island will next week be covered in conflict sand from occupied Western Sahara. (wsrw.org)

Formerly the Spanish colony of Rio de Oro, Western Sahara was annexed by both Morocco and Mauritania when Spain withdrew in February 1976. (mbendi.co.za)
After Mauritania withdrew from the territory in August 1979, it was incorporated into and administered by Morocco. (mbendi.co.za)
Mauritania administers the western half of the Ras Nouadhibou Peninsula. (decisivechro276.cfd)
By land area, Mauritania is the 11th-largest country in Africa and the 28th-largest in the world, and 90% of its territory is situated in the Sahara . (alamoana.net)
historical Mauretania was considerably further north than modern Mauritania, as it was spread out along the entire western half of the Mediterranean coast of Africa. (alamoana.net)

Khalil and the rest of the Saharawi people object to Siemens Gamesa's projects in occupied Western Sahara. (wsrw.org)
The Saharawi people have time and again voiced their opposition against Siemens' activities in Western Sahara. (wsrw.org)
Saharawi protesters stood outside of SGRE's AGM, calling on the company to get out of their occupied homeland. (wsrw.org)
c) Does SGRE consider it necessary to obtain the consent of the Saharawi people for its activities in Western Sahara? (wsrw.org)
In the same vein, we request the mediation of the Spanish government so that the Saharawi prisoners, many of whom are unjustly sentenced to sentences of between 10 and 30 years, and even life imprisonment, are released as soon as possible. (pressenza.com)
We also urge Spanish companies to stop their plundering activity in Western Sahara, not only because it contravenes international law, but also because the only legitimate owner of these resources and their legal representative is the Saharawi population, whose fundamental rights are being trampled upon. (pressenza.com)
Through this manifesto, we ask civil society and its organisations to join this march for the freedom of the Saharawi people, for dignity, political and historical debts and, above all, for solidarity between peoples. (pressenza.com)

Strengthening ties to Arab nationalist governments-particularly Gamal Abdel Nasser's Egypt-he unsuccessfully advocated Pan-Arab political union. (everipedia.org)

With Israel's normalization, the feud between Algeria and Morocco is escalating. (dailytelegraph.co.nz)
Algeria justified its move further by citing examples, such as Morocco using the Israeli Pegasus spyware against Algerian officials, supporting terrorists groups, failing to uphold bilateral commitments, the normalisation of ties with Israel, and refusing to engage diplomatically on the Western Sahara issue. (dailytelegraph.co.nz)
Although many of the accusations made against Morocco by Algeria have been strongly denied, they nonetheless have a real impact on public perception of the two sides. (dailytelegraph.co.nz)
It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to the east , and the disputed territory of Western Sahara to the south . (explained.today)
It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Western Sahara to the north and northwest, Algeria to the northeast , Mali to the east and southeast , and Senegal to the southwest . (alamoana.net)

The former Legal Counsel to the UN Security Counsel, Mr. Hans Corell, comments on the EU's fisheries activities in Western Sahara. (wsrw.org)

At its AGM on 17 March 2021, the company again avoided answering questions related to their controversial operations. (wsrw.org)

What is the incentive for Morocco to engage in peace talks when it has Europe's consent to carry on ignoring international law? (left.eu)

Eventually, after the colonial powers had trained a new administrative elite, the national government was transferred to the Alaouite Monarchy in 1956. (riftime.com)

Morocco also claims Ceuta and Melilla , making up about 22.8km2 more claimed territory. (explained.today)
Morocco also claims the Spanish exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , and several small Spanish-controlled islands off its coast. (explained.today)

But amid all of this - negotiations, votes, rulings, resolutions - the fate of the people of the Western Sahara is at issue. (left.eu)
To date, Siemens has still to clarify whether or not it has ever obtained the explicit consent of the people of Western Sahara for its activities. (wsrw.org)
As such, the CJEU ruled, the people of Western Sahara have a right to consent in order for any commercial activity to lawfully affect their land. (wsrw.org)
In over 10 years, Siemens' assessment of its involvement in Western Sahara has not evolved, despite growing criticism from civil society organisations and the people holding the sovereign rights to the land: the Saharawis. (wsrw.org)
Also elsewhere in Morocco people were not happy with how the country was governed. (riftime.com)
It is obviously important for the Ethiopian Government to ensure that the nation's rights to benefit from its very important resource, the Blue Nile River, is fully protected and utilized for the benefit of the Ethiopian people with due regard to the needs of the Sudan and Egypt in compliance with international laws. (blogspot.com)

Within the military, he founded a revolutionary group which deposed the Western -backed Senussi monarchy of Idris in a 1969 coup. (everipedia.org)
[16] Morocco is a unitary semi- constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. (explained.today)
They do oppose the Makhzen (2) , and three of them demand what they call a "parliamentary monarchy": a system where an elected government would be fully in charge, leaving all but symbolic powers to the king. (ahmedbenchemsi.com)

The"barbaric attack," as described by Ennahar, Algeria's national broadcaster, killed 3 Algerians and generated a large outpour of rage from the Algerian government. (dailytelegraph.co.nz)
The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has said that it was no longer mandatory for the Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF) to refer to Gadgil panel's report while deciding applications for clearance for projects in permissible areas of the Western Ghats. (insightsonindia.com)

[15] Centuries of Arab migration to the Maghreb since the 7th century shifted the demographic scope of Morocco. (explained.today)

This file photo released by China's Xinhua news agency shows an African Union summit at the headquarters in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. (cameroonconcordnews.com)
Alastair McPhail, "Her Majesty's Ambassador to Ethiopia" as described in the UK government site, is cited in the EBC report as saying that the meeting was on elevating UK-Ethiopia strategic partnership in peace, military and related areas. (blogspot.com)

The agreements in question are in the portfolio of Nareva, the wind energy company that is owned by the king of Morocco, who bears a personal responsibility for the continued occupation of the last colony in Africa. (wsrw.org)

Lemine Al-Kitab allegedly offered to support the Polisario Front, but stressed that its resources were not yet sufficient to attack the Israeli embassy in Morocco. (express.co.uk)
In South Sudan, Tshwane has worked to support the country's peace accord, and along with Moscow and Beijing, opposed Western efforts to credit sanctions with contributing to stability in the country. (ipatc.joburg)

Mali's military has increasingly been establishing closer ties with the Russian government and military. (midwesternmarx.com)

Western Sahara, a former Spanish province, has been in exile, repression and occupation for 45 years, without having been given a solution in accordance with international law. (pressenza.com)
Despite the enormous power in men and equipment of the French and Spanish armies, it took more than twenty years to get Morocco and the Rif under control. (riftime.com)

Although the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) treats the status of Western Sahara as 'undetermined', its lack of reference to its current effective partition, considering the existence of the Polisario-held areas, indicates an acceptance of Morocco as the administering power in the entire territory. (decisivechro276.cfd)
As is the global norm, India has notified its bird flu-free status to the World Organisation for Animal Health headquartered in Paris. (insightsonindia.com)

a) Does SGRE agree with the ECJ, the UN and the International Court of Justice that Western Sahara is a Non-Self-Governing Territory, and not a region of another country? (wsrw.org)

He also put forward changes to the residence permission law in Germany, noting that the reforms would see many more applicants "voluntarily" leave the western European state. (cameroonconcordnews.com)
On 7 June 1965 a state of emergency was declared and the then ruler Hassan II sent the government home, suspended parliament, and suspended the constitution, leaving all power in his hands. (riftime.com)
The hydro and wind energy projects are allowed in the Western Ghats subject to stringent and applicable conditions and that projects already under consideration of the respective State Environment Impact Assessment Authorities and MoEF on the date of issue of draft notification will be considered under the then existing regulations. (insightsonindia.com)
Ethiopian State Media, EBC among others, had news coverage about the meeting. (blogspot.com)

This armed resistance, which lasted from 1912 to 1933, is seen as the fiercest anticolonial battle waged against the western powers. (riftime.com)

post-socialist Prosecutors to France building crop in 1960, the Excellence of impact context for upsurge, and boreal noise Also began Cote d'Ivoire one of the most violent of the ethnic Western masses but became also restore it from limited m-d-y. (tassenkuchenblog.de)

Under international law, Western Sahara is not a legal part of Morocco and it remains under the international laws of military occupation . (decisivechro276.cfd)

Ruling by decree, he deported Libya's Italian and Jewish minorities and ejected its Western military bases. (everipedia.org)

To blame for the attack, according to the authorities, was "the Zionist entity [Israel]" and a "North African country," broadly interpreted to have meant Morocco. (dailytelegraph.co.nz)
The Marinid and Saadi dynasties otherwise resisted foreign domination, and Morocco was the only North African nation to escape Ottoman dominion. (explained.today)

For a decade now, different branches of Siemens - in particular Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE) - have been delivering, installing and servicing wind turbines in occupied Western Sahara. (wsrw.org)

and in the south [of Lebanon] and in the Shebaa farms, and it will also break out in the Western Sahara and there will be a unified resistance. (express.co.uk)
Resistance to power has a long history in Morocco. (riftime.com)

Organisms1

Phenomena and Processes1

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena9

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Humanities1

Information Science3

Health Care6

Publication Characteristics1

Geographicals7

South Africa2

Moroccan22

Sahrawi7

19912

Liberation3

19753

Annexation3

Africa's2

Morocco's3

19842

Hezbollah6

Sovereignty2

Territories4

Rabat2

Militia2

Diplomatic4

Referendum2

Independence3

WSRW3

Kingdom of Moro3

Protest3

Conflict1

Mauritania5

Saharawi7

Strengthening1

Algeria5

EU's1

20211

Talks1

19561

Ceuta2

People6

Monarchy3

National2

Scope1

Ethiopia2

Africa1

Support2

Ties1

Years2

Status2

Territory1

State4

Powers1

France1

International law1

Jewish1

African2

Decade1

Resistance2