Plastid. Medical search. Frequent questions

The plastome contains about 100 genes encoding ribosomal and transfer ribonucleic acids (rRNAs and tRNAs) as well as proteins involved in photosynthesis and plastid gene transcription and translation. (wikipedia.org)
Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, an analysis of codon usage within highly expressed plastid ORFs revealed differential codon usage within the DB regions of highly expressed genes as compared with the overall codon usage within the chloroplast, similar to observations in E. coli. (cornell.edu)
Effects of Tobacco Plastid Division Genes NtFtsZ1 and NtFtsZ2 on the Division and Morphology of Chloroplasts [J]. J Integr Plant Biol. (jipb.net)
We sampled three molecular markers, plastid genes rbcL and atpB, and the trnL-trnLF spacer region, and covered one-third of the generic diversity of Sapindales. (edu.au)
A phylogeny also was constructed using 11 plastid genes from various red algae, green plants, haptophytes, cryptophytes, and photosynthetic heterokonts. (ecu.edu)
In this study, we analyzed all genes from sequenced plastid genomes to unearth any neglected cases of HGT and to obtain a measure of the overall extent of HGT to the plastid. (biomedcentral.com)
Most of the plastid genes are involved in gene expression however there are a number of open reading frames (ORFs) of unknown function. (ucl.ac.uk)
The glaucophyte plastid coding capacity is highly conserved (112 genes shared) and the architecture of the plastid chromosomes is relatively simple. (pacb.com)
Pairwise distances estimated from 19 different plastid genes revealed that the highest sequence divergence between glaucophyte genera is frequently higher than distances between species of different classes within red algae or viridiplants. (pacb.com)

Although previously unrecognized, plastids in deep-branching apicomplexans are common, and they contain some of the most divergent and AT-rich genomes ever found. (elifesciences.org)
We make structural comparisons to Psilotum and Adiantum plastid genomes. (usu.edu)
Here, we extend the recently described Genome BLAST Distance Phylogeny (GBDP) strategy to compute phylogenetic trees from all completely sequenced plastid genomes currently available and from a selection of mitochondrial genomes representing the major eukaryotic lineages. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results indicate that, at this taxonomic level, plastid genomes are much more valuable for inferring phylogenies than are mitochondrial genomes, and that distances based on breakpoints are of little use. (biomedcentral.com)
To quantify the overall extent of HGT in plastid genomes, we searched exhaustively for HGT among the 42 sequenced plastid genomes available when this study began. (biomedcentral.com)
Plastid genomes from diverse glaucophyte genera reveal a largely conserved gene content and limited architectural diversity. (pacb.com)
Although the Glaucophyta plastids appear morphologically "ancestral," they actually bear derived genomes not radically different from those of red algae or viridiplants. (pacb.com)

However, these proteins only represent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. (wikipedia.org)
We show here that PLASTID REDOX INSENSITIVE 2 (PRIN2) and CHLOROPLAST STEM-LOOP BINDING PROTEIN 41 kDa (CSP41b), two proteins identified in plastid nucleoid preparations, are essential for proper plant embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
Martin Schattat and colleagues used a photoconvertible fluorescent protein (mEosFP) to test the transfer of proteins in differentially colored plastids. (isaaa.org)
Based on these results, fluorescent proteins are not transferred between plastids. (isaaa.org)
Environmental sequences of ten novel plastid lineages and structural innovations in plastid proteins confirm that plastids in apicomplexans and their relatives are widespread and share a common, photosynthetic origin. (elifesciences.org)
The gene activation system described here will be useful to probe plastid gene function and for the production of recombinant proteins in chloroplasts. (elsevierpure.com)
Import of nuclear-encoded proteins into plastids serves as anterograde signals and vice versa, plastids themselves send retrograde signals to the nucleus, thereby controlling de novo synthesis of nuclear-encoded plastid proteins. (elsevierpure.com)
Recently, it has become increasingly evident that the ubiquitin-proteasome system regulates both the import of anterograde plastid proteins and retrograde signaling from plastids to the nucleus. (elsevierpure.com)
Although demonstrated only low photosynthetic activity, the plastids found in young leaves accumulated both photosynthetic pigments and proteins required for photophosphorylation and carbon fixation. (huji.ac.il)

We used fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate organelles, rolling circle amplification (RCA) to amplify the plastid genome, followed by shotgun sequencing to 8X depth coverage, and then we assembled these reads to obtain the plastid genome sequence. (usu.edu)
Using the most treelike distance matrices, as judged by their δ values, distance methods are able to recover all major plant lineages, and are more in accordance with Apicomplexa organelles being derived from "green" plastids than from plastids of the "red" type. (biomedcentral.com)
Red algae and green plants are known to have obtained their photosynthetic organelles, or plastids, through the endosymbiotic adoption of cyanobacteria. (ecu.edu)
Malaria parasites have two DNA containing organelles, a mitochondrion and a plastid. (ucl.ac.uk)
As an important group of plant cellular organelles, the molecular mechanism of plastid division is poorly understood. (jipb.net)
Plastids are DNA-containing organelles and can have unique differentiation states depending on age, tissue, and environment. (elsevierpure.com)

This short slide set describes how many characteristics of mitochondria and plastids are explained by their endosymbiotic origins. (berkeley.edu)

Chloroplast biogenesis and function is essential for proper plant embryo and seed development but the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of plastids during embryogenesis are poorly understood. (frontiersin.org)

They are colourless plastids. (edumarz.com)

The reported sequences are the first genome-scale plastid data available for these three poorly studied glaucophyte genera. (pacb.com)
Kuroda, H 2001, ' Complementarity of the 16S rRNA penultimate stem with sequences downstream of the AUG destabilizes the plastid mRNAs（共著） ', Nucleic Acids Research , vol. 29, pp. 970-975. (elsevierpure.com)

To investigate the phylogenetic relationship of these Tulipa species a Bayesian analysis was undertaken using the ITS nuclear marker and trnL-trnF, rbcL and psbA-trnH plastid markers. (cam.ac.uk)
These and a previously identified complex microsatellite in the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer were used to identify plastid DNA haplotypes for European samples, with sampling focused on England, Denmark and Sweden. (unifr.ch)

Examples include chloroplasts (used for photosynthesis), chromoplasts (used for pigment synthesis and storage), and leucoplasts (non-pigmented plastids that can sometimes differentiate). (wikipedia.org)
In land plants, plastids that contain chlorophyll can carry out photosynthesis and are called chloroplasts. (wikipedia.org)
They may develop into any of the following variants: Chloroplasts: typically green plastids used for photosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
During the development of proplastids to chloroplasts, and when plastids convert from one type to another, nucleoids change in morphology, size and location within the organelle. (wikipedia.org)
However, the division of labor between PEP and NEP during plastid development and in mature chloroplasts is unclear. (frontiersin.org)
These organisms display one of the most puzzling symbiotic features observed in the animal kingdom, i.e., their mollusk-plastid association, which enables them to retain photosynthetic active chloroplasts (i.e., kleptoplasts) retrieved from their algae feed sources. (unl.pt)
The different phenotypes of chloroplasts in antisense and sense transgenic plants implied that different members from the same ftsZ gene family may have similar function in controlling plastid division. (jipb.net)

Even in organisms where the plastids have lost their photosynthetic properties, the plastid is kept because of its essential role in the production of molecules like the isoprenoids. (wikipedia.org)
The phylum Apicomplexa comprises human pathogens such as Plasmodium but is also an under-explored hotspot of evolutionary diversity central to understanding the origins of parasitism and non-photosynthetic plastids. (elifesciences.org)
It is still widely debated as to how other eukaryotic alga such as haptophytes, cryptophytes, and photosynthetic heterokonts obtained their plastids, although all are believed to be descended from a red alga. (ecu.edu)
Furthermore, they show that a plastid was passed from a red alga, first to cryptophytes, then to photosynthetic heterokonts, and finally to haptophytes in a series of endosymbioses. (ecu.edu)
Schreiber, John M.. The Acquisition of a Plastid by Haptophytes, Cryptophytes, and Photosynthetic Heterokonts . (ecu.edu)
Here, the photosynthetic activity and plastids development throughout leaf maturation is characterized by biochemical and ultrastructural analyses. (huji.ac.il)

a plastid-encoded bacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP) and a nuclear-encoded phage-type RNA polymerase (NEP), which recognize distinct types of promoters. (frontiersin.org)
A phylogenetic analysis of the wild Tulipa species (Liliaceae) of Kosovo based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequence. (cam.ac.uk)
This review will focus on the mechanism through which the ubiquitin-proteasome system optimizes plastid biogenesis and plant development through the regulation of nuclear-plastid interactions. (elsevierpure.com)

plastós: formed, molded - plural plastids) is a membrane-bound organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms. (wikipedia.org)
[17] In addition to multicellular brown algae, it is estimated that more than half of all known species of microbial eukaryotes harbor red-alga-derived plastids. (wikipedia.org)

Demonstration of plastid transformation via somatic embryogenesis utilizing non-green tissues as recipients of foreign DNA for the first time overcomes two of the major obstacles in extending this technology to important crop plants. (upenn.edu)
Early embryogenesis in Tropaeolum majus L.: Diversification of plastids. (docksci.com)
Key words: Tropaeolum, Embryogenesis - Differentiation - Plastids - Ultrastructure. (docksci.com)

The Complete Plastid Genome Sequence of Angiopteris evecta (G. Forst) " by J. M. Roper, S. K. Hansen et al. (usu.edu)
The Complete Plastid Genome Sequence of Angiopteris evecta (G. Forst) Hoffm. (usu.edu)
Further taxon sampling of clpP and ycf2 resulted in rejection of HGT due to long-branch attraction and a serious error in the published plastid genome sequence of Oenothera elata , respectively. (biomedcentral.com)

They often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and the types of pigments in a plastid determine the cell's color. (wikipedia.org)

additionally, some organisms sequester ingested plastids in a process that is known as kleptoplasty. (wikipedia.org)
Near-complete expression of a diatom's plastid genome in one foraminiferal species suggests kleptoplasty or sequestration of functional plastids, conferring a metabolic advantage despite the host living far below the euphotic zone. (lu.se)

This plastid belongs to the "PS-clade" (of the cyanobacteria genera Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus). (wikipedia.org)

Plastid biogenesis is optimized by bidirectional communication between plastids and the nucleus. (elsevierpure.com)

All plastids are derived from proplastids, which are present in the meristematic regions of the plant. (wikipedia.org)
Plant proplastids (undifferentiated plastids) may differentiate into several forms, depending upon which function they perform in the cell. (wikipedia.org)
Paternal Inheritance of Plastid DNA in Genus Pharbitis[J]. J Integr Plant Biol. (jipb.net)
Localization of Two GFP-tagged Tobacco Plastid Division Protein NtFtsZs in Escherichia coli [J]. J Integr Plant Biol. (jipb.net)
Recent studies have revealed that the homologs of ftsZ gene, an essential prokaryotic cell division gene, are involved in plastid division process of plant cells. (jipb.net)

A single new case, a bacterial rpl36 gene transferred into the ancestor of the cryptophyte and haptophyte plastids, appears to be a true HGT event. (biomedcentral.com)
The plastid acquisition of a bacterial rpl36 gene via HGT provides the first strong evidence for a sister-group relationship between haptophyte and cryptophyte plastids to the exclusion of heterokont and alveolate plastids. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, the bacterial gene has replaced the native plastid rpl36 gene by an uncertain mechanism that appears inconsistent with existing models for the recombinational basis of gene conversion. (biomedcentral.com)

In this thesis, genome-level regressions, analyses of residuals, and Fisher's exact tests were used to determine how these three eukaryotic algal groups obtained their plastids. (ecu.edu)
This is the ancient transfer of the rubisco operon ( rbcL and rbcS ) from a proteobacterium into the common ancestor of red algal plastids and their secondary derivatives [ 16 ], a case that is revisited in this study. (biomedcentral.com)

therefore plastids, ER and BnCLIP were observed in live transgenic plants using confocal microscopy. (uoguelph.ca)

In eugregarines, however, plastids are either abnormally reduced or absent, thus increasing known plastid losses in eukaryotes from two to four. (elifesciences.org)

Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA. (wikipedia.org)
The proplastid contains a single nucleoid located in the centre of the plastid. (wikipedia.org)

A light and electron microscopic study revealed an early diversification of the plastids in the various regions of the suspensor and the embryo proper. (docksci.com)
This paper deals with the differentiation of the plastids during early development of the suspensor and the embryo proper. (docksci.com)

Plastids can also store products like starch and can synthesize fatty acids and terpenes, which can be used for producing energy and as raw material for the synthesis of other molecules. (wikipedia.org)

Enzyme production in planta may lower these production costs, and the potential for high protein yields from plastid transformation makes this an attractive platform for cellulolytic enzyme production. (cornell.edu)

leucoplasts sometimes differentiate into more specialized plastids: Amyloplasts: for starch storage and detecting gravity (for geotropism) Elaioplasts: for storing fat Proteinoplasts: for storing and modifying protein Tannosomes: for synthesizing and producing tannins and polyphenols Depending on their morphology and function, plastids have the ability to differentiate, or redifferentiate, between these and other forms. (wikipedia.org)

The team developed Arabidopsis lines expressing plastid-targeted mEosFP. (isaaa.org)

Plastid DNA markers are used here to gain an understanding of variation within and between populations and of biogeographical patterns. (unifr.ch)

No analogous case of plastid-to-plastid transfer has been reported, but these mitochondrial discoveries recommend a thorough assessment of plastid HGT. (biomedcentral.com)

It is the name given to all the colour pigments plastids synthesized in plants. (edumarz.com)

Analysis of codon usage within the downstream box regions tested showed that high-level protein accumulation correlated with frequently used plastid codons. (cornell.edu)
To test the system, we introduced an inactive gfp* gene into the tobacco plastid genome downstream of the selectable spectinomcyin resistance (aadA) marker gene. (elsevierpure.com)

Plastid ja neis sisalduvad lisandid on kõikjal meie igapäevaelus. (thinkbefore.eu)

We report here high-level expression of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) in cultured cells, roots, and leaves of carrot (Daucus carota) via plastid genetic engineering. (upenn.edu)

The mechanisms of paternal plastids DNA inheritance in Pharbitis is unclear. (jipb.net)

This study provides the first demonstration of the role that plastid-ER MCSs play in living cells to modulate the shape and dynamic behaviour of plastids. (uoguelph.ca)

The authors proposed that dilution, exclusion and/or degeneration of maternal plastid, including their DNA, after fertilization should be considered. (jipb.net)

The inheritance of plastid DNA in Pharbitis was studied by the method of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). (jipb.net)

Fluorescent protein-based imaging revealed that transient tubules extend and retract from plastids. (uoguelph.ca)

This study found that BnCLIP marked sites where the ER and plastids maintained prolonged contact and where plastid tubules extended by apparent pulling force from the ER. (uoguelph.ca)
however, little evidence has been found for HGT to the plastid genome, despite extensive sequencing. (biomedcentral.com)
Interestingly, this rpl36 gene is a distantly related paralog of the rpl36 type found in other plastids and most eubacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
To date, only a single non-intron example of HGT to the plastid has been found. (biomedcentral.com)
The evidence found thus far for HGT to the plastid proceeded from studies of a particular gene or intron. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy7

Organisms26

Chemicals and Drugs15

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes16

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Genes10

Genomes7

Proteins9

Organelles6

Mitochondria1

Chloroplast1

Colourless plastids1

Sequences2

TrnL-trnF2

Chloroplasts7

Photosynthetic6

Nuclear3

Algae2

Embryogenesis3

Genome sequence3

Photosynthesis1

Kleptoplasty2

Cyanobacteria1

Biogenesis1

Plant5

Bacterial3

Algal2

Transgenic plants1

Eukaryotes1

Nucleoid2

Embryo2

Synthesis1

Transformation1

Leucoplasts1

Arabidopsis1

Markers1

Mitochondrial1

Pigments1

Downstream2

Meie1

Expression1

Mechanisms1

Demonstration1

Exclusion1

Restriction1

Protein1

Found5