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Complete set of chromosomesGenes and chromosomesHumansNucleusDouble the chromosomeGeneticCentromereSpeciesRecombination eventsAutosomesGenomicDivergenceDiploidSister chromatidsPhylogeneticAbstract2023AnaphaseMeioticOrganismsDegenerationTraitsAxesAssayMigrateMeiosisSuggestsBotanyCellsCytogeneticInheritanceProteinsBiologyOrganizationMicrotubulesSpindleMitoticPairsOccursGenerateMaizePhysiologyDifferencesCellSegregateFruitEvolutionWheatIdenticalRearrangementsADAPTATIONAncestorsLargelyRevealCultivarsDuplication2021PresentAnimal and plantPotentiallyPollinatorsAgricultureFoundStructure
Complete set of chromosomes2
  • When this happens, it is necessary to pass the entire genome to the resulting two daughter cells in order to ensure that each gets a complete set of chromosomes. (learner.org)
  • Unlike unfertilized eggs, these laboratory-made eggs had a complete set of chromosomes and genes. (msdmanuals.com)
Genes and chromosomes3
Humans5
Nucleus3
  • The nucleus of the plant cell is on the inside of the plant cell in most opinions is the brain and power behind the cell. (protopage.com)
  • Chromosomes, the thread-like structures, are found in the cell nucleus of all animal and plant cells. (leatoc.pics)
  • In the nucleus of each body cell, DNA is organized into chromosomes, which exist as chromosome pairs - with each member of a pair carrying the same set of genes. (learner.org)
Double the chromosome2
  • The endomitotic cycle (endomitosis) starts with a normal prophase (endoprophase), after which the chromosome contracts further (endometaphase), their sister chromatids separate from each other (endoanaphase) and decondense to assume the interphase nuclear structure, resulting in polyploid cells, with double the chromosome number (endopolyploidy) at the end of each cycle. (scielo.br)
  • Crossing Gossypium-hirsutum with G- armourianum and treating the hybrid with colchicine to double the chromosome number resulted in hexaploid cotton plants containing 78 chromosomes instead of the 52 chromosomes present in commercial cultivars. (cdc.gov)
Genetic12
  • Plant sex determination systems evolved from hermaphroditic ancestors, with multiple sex determining genes involved, and genetic degeneration of Y chromosomes likely due to rare recombination between these loci. (consensus.app)
  • The requirement that recombination should be rare between these different loci is probably the chief reason for the genetic degeneration of Y chromosomes. (consensus.app)
  • Certain genetic traits are linked to a person's sex and are passed on through the sex chromosomes. (leatoc.pics)
  • Some genes have a variety of different forms found at the same genetic position or locus on a chromosome. (leatoc.pics)
  • Maize ( Zea mays L.) is a monocot plant of considerable agronomic importance that has served as a genetic model system for over a century [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Its genetic information is organized in 20 chromosomes in a diploid constitution (2n = 2x = 20). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In order to enable analyses of genome structure and evolution we generated a chromosome-scale genome assembly using genetic linkage as well as (end) sequencing of long DNA fragments. (doe.gov)
  • The independent research group Meiosis (ME) primarily funded by the European Research Council (project MEIOBARMIX) is interested in the process of plant meiosis that generates genetic variation through homologous recombination. (ipk-gatersleben.de)
  • Traditional plant breeding, that harnesses natural genetic variation arising during meiosis, will have a key role to deliver crop improvements in the near future. (ipk-gatersleben.de)
  • However, particularly in cereal crops including barley meiotic recombination events are limited and skewed towards chromosome ends whereby a large portion of the genetic information keeps untapped in breeding programs. (ipk-gatersleben.de)
  • Genetic Modification of Plants. (lu.se)
  • The new plant is thus an exact genetic copy of the original one. (msdmanuals.com)
Centromere3
Species15
  • Polytene chromosomes are structures found in highly specialized tissues in some animal and plant species, which are amplified through successive cycles of endoreduplication, finally producing several copies of each chromosome. (scielo.br)
  • In plants, polytene chromosomes have been observed in only a few species, and seemed to be restricted to ovary and immature seed tissues, e.g., in Phaseolus coccineus and P. vulgaris (Nagl, 1981), until relatively recently, when they were observed in the cells of the anther tapetum of Vigna unguiculata (Guerra and Carvalheira, 1994) and of some Phaseolus species (Carvalheira and Guerra, 1994). (scielo.br)
  • Holocentric chromosomes have evolved several times during both animal and plant evolution, and are currently reported in about eight hundred diverse species, including plants, insects, arachnids, and nematodes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Before molecular methods became available, the presence of holocentric chromosomes was evaluated mostly using cytology and, considering that many species are difficult to study cytologially, it can be surmised that the true presence of holocentrism may be underestimated. (wikipedia.org)
  • The presence of holocentric chromosomes has been up till now assessed in about 800 species, including insects, plants, arachnids, and nematodes, suggesting that, in general, holocentric chromosomes probably originated by convergent evolution from ancestors possessing monocentric chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • For most of the species, data about holocentrism are related to the analysis of the behaviour of chromosomes during anaphase migration since holocentric sister chromatids migrate in parallel to the spindle poles, in contrast to monocentric ones in which pulling forces are exerted on a single chromosomal point and chromosome arms trail behind. (wikipedia.org)
  • They identified nine independently evolved sex chromosomes in a wider variety of fly species than had previously been examined and determined that these newly formed X-chromosomes have become dosage compensated, to balance the relative gene expression between males and females. (phys.org)
  • In previous research (Nature, July 2013), UC Berkeley scientists Beatriz Vicoso, Ph.D., and Doris Bachtrog, Ph.D., determined that genes on the so-called "dot chromosome," or fourth chromosome, of the fruit fly Drosophilia melanogaster are X-linked in three other related fly species. (phys.org)
  • Most flowering plants are hermaphrodites, but around 6% of species are dioecious, having separate male and female plants. (plantsuccess.org)
  • Cyril Dean Darlington used cytogenetics (chromosome microscopy) to classify species, and delineate the origins of food crops (above map, shows the crops). (holidayrecipestocook.com)
  • They have been observed in over 2800 species of plants, animals and fungi, including numerous maize accessions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This universal approach can be modified for chromosome number detection in other species, not only for the B chromosome but also for any other chromosome in aneuploid constitution. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this context, droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) offers an elegant solution to simplify the assessment of B chromosomes not only in maize but also in many other species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • You can't identify a species just by its number of chromosomes , and it's not the number that matters, as much as the information contained on those chromosomes. (dnacenter.com)
  • Therefore, our study systems often include multiple plant- and insect species that form small interaction networks. (lu.se)
Recombination events1
  • Experiments using NILs homozygous for chromosomes with recombination events within the 0.8 cM Eps-A(m)1 region showed that the differences in number of spikelets per spike were linked to the differences in heading time controlled by the Eps-A(m)1 locus. (cas.cz)
Autosomes3
Genomic3
  • B chromosomes are classified as dispensable genomic components tolerated by cells, which are transmitted to progeny despite providing no benefit in most cases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Linkage mapping using different populations identified a major QTL in the genomic region that contains the gene Waxy ( Wx ) on chromosome 6. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Propelled by rapid advances in genomic technologies, recent studies with duckweed again highlight the potential of these small plants to enable discoveries in diverse fields from ecology to chronobiology. (osti.gov)
Divergence2
  • The wide divergence of the sex chromosomes suggests a long period of adaptation to diverging sex-specific roles. (plantsuccess.org)
  • Much of what we know about the drivers of plant phenotypic divergence and fitness stems from studies that focus on specialized pollination systems. (lu.se)
Diploid1
  • The earliness per se locus Eps-A(m)1 was recently mapped within a 0.8 cM interval on chromosome 1A(m)L of diploid wheat Triticum monococcum L., and it was shown that its effect was modulated by temperature. (cas.cz)
Sister chromatids1
  • Holocentric chromosomes are also termed holokinetic, because, during cell division, the sister chromatids move apart in parallel and do not form the classical V-shaped figures typical of monocentric chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Phylogenetic1
  • In addition, there are several taxa whose chromosomes are still uncharacterized, though their phylogenetic position suggests that they should have holocentric chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Abstract1
  • Abstract: "Frequent sex chromosome transitions in Dipterans. (phys.org)
20231
Anaphase2
  • What happens in a plant cell during anaphase? (leatoc.pics)
  • In anaphase, each pair of chromatids separates into two identical chromosomes, which are pulled to opposite ends of the cell by spindle fibers. (leatoc.pics)
Meiotic4
  • However, holocentric chromosomes may also present limitations to crossing over, causing a restriction of the number of chiasma in bivalents, and may cause a restructuring of meiotic divisions resulting in an "inverted" meiosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • 6 ]). These chromosomes are not essential and to maintain themselves in the population, they exploit a non-Mendelian mode of inheritance-in plants, most commonly through post-meiotic non-disjunction in the gametophyte [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • TurboID-based proteomic profiling of meiotic chromosome axes in Arabidopsis thaliana. (ipk-gatersleben.de)
  • The meiotic topoisomerase VI B subunit (MTOPVIB) is essential for meiotic DNA double-strand break formation in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Plant Reprod. (ipk-gatersleben.de)
Organisms1
  • Furthermore, the mechanisms contributing to maintaining B chromosomes in a population are partly based on processes contradicting generally accepted biological laws in all living organisms. (biomedcentral.com)
Degeneration1
Traits3
  • B chromosomes have been the target of countless studies due to their dispensability, making them an attractive tool for studying their impact on the host plant, acting as a mediator for introducing new traits [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Minor QTLs controlling starch viscosity traits were identified by using the chromosome segment substitution strategy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We investigate the direct effects of polyploidization on phenotypic traits of importance for plant-insect interactions (e.g. floral scent and morphology), using different ploidy-types of the plant Lithophragma bolanderi as model. (lu.se)
Axes1
  • In particular, they hypothesized that if the direction of kinetochore origin turns by 90° and occurs along the chromosome axes up to the telomeric regions, it is possible to "generate" holocentric chromosomes without any further step. (wikipedia.org)
Assay1
  • We developed a droplet digital PCR assay using specific primers and a TaqMan probe for the B-chromosome-linked gene and a single-copy reference gene on maize chromosome 1. (biomedcentral.com)
Migrate1
Meiosis1
  • In an elegant process called meiosis, each sex cell receives one member of each chromosome pair-23 total. (learner.org)
Suggests1
  • These and other findings revealed that the fruit fly's "dot chromosome" had descended from a differentiated X chromosome and suggests that several of the chromosome's puzzling features are remnants of its heritage as a sex chromosome. (phys.org)
Botany1
  • 2 thoughts on "Cyril Darlington, "Chromosome Botany: and, the Origin of Cultivated Plants", 1963. (holidayrecipestocook.com)
Cells9
Cytogenetic5
  • R-banding is a cytogenetic technique that produces inversion of G-band staining on chromosomes. (leatoc.pics)
  • Currently, assessing the number of B chromosomes in maize largely depends on cytogenetic analyses, which are laborious and time-consuming. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The protocol significantly improves the efficiency of B chromosome number assessment in maize compared to cytogenetic approaches. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To date, B chromosome dosage in maize has mostly relied on cytogenetic analyses such as chromosome staining or fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using PCR-based techniques avoids the main bottleneck in cytogenetic workflows, which typically restricts the analysis to specific tissue types limited to particular stages of plant development. (biomedcentral.com)
Inheritance2
  • Darlington was among the first to propose a model for the chromosome organelle with the role of DNA in chromosome inheritance. (holidayrecipestocook.com)
  • The characteristic of the B chromosome is its irregular inheritance. (biomedcentral.com)
Proteins2
  • A chromosome consists of proteins and DNA organized into genes. (leatoc.pics)
  • Chromosome 4 probably contains 1000 to 1100 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. (leatoc.pics)
Biology3
  • BMC Plant Biology. (usda.gov)
  • Their tiny size, rapid growth by clonal propagation, and facile uptake of labeled compounds from the media were attractive features that made them a well-known model for plant biology from 1950 to 1990. (osti.gov)
  • In: Houben A (Ed.): Chromosome Biology 2021. (ipk-gatersleben.de)
Organization4
  • This organization of chromosomes represents the animal's genome and it carries all of the information necessary for reproducing another animal of that type. (learner.org)
  • In this study, we constructed the first comprehensive physical map of wheat chromosome arm 5DS, thereby exploring its gene space organization and evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we provide a chromosome-specific view into the organization and evolution of the D genome of bread wheat, in comparison to one of its ancestors, revealing recent genome rearrangements. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Image analysis workflows to reveal the spatial organization of cell nuclei and chromosomes. (ipk-gatersleben.de)
Microtubules2
  • and ii) possess multiple kinetochores dispersed along the entire chromosomal axis, such that microtubules bind to the chromosome along its entire length and move broadside to the pole from the metaphase plate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Holocentric chromosomes were described for the first time by Franz Schrader in 1935, who identified chromosomes with a diffuse kinetochore (or with a diffuse kinetochore activity), making these chromosomes able to bind to microtubules along their entire length rather than at a single primary constriction, as is typical of chromosomes with centromeres. (wikipedia.org)
Spindle2
  • A detailed molecular analysis of the structure of holocentric chromosomes is currently available only for the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, whereas the presence of true holokinetic nature has also been confirmed in other taxa by the evidence that experimentally induced chromosome fragments continue to attach to the spindle and segregate correctly. (wikipedia.org)
  • During telophase, chromosomes begin to decondense, the spindle breaks down, and nuclear membranes and nucleoli regenerate. (leatoc.pics)
Mitotic1
Pairs6
Occurs1
  • Before the first occurs, all of the chromosomes are duplicated just as they are in body cell reproduction, but what happens next is different: the two duplicated strands remain attached to each other as the members of each chromosome pair move alongside each other. (learner.org)
Generate1
  • We also find that benign abiotic conditions, low degree of competition, and high interactive range between the plants and antagonistic herbivores or mutualistic pollinators can generate a higher level of diversification in both herbivores and pollinators. (lu.se)
Maize2
  • As maize is one of the most important crops worldwide, research on the maize B chromosome has been pioneering in the field. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we report a rapid and straightforward protocol for determining the number of B chromosomes in maize plants. (biomedcentral.com)
Physiology2
  • For this reason, they have been very important in elucidating chromosome fine structure and physiology, especially in diptera. (scielo.br)
  • This review details the anatomy, development, physiology, and molecular characteristics of the Lemnaceae to introduce them to the broader plant research community. (osti.gov)
Differences2
  • Despite these differences, holocentric chromosomes present intrinsic benefits since chromosomal mutations, such as fissions and fusions, are potentially neutral in holocentric chromosomes with respect to monocentric ones. (wikipedia.org)
  • This was explained by the large size differences in the Y chromosome (37.6 Mb) compared with the X chromosome (26.9 Mb). (plantsuccess.org)
Cell14
Segregate1
  • In the endoreduplication cycle, the chromatid number is duplicated, but they do not segregate, and after various endoreduplication cycles, larger and thicker chromosomes are produced, called polytenics. (scielo.br)
Fruit2
Evolution4
  • proposed that holocentrism can be easily acquired during plant and animal evolution by a slight difference in the kinetochore origin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sex determination systems in plants have evolved many times from hermaphroditic ancestors (including monoecious plants with separate male and female flowers on the same individual), and sex chromosome systems have arisen several times in flowering plant evolution. (consensus.app)
  • Tracing the Evolution of Shiitake Mushrooms Understanding Lentinula genomes and their evolution could provide strategies for converting plant waste into sugars for biofuel production. (doe.gov)
  • In these networks, we study plant and insect trait evolution, and the role of trait diversification for gene flow and local adaptation. (lu.se)
Wheat2
  • A similar effect on spikelet number was detected in the distal region of chromosome 1AL in common wheat (T. aestivum L. (cas.cz)
  • In the absence of a finished quality genome sequence, insights into wheat genome structure and function have been accumulating through survey sequencing of individual chromosomes or chromosome-specific Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) libraries. (biomedcentral.com)
Identical1
  • Because bananas of the same type are virtually genetically identical, if one plant becomes infected, all of the other trees in a plantation are also susceptible . (theconversation.com)
Rearrangements1
  • As a consequence of their diffuse kinetochores, holocentric chromosomes may stabilize chromosomal fragments created by accidental double-strand breaks, preventing loss of the fragments and favouring karyotype rearrangements. (wikipedia.org)
ADAPTATION1
  • This suggest that dioecious plants provide a novel source of genes for manipulation of reproductive performance and environmental adaptation in crops. (plantsuccess.org)
Ancestors1
  • Many biologists, including Charles Darwin 8 have explored the unique ecological characteristics and evolutionary origins of dioecious plants, which have evolved on more than 100 different occasions from monoecious ancestors 9 . (nature.com)
Largely1
  • This protein family is largely expanded in land plant genomes. (frontiersin.org)
Reveal1
  • Chromosome testing can reveal whether a newborn is a boy or a girl on the rare occasions when it is not clear. (leatoc.pics)
Cultivars2
  • Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for starch paste viscosity in rice were analyzed using chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) developed from the two cultivars 9311 and Nipponbare, which have same Wx-b allele. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Three different methods of back cross breeding were undertaken in attempts to transfer the caducous bract from the hexaploid plants to tetraploid commercial cultivars. (cdc.gov)
Duplication1
  • In plants, the most dramatic form of mutation is polyploidization, the duplication of the chromosome set. (lu.se)
20211
Present1
  • Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a widespread phenotype in plants, which present a defect in the production of functional pollen. (frontiersin.org)
Animal and plant1
Potentially1
  • and for revealing potentially novel strategies in plant defense and genome maintenance. (osti.gov)
Pollinators1
  • I am interested in understanding how plants and their interactors (pollinators, seed predators, herbivores) respond to changing environments. (lu.se)
Agriculture1
  • The ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture acknowledges the Traditional Owners of Country throughout Australia and their continuing connection to lands, waters and communities. (plantsuccess.org)
Found3
  • Drs. Bachtrog and Vicoso also found evidence of female-biased expression of these chromosomes in the gonads, as expected if sexual antagonism in the form of opposing selective pressures in males versus females played an important role in shaping the expression of this chromosome. (phys.org)
  • Smaller insertions found only in the X chromosome totalled 877 kb. (plantsuccess.org)
  • Male and female plants may have evolved to accommodate factors such as differing reproductive resource allocation requirements under the stress of the desert environment in which the plants are found. (plantsuccess.org)
Structure1
  • In this paper some aspects of the occurrence of plant polytenes will be summarized along with the structure and function of these chromosomes. (scielo.br)