• The pigmented layer of retina or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is the pigmented cell layer just outside the neurosensory retina that nourishes retinal visual cells, and is firmly attached to the underlying choroid and overlying retinal visual cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Epithelial transport: As mentioned above, RPE compose the outer blood-retinal barrier, the epithelia has tight junctions between the lateral surfaces and implies an isolation of the inner retina from the systemic influences. (wikipedia.org)
  • All identified variants affect either a retina-predominant transcript or are hypomorphic, suggesting a basis for a nonsyndromic retinal phenotype. (nature.com)
  • This cell layer supports and nourishes the retina and is involved in growth and development of the eye, maintenance of the retina, and the normal function of specialized cells called photoreceptors that detect light and color. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Tam's multimodal imaging uses adaptive optics-a technique that employs deformable mirrors to improve resolution-to view live cells in the retina, including the light-sensing photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, and blood vessels in unprecedented detail. (nih.gov)
  • The 'inverted' arrangement of the vertebrate retina, in which light has to pass through several inner layers of its neural apparatus before reaching the photoreceptors, has long been the butt of derision by evolutionists who claim that it is inefficient, and therefore evidence against design. (answersingenesis.org)
  • This article reviews the reasons for our having the inverted retina and why the opposite arrangement (the verted retina), in which the photoreceptors are innermost and the first layer to receive incident light, would be liable to fail in creatures who have inverted retinas. (answersingenesis.org)
  • The other two tunics of the eye's posterior segment are the white tough fibrous sclera which is outermost and continuous with the cornea anteriorly, and the choroid , a pigmented and highly vascular layer which lies sandwiched between the retina and sclera. (answersingenesis.org)
  • The retina consists of ten layers (Figure 3), of which the outermost is the dark retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) which because of its melanin pigment is opaque to light. (answersingenesis.org)
  • The development of methods for efficient gene transfer to terminally differentiated retinal cells is important to study the function of the retina as well as for gene therapy of retinal diseases. (nih.gov)
  • The neural retina consists of several layers of neurons interconnected by synapses and is supported by an outer layer of pigmented epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • therefore, the optic nerve must cross through the retina en route to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • [6] In contrast, in the cephalopod retina, the photoreceptors are in front, with processing neurons and capillaries behind them. (wikipedia.org)
  • This complexity has made studying the retina - and retinal diseases - a major challenge in the past. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • and in the retina they are the so-called "retinal organoids", which are beautiful preformed tissues, which can be used for analysing drugs and diseases. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • Chris - Because in a real retina in an animal, and even in a human, that retinal pigment epithelium layer would be at the back of the eye and the photoreceptors - the rods and cones - would nuzzle up against it wouldn't it? (thenakedscientists.com)
  • And the two have an important conversation because the retinal pigment epithelium keeps the retina healthy and it recycles various components and cleans up debris? (thenakedscientists.com)
  • So the thing is that, in the normal retina organoids, the pigment epithielium cells are present, however they are not coming into the natural state of interaction, so they are not in the right positioning just due to the culture method itself. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • In many forms of human retinal disease, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the underlying pathogenesis resides within the support cells of the retina, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). (ca.gov)
  • Occasionally, traction may occur on the peripheral retina, perifoveal macula, or retinal blood vessels as a PVD occurs. (aao.org)
  • Retinal tears (breaks) are often the result of vitreous traction on the retina during or after a PVD or secondary to ocular trauma. (aao.org)
  • Histologic examination of retinal tears reveals that the vitreous adheres to the retina along the flap of the tear. (aao.org)
  • In the area of retina separated from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), there is loss of photoreceptors. (aao.org)
  • In the retina, they are highly numerous in the photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) due to their high energetic requirements. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • The fundus retinal images are directly captured from human eye that includes some other landmarks like microcirculation system of the retina, macula, optic disc, fovea, microaneurysm, and exudates [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • We are particularly interested in studying the outer retina, consisting of photoreceptor neurons, retinal pigment epithelial cells, and choriocapillaris blood vessels. (nih.gov)
  • Our lab develops and uses adaptive optics, eye movement correction and optical microscopy technologies to improve the non-invasive visualization of the retina to the point that individual retinal structure and function and can be visualized at the cellular and even sub-cellular scale. (stanford.edu)
  • Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness, is characterized by the death of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), which is a monolayer posterior to the retina that supports the photoreceptors. (ca.gov)
  • AMD begins in the outer blood-retina barrier -- eye tissue that supports the retina's light-sensing photoreceptors. (scienceboard.net)
  • The outer blood-retina barrier consists of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which is separated from the blood-vessel rich choriocapillaris by Bruch's membrane, which regulates the exchange of nutrients and waste between the choriocapillaris on one side and the RPE on the other. (scienceboard.net)
  • Johnny Tam, Ph.D., head of the NEI Clinical and Translational Imaging Unit combined adaptive optics with indocyanine green dye to view live cells in the retina, including light-sensing photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and choroidal blood vessels. (southfloridahospitalnews.com)
  • The macula is part of the eye's retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue mostly composed of the eye's visual cells: cone and rod photoreceptor cells. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
  • The retina also contains a layer called the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which has several important functions, including light absorption, cleaning up cellular waste, and keeping the other cells of the eye healthy. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
  • SFRP5 and SFRP1 may be involved in determining the polarity of photoreceptor cells in the retina. (innov-research.com)
  • Among the baseline characteristics, serous pigment epithelial detachment (B = - 2.580, P = 0.032) and thick-choroid (B = 1.980, P = 0.019) were significantly associated with recurrence. (plos.org)
  • Thinner choroid and serous pigment epithelial detachment appear protective for recurrences. (plos.org)
  • The present study investigated the effects of GSK2606414 on proliferation, apoptosis, and the expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), CCAAT/enhancer‑binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Defined culture of human embryonic stem cells and xeno-free derivation of retinal pigmented epithelial cells on a novel, synthetic substrate. (ca.gov)
  • On day nine, they seeded retinal pigment epithelial cells on the reverse side of the scaffold. (scienceboard.net)
  • They may lead to treatment protecting corneal epithelial cells in dry eye patients and for better and safer gene therapy delivery for retinal degeneration patients. (arvo.org)
  • Degradation of photoreceptor outer segments (POS) by retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is essential for vision, and studies have implicated altered POS processing in the pathogenesis of some retinal degenerative diseases. (wisc.edu)
  • Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders that often lead to photoreceptor degeneration. (nature.com)
  • Tam is using multimodal imaging on a variety of other rare retinal diseases and more common ones including age-related macular degeneration. (nih.gov)
  • The efficient gene transfer into photoreceptor cells by HIV vectors will be useful for gene therapy of retinal diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa. (nih.gov)
  • Activation of the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 signaling pathway has been reported in numerous retinal degenerative diseases including AMD ( 16 ), glaucomatous retinopathy ( 19 ) and diabetic retinopathy ( 20 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • These findings have identified an alternative source of replacement tissue for use in human retinal cellular therapies, and provide a new in vitro cellular model system in which to study RPE diseases affecting human patients. (ca.gov)
  • Choroidal and retinal neovascularization plays an essential role in various ocular diseases. (molvis.org)
  • We have characterised retinal mitochondrial ageing in a key vertebrate model organism, that provides a basis for future studies of retinal diseases that are linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • These extracted markers or characterized fundus digital image features provide insights and relates quantitative retinal vascular topography abnormalities to various pathologies such as diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, hypertensive retinopathy, transient ischemic attack, neovascular glaucoma, and cardiovascular diseases. (hindawi.com)
  • Retinal microvascular abnormalities like microaneurysm, arteriovenous nicking, haemorrhages, and vessel caliber are considered as associative to the stroke and indicative of death from stroke and IHD (Ischemic Heart Diseases) [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The findings are important because they provide new information about the mechanism of glucose and lactate transport to cone photoreceptors and because they may become the basis for therapies for retinal degenerative diseases. (elifesciences.org)
  • OCT has been routinely used in measuring retinal thickness for the evaluation of ME caused by diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, hereditary retinal degenerations, retinal vein occlusion, after cataract surgery, epiretinal membrane (ERM) and uveitis. (bmj.com)
  • The technique may provide a theoretically unlimited supply of patient-derived tissue to study retinal diseases, along with a physiologically relevant model for studying RPE-choriocapillaris interactions under healthy and diseased conditions. (scienceboard.net)
  • Precision genome editing agents can enable gene correction and disease rescue in inherited retinal diseases, according to University of California, Irvine. (scienceboard.net)
  • During AMD progression, the RPE is damaged, accompanied by a disruption of the choroidal blood-eye barrier and degeneration of photoreceptors. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Kanadia R.N., Clark V.E., Punzo C., Trimarch J., Cepko C.L. Temporal requirement of the alternative splicing factor Sfrs1 for the survival of retinal neurons. (umassmed.edu)
  • Neural signals from the rods and cones undergo processing by other neurons, whose output takes the form of action potentials in retinal ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • Moreover, fukutin may be involved in synaptic functions of retinal neurons through the glycosylation of α-DG. (intechopen.com)
  • Phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segment (POS) membranes: POS are exposed to constant photo-oxidative stress, and they go through constant destruction by it. (wikipedia.org)
  • What Chris mentioned - the phagocytosis of parts of the photoreceptors, which is an extremely important process - and this will actually be also one of our future targets to really look in detail how this process is going on. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • Our results demonstrate that iPS cells can be differentiated into functional iPS-RPE and that transplantation of these cells can facilitate the short-term maintenance of photoreceptors through phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments. (ca.gov)
  • Expression of RPE-specific markers was assessed by flow cytometry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunocytochemistry, and RPE function was determined by phagocytosis of rod outer segments and secretion of pigment epithelium-derived factor. (ca.gov)
  • It regulates many physiologic processes that include cell survival, migration, differentiation, and PHAGOCYTOSIS of apoptotic cells and ROD PHOTORECEPTORS in the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. (bvsalud.org)
  • Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is characterized by serous neurosensory retinal detachment at the posterior pole due to leakage from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) [ 1 - 5 ]. (plos.org)
  • Persistent serous retinal detachment in a patient with chronic CSC can lead to permanent visual impairment due to RPE decompensation and disruption of the photoreceptor ellipsoid zone [ 1 , 2 , 12 , 13 ]. (plos.org)
  • If this series of events does not stabilize or reverse with recanalization of the occluded retinal vessels, the subsequent end-stage results may be retinal infarction and/or detachment. (medscape.com)
  • Wet AMD is characterized by choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and the subsequent development of hemorrhage, exudation, scarring or retinal detachment. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • PVD is important in the pathogenesis of many conditions, including retinal tears and detachment, macular hole formation, and vitreous hemorrhage. (aao.org)
  • Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) occurs when vitreous traction and fluid currents resulting from eye movements combine to overcome the forces maintaining retinal adhesion to the RPE. (aao.org)
  • Garweg JG, Tappeiner C, Halberstadt M. Pathophysiology of proliferative vitreoretinopathy in retinal detachment. (aao.org)
  • The widely accepted pathogenesis for sickle cell retinopathy is vasoocclusion that leads to retinal hypoxia, ischemia, infarction, neovascularization, and fibrovascularization. (medscape.com)
  • The major observation considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of retinal lesions is abnormalities in the internal limiting membrane formed by Müller cells, which is corresponding to the glia limitans formed by astrocytes in the brain. (intechopen.com)
  • Determining the role of DYNC2H1 variants in nonsyndromic inherited retinal disease (IRD). (nature.com)
  • Enabling specific genetic diagnosis is a high priority for research on inherited retinal disease, as identified by the James Lind Alliance Sight Loss and Vision Priority Setting Partnership - a consultation with patients, relatives, carers and eye health professionals. (fightforsight.org.uk)
  • The RPE is composed of a single layer of hexagonal cells that are densely packed with pigment granules. (wikipedia.org)
  • Secretion: The RPE is an epithelium which closely interacts with photoreceptors on one side but must also be able to interact with cells on the blood side of the epithelium, such as endothelial cells or cells of the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gamm's laboratory at the Waisman Center utilizes stem cell technology to investigate the cellular and molecular events that occur during human retinal differentiation and generate cells for use in human retinal disease modeling and cell-based rescue or replacement strategies. (wisc.edu)
  • To meet these goals, Gamm utilizes a variety of human cell types, including ES and iPS cells, which have the capacity to mimic retinal development and disease, as well as to delineate the genetic "checkpoints" necessary to produce particular retinal cell types. (wisc.edu)
  • Bestrophin-1 is found in a thin layer of cells at the back of the eye called the retinal pigment epithelium . (medlineplus.gov)
  • This results in atrophy and death of the RPE cells and subsequently the photoreceptors leading to central blindness. (frontiersin.org)
  • Assessment of cell densities (photoreceptors and RPE cells) near VMD lesions revealed differences in cell density according to the various mutations. (nih.gov)
  • The RPE cells have fine hair-like projections on their inner surface called microvilli which lie between and ensheath the tips of the photoreceptor outer segments. (answersingenesis.org)
  • Hafler B.P., Surzenko N., Beier K.T., Punzo C ., Trimarchi J.M., Kong J.H., Cepko C.L. (2012) Transcription factor Olig2 defines subpopulations of retinal progenitor cells biased toward specific cell fates. (umassmed.edu)
  • In this study, we have evaluated the ability of HIV vectors to transfer genes into retinal cells. (nih.gov)
  • The GFP gene under the control of the cytomegalovirus promoter was efficiently expressed in both photoreceptor cells and retinal pigment epithelium. (nih.gov)
  • However, the use of the rhodopsin promoter resulted in expression predominantly in photoreceptor cells. (nih.gov)
  • Although the overlying neural tissue is partly transparent, and the accompanying glial cells have been shown to act as fibre-optic channels to transport photons directly to the photoreceptors, [7] [8] light scattering does occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • Christopher - So these are the so-called "retinal pigment epithelium" cells, which inter with these light-sensitive cells - the photoreceptors - to keep them alive and to really have these functionality between these two. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • and what is really astonishing, you just see that when on the side where the organoids faces to these retinal pigment epithelium cells and not to the other side. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • So we already see that we have an attraction of the photoreceptors to the RPE, and what we can also see, which is really astonishing, is that photoreceptor segments are taken up - so recycled - by the retinal pigment epithelium cells. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • As a monolayer of cells critical to photoreceptor function and survival, the RPE is an ideally accessible target for cellular therapy. (ca.gov)
  • Long-term visual function is maintained in this model of retinal disease even though the xenografted cells are eventually lost, suggesting a secondary protective host cellular response. (ca.gov)
  • After any retinal injury in experimental conditions, glial cells are activated and undergo reactive gliosis with increased an expression level of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), which leads to overgrowth of outer Müller glial cell processes. (molvis.org)
  • in the photoreceptor (light-sensitive) cells, and also at the surface of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer, where it meets the photoreceptors. (fightforsight.org.uk)
  • RPE cells lie underneath the photoreceptors and take care of these essential cells. (fightforsight.org.uk)
  • The premise that motivates all the work in my lab, is that after the first few days of life most retinal cells are post-mitotic, and thus early detection and treatment of disease are paramount for preventing vision loss. (stanford.edu)
  • Dr Ratnayaka said: "We now understand the technical process required to produce such high resolution 3D reconstructions of retinal tissues which is an exciting foundation to carry out further studies into deteriorating cells in the eye. (macularsociety.org)
  • The retina's RPE is a layer of pigmented cells essential to the nourishment and survival of photoreceptors. (southfloridahospitalnews.com)
  • The differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into retinal pigment epithelium for therapeutic use to treat acute macular degeneration. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
  • The "spotlights" represent the use of single-cell RNA sequencing to reveal the gene expression state of cells at early, mid, and late time points of retinal pigment epithelium differentiation. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
  • The cells of the RPE also nourish and maintain the eye's photoreceptor cells, which is why one of the most promising treatment strategies for age-related macular degeneration is to replace aging, degenerating RPE cells with new ones grown from human embryonic stem cells. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
  • None of the differentiation protocols proposed for clinical trials have been scrutinized over time at the single-cell level - we know they can make retinal pigment cells, but how cells evolve to that state remains a mystery," Gioele La Manno, PhD, a researcher with EPFL's Life Sciences Independent Research (ELISIR) program, noted in a news release. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
  • This allowed them to map out all the transient states within a population as they grew into retinal pigment cells, but also to optimize the protocol and suppress the growth of non-RPE cells, thus preventing the formation of contaminant cell populations. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
  • A high level of autophagy takes place in RPE due to the need for constant renewal of the photoreceptor outer segments following daily light-induced damage" says Dr Manir Ali who led the team making the initial discovery at the University of Leeds . (fightforsight.org.uk)
  • Conditional Loss of the Exocyst Component Exoc5 in Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) Results in RPE Dysfunction, Photoreceptor Cell Degeneration, and Decreased Visual Function. (nih.gov)
  • The SD-OCT and ERG findings may indicate laminin in the interphotoreceptor matrix, as well as postreceptoral dysfunction and decreased photoreceptor activity, according to the authors. (medscape.com)
  • In our series of 7 cases, we documented impaired visual acuity, central visual field defects, circumscribed and sometimes complex changes of retinal reflectivity, and intraretinal fluid. (aerzteblatt.de)
  • The paper [ 16 ] searched MEDLINE and EMBASE to find out the relation between microvascular changes of retinal microvasculature and prevalence or incident of stroke. (hindawi.com)
  • We used Brown Norway rats, in which choroidal and retinal neovascularization was induced using intraocular laser impacts. (molvis.org)
  • As observed on angiography, the numbers of choroidal and retinal blood vessels were significantly increased (principally on the seventh day) after the laser impacts. (molvis.org)
  • Analysis of retinal organoids showed that this new transcript expression increased with organoid differentiation. (nature.com)
  • Improved cell metabolism prolongs photoreceptor survival upon retinal-pigmented epithelium loss in the sodium iodate induced model of geographic atrophy. (umassmed.edu)
  • Our findings suggest that DRAM2 is essential for photoreceptor survival. (fightforsight.org.uk)
  • extended their groundbreaking discovery demonstrating the protective effect of Txnip on cone photoreceptor survival. (elifesciences.org)
  • Biallelic variants in the cilia gene DYNC2H1 have been associated with two severe ciliopathies: Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (JATD, MIM 613091) and short-rib polydactyly (SRP, MIM 613091) with only four documented cases of associated complex early retinal degeneration at ages 2 months, and 2, 5, and 11 years old. (nature.com)
  • This comes not directly from the visual cycle but from several retinal pools of retinal binding proteins which are connected to each other by the transportation and reaction steps of the visual cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • A, The gross photograph shows several retinal tears at the vitreous base. (aao.org)
  • The rigid sickled erythrocytes lead to vascular occlusion, which results in retinal hypoxia, ischemia, and neovascularization. (medscape.com)
  • Some distinct changes in the retinal microvasculature are recognized as the preindicator of subsequent vascular incidents like ischemic stroke or acute stroke [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • En face OCT reflectance images which accompany OCTA studies offer a glimpse of the macrophage-like cellular activity above the retinal surface which responds to systemically instigated vascular events below. (stanford.edu)
  • Rod Outer Segment Development Influences AAV-Mediated Photoreceptor Transduction After Subretinal Injection. (umassmed.edu)
  • The normal retinal tissue has different reflectivity patterns on OCT. The nerve fibres and the retinal pigment epithelium display high reflectivity. (bmj.com)
  • The photoreceptors display low reflectivity. (bmj.com)
  • The spectrum of damage ranged from focal photoreceptor defects to macular foramina and retinal hemorrhages associated with loss of visual acuity and central scotoma. (aerzteblatt.de)
  • Although their photoreceptors contain a protein, retinochrome, that recycles retinal and replicates one of the functions of the vertebrate RPE, cephalopod photoreceptors are likely not maintained as well as in vertebrates, and that as a result, the useful lifetime of photoreceptors in invertebrates is much shorter than in vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, image analysis provides a simple and noninvasive visualization of the retinal blood vessels in those high risk ophthalmologic medical conditions [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • IMPG1 and IMPG2 mutations had a greater effect on photoreceptor cell density than RPE cell density. (nih.gov)
  • The establishment of the Restorative Retinal Research Lab at the Sheba Medical Center, where we grow patients' induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived retinal models with rare mutations for which they are no good animal models and use these models for drug screening. (arvo.org)
  • Punzo C ., Xiong W., Cepko C.L. Loss of daylight vision in retinal degeneration: are oxidative stress and metabolic dysregulation to blame? (umassmed.edu)
  • Oxidative damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors, which is exacerbated by low-quantity or dysfunctional macular pigments (lutein and zeaxanthin). (ndnr.com)
  • In vitro assays were developed to validate the variants identified (fibroblast assay, induced pluripotent stem cell [iPSC] derived retinal organoids, and a dynein motility assay). (nature.com)
  • Homozygous sickle cell disease (SS disease), sickle cell C disease (SC disease), and sickle cell-thalassemia disease (S-Thal disease) are common hemoglobinopathies that can present with mild-to-severe proliferative retinal findings. (medscape.com)
  • On the basis of these findings," the authors write, "it is possible that ocriplasmin may have a diffuse enzymatic effect on photoreceptors or the retinal pigment epithelium that is not limited to areas of vitreomacular adhesion. (medscape.com)
  • Using a new imaging technique, researchers from the National Eye Institute have determined that retinal lesions from vitelliform macular dystrophy (VMD) vary by gene mutation. (nih.gov)
  • C) Examples of straight-edged, sharp angulated lesions (magnified 1.5× from panel A). D) Example of tangential section through the human fovea with illustrative highlighting of a triangular photoreceptor matrix corresponding to Ebola lesional shape. (cdc.gov)
  • 1 Retinal surgeons globally have been refining the technique for macular hole surgery ever since, and hole closure rates have been reported as exceeding 90% in some publications. (bmj.com)
  • The study population consisted of 491 consecutive full-thickness macular hole surgical cases from January 2004 to November 2007 from three retinal surgeons working at two tertiary care teaching hospitals in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. (bmj.com)
  • On SD-OCT, there was loss of outer retinal signals in the right eye and a full-thickness macular hole. (medscape.com)
  • This area, termed the fovea centralis , is avascular (does not have blood vessels), and has minimal neural tissue in front of the photoreceptors, thereby minimizing light scattering. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gene Therapy Approaches for the Treatment of Retinal Disorders. (umassmed.edu)
  • However, since the introduction of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in 1991, it has become an invaluable tool in the diagnosis and management of different retinal disorders including ME. (bmj.com)
  • When seen in section, each cell consists of an outer non-pigmented part containing a large oval nucleus and an inner pigmented portion which extends as a series of straight thread-like processes between the rods, this being especially the case when the eye is exposed to light. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the retinal pigment epithelium, bestrophin-1 functions as a channel that transports charged chlorine atoms (chloride ions) across the cell membrane. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is therefore likely that, in the absence of correctly functioning DRAM2 , autophagy and photoreceptor renewal is reduced, leading to thinning of the photoreceptor cell layer. (fightforsight.org.uk)
  • Serial OCTA imaging can reveal inconsistencies in retinal perfusion not appreciated on single images and can be used to measure activity status of sickle cell microvasculopathy. (stanford.edu)
  • I love that I learn new things almost daily and that my studies not only expand our scientific understanding of retinal cell biology, but may also lead to treatment development and thus may have a direct effect on patients' lives. (arvo.org)
  • if the RPE fails it leads on to photoreceptor death, ultimately leading to central blindness (atrophic AMD) as the end stage of the disease. (frontiersin.org)
  • One of the most important subfields of biomedical engineering is the analysis of fundus retinal images. (hindawi.com)
  • Using transmission electron microscopy, we examined the mitochondrial ultrastructure of zebrafish photoreceptors and RPE from 5 days post fertilisation (dpf) through to late adulthood (3 years). (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Given the growing number of anecdotal reports of visual disturbances after ocriplasmin injection and the multiple lines of evidence showing retinal toxic effects in the patient described herein," the authors emphasize, "physicians should exercise caution when considering ocriplasmin injection for vitreomacular adhesion. (medscape.com)
  • They refer to the fact that for light to reach the photoreceptors it has to pass through the bulk of the retina's neural apparatus, and presume that consequent degradation of the image formed at the level of the photoreceptors occurs. (answersingenesis.org)
  • Laser pointers can cause persistent retinal damage and visual impairment. (aerzteblatt.de)
  • She not only mentions postmarketing reports of visual impairment linked to ocriplasmin injection but also points out the warnings and precautions label on the ocriplasmin package insert, which lists decline in visual acuity, injection-related adverse effects, lens subluxation, retinal breaks, and dichromatopsia. (medscape.com)