• Mechanism of insulin receptor kinase inhibition in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. (jci.org)
  • The tyrosine kinase activity of insulin receptor isolated from the skeletal muscle of NIDDM patients has previously been found to be decreased compared with the activity of receptor from nondiabetic subjects but the mechanism underlying this defect is unknown. (jci.org)
  • Phosphorylation of receptor serine/threonine residues has been proposed to exert an inhibitory influence on receptor tyrosine kinase activity and Ser 1327 and Thr 1348 have been identified as specific sites of phosphorylation in the insulin receptor COOH terminal domain. (jci.org)
  • Moreover, within each group there was no correlation between the level of tyrosine kinase activity and the extent of serine/threonine phosphorylation. (jci.org)
  • It is concluded that the stoichiometry of serine/threonine phosphorylation of insulin receptor in vivo is low, and that increased phosphorylation of Ser 1327 or Thr 1348 is not responsible for the decreased insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity observed in the skeletal muscle of NIDDM patients. (jci.org)
  • Glucagon secretion, insulin and IGF-IR autophosphorylation, and insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, IRS-2, phosphatidylinositol kinase (PI3K) (p85 alpha), and serine-threonine protein kinase (Akt) phosphorylated (active) forms were measured. (unict.it)
  • The insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane receptor that is activated by insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II and belongs to the large class of receptor tyrosine kinase. (wikipedia.org)
  • This compound activated the tyrosine kinase domain of the IR β-subunit at concentrations of 1 μmol/l or less but had no effect on insulin binding to the IR α-subunit even at much higher concentrations. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • TLK16998 alone had no effect on IR signaling in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes but, at concentrations as low as 3.2 μmol/l, enhanced the effects of insulin on the phosphorylation of the IR β-subunit and IR substrate 1, and on the amount of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase that coimmunoprecipitated with IRS-1. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Phosphopeptide mapping revealed that the effect of TLK16998 on the IR was associated with increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the activation loop of the β-subunit tyrosine kinase domain. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Conclusions: We propose a novel insulin signaling mechanism by which protein kinase C iota phosphorylates DOC2b, leading to glucose transporter 4 vesicle translocation, fusion and facilitation of glucose uptake in response to insulin. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • Levels of insulin receptor, glucose transporter-4 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase were lower in PCOS patients before LOE than in controls and increased after LOE. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Concomitant activation of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, Akt, and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 as well as increased phosphorylation of Bad also were unique to the hippocampus of APP Sw mice. (jneurosci.org)
  • Peptide used as insulin receptor tyrosine kinase substrate. (anaspec.com)
  • Increasing the cAMP content of IM-9 cells alters the phosphorylation state and protein kinase activity of the insulin receptor. (anaspec.com)
  • Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis of the liver tissues displayed that the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-1α (PPAR) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway genes ( Pparaa, Cpt1a, Prkaa1, Prkab1, Prkaa2 , and Ppargc1a ) were upregulated in those groups supplemented with UPF. (frontiersin.org)
  • Saw palmetto extract suppresses insulin-like growth factor-I signaling and induces stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation in human prostate epithelial cells. (nutrimedical.com)
  • Increased tyrosine phosphorylation of caveolin, its associated 29-kD protein, and a 60-kD protein was observed in an in vitro kinase assay after incubation of the caveolin-enriched Triton-insoluble complexes with Mg-ATP, suggesting the presence of an intrinsic tyrosine kinase in these complexes. (rupress.org)
  • AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation was reduced by chemerin in both HMECs and VSMCs. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Wild type as well as substrate-trapping DA forms of PTPϵM suppressed phosphorylation of IR downstream enzymes such as Akt, extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3). (bioone.org)
  • Conversely, inhibition of PVA neuronal activity using DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) or inactivation of PVA extracellular signal-regulated kinase at the critical time window blunted mechanical hyperalgesia in chronic pain models. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Furthermore, to investigate the molecular mechanism of action, the phosphorylation and protein expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and its downstream proteins, such as insulin receptor (INSR), protein kinase B (Akt/PKB) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) have been detected. (rsc.org)
  • This disease is mainly regulated by various enzymes and hormones among which Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a principle enzyme and insulin is the key hormone regulating it. (scielo.br)
  • ERK5, also known as Big Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase 1 (BMK1) and MAPK7, is activated by several mechanisms, including receptor tyrosine kinases, G protein-coupled receptors, and osmotic stress. (rndsystems.com)
  • What are physical characteristics found in all tyrosine kinase receptors? (flashcardmachine.com)
  • How is the insulin tyrosine kinase receptor unusual? (flashcardmachine.com)
  • How is a tyrosine kinase receptor activated? (flashcardmachine.com)
  • In cultured human aortic endothelial cell (HAEC) models, insulin stimulates an intracellular signalling cascade resulting in activating phosphorylation of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 (IRS-1), Protein kinase B (PKB. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • This class of drug has been reported to exert PPAR gamma receptor dependent as well as receptor independent effects, possibly via AMP kinase activation (AMPK) but the precise mode of action resulting in improved cardiovascular outcome remains uncertain.We studied the effects of rosigl. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • The intact receptor lacks tyrosine kinase activity, but binding of GH and dimerization results in association with JAK2, a member of the Janus kinase family, which results in self-phosphorylation of the JAK2 and a cascade of phosphorylation of cellular proteins. (medscape.com)
  • Changes in the beta-subunit of the insulin receptor, decreased phosphorylation of tyrosine kinase on the insulin receptor, and alterations in insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and the intracytoplasmic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) appear to be involved in reducing glucose uptake in skeletal muscle tissue. (medscape.com)
  • Perilipin 1 binds to aquaporin 7 in human adipocytes and controls its mobility via protein kinase A mediated phosphorylation. (lu.se)
  • Basal glucagon secretion was increased and the inhibitory effect of acute insulin exposure reduced in alpha-TC1 cells cultured with palmitate. (unict.it)
  • Two metabolic defects that seem to be central to the pathology of type 2 diabetes are impaired insulin secretion and the reduced ability of insulin to act on the major insulin-sensitive tissues ( 2 - 5 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Further works by [8] have established the fact that Zn transporter (ZnT8) is a key protein for the regulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic Beta-cells. (scirp.org)
  • Importantly, these cells displayed hypothalamic neuronal characteristics, including production and secretion of neuropeptides and responsiveness to metabolic hormones such as insulin and leptin. (columbia.edu)
  • Insulin secretion increases when insulin sensitivity decreases. (isciii.es)
  • At a certain level, increasing insulin secretion does no longer improve insulin sensitivity. (isciii.es)
  • The effects of melatonin on insulin secretion are mediated through the melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2). (nih.gov)
  • It decreases insulin secretion by inhibiting cAMP and cGMP pathways but activates the phospholipaseC/IP3 pathway, which mobilizes Ca2+from organelles and, consequently increases insulin secretion. (nih.gov)
  • Both in vivo and in vitro, insulin secretion by the pancreatic islets in a circadian manner, is due to the melatonin action on the melatonin receptors inducing a phase shift in the cells. (nih.gov)
  • Joan Domingo-Espín J, Lindahl M, Nilsson-Wolanin O, Cushman S W, Stenkula K G, Lagerstedt J O. Dual Actions of Apolipoprotein A-I on Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion and Insulin-Independent Peripheral Tissue Glucose Uptake Lead to Increased Heart and Skeletal Muscle Glucose Disposal. (lu.se)
  • Lundquist I, Mohammed Al-Amily I, Meidute Abaraviciene S, Salehi A. Metformin Ameliorates Dysfunctional Traits of Glibenclamide- and Glucose-Induced Insulin Secretion by Suppression of Imposed Overactivity of the Islet Nitric Oxide Synthase-NO System. (lu.se)
  • Daneshpajooh M, Bacos K, Bysani M, Bagge A, Ottosson Laakso E, Vikman P, Eliasson L, Mulder H, Ling C. HDAC7 is overexpressed in human diabetic islets and impairs insulin secretion in rat islets and clonal beta cells. (lu.se)
  • These changes facilitate the recruitment of specific adapter proteins such as the insulin receptor substrate proteins (IRS) in addition to SH2-B (Src Homology 2 - B ), APS and protein phosphatases, such as PTP1B, eventually promoting downstream processes involving blood glucose homeostasis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The insulin-receptor substrate (IRS), SHC, GRB2, CRKII and CRKL adaptor proteins have all been implicated in transmitting signals to the nucleus of the cell. (nih.gov)
  • Aims/introduction: Double C2 domain protein b (DOC2b), one of the synaptotagmins, has been shown to translocate to the plasma membrane, and to initiate membrane-fusion processes of vesicles containing glucose transporter 4 proteins on insulin stimulation. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • In addition, CIG can significantly enhance the expression level of the PI3K-Akt/PKB pathway related proteins in skeletal muscle, which is the key pathway of insulin metabolism. (rsc.org)
  • The TORC1-activated Proteins, p70S6K and GRB10, Regulate IL-4 Signaling and M2 Macrophage Polarization by Modulating Phosphorylation of Insulin Receptor Substrate-2, Journal of Biological Chemistry (2016). (medicalxpress.com)
  • The most critical of these proteins is the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b), which couples GH binding to the activation of gene expression that leads to the intracellular effects of GH, including synthesis of IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), and ALS. (medscape.com)
  • When insulin falls, especially in those with high insulin sensitivity, body cells begin only to have access to lipids that do not require transport across the membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • We investigated whether laparoscopic ovarian electrocautery (LOE) improved insulin sensitivity in women with PCOS and examined the underlying molecular mechanism of LOE. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Impaired glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity have been linked to the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). (hindawi.com)
  • This study aimed to determine whether I3C or DIM could increase glucose uptake via enhanced insulin sensitivity in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, as well as the mechanism involved. (researchgate.net)
  • Conclusions Our findings suggest that DIM may improve insulin sensitivity through the activation of the insulin signaling pathway, leading to enhanced glucose uptake. (researchgate.net)
  • DIM, a major metabolite of indole-3-carbinol, which is naturally produced in broccoli and cabbage, enhances glucose uptake through the improvement of insulin sensitivity in 3T3-L1 cells [13] . (researchgate.net)
  • Stanhope KL, Schwarz JM, Keim NL et al (2009) Consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increase visceral adiposity and lipids and decrease insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese men. (springer.com)
  • The Homeostasis Model for Assessment [HOMA= fasting insulin (mUI/ml) * fasting glucose (mmol/L) / 22.5] has proved useful in the measurement of insulin sensitivity in euglycemic patients. (isciii.es)
  • The best method to measure insulin sensitivity is the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. (isciii.es)
  • This study investigated in a pancreatic alpha-cell line the effects of chronic exposure to palmitate on the insulin and IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) and intracellular insulin pathways. (unict.it)
  • The rearrangement of intracellular metabolic fluxes toward the amino acid metabolism and metabolic shift toward oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation during acute CCHFV infection determine the pathogenicity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Downstream post-translational events of either isoform result in the formation of a proteolytically cleaved α and β subunit, which upon combination are ultimately capable of homo or hetero-dimerisation to produce the ≈320 kDa disulfide-linked transmembrane insulin receptor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Taken together, our study reveals an anti-adipogenic function of piceatannol and highlights IR and its downstream insulin signaling as novel targets for piceatannol in the early phase of adipogenesis. (oregonstate.edu)
  • So, in this way, insulin is the key regulator of fat metabolism as well. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to the histological examination, glucose metabolism was assessed by measuring parameters on glucose/insulin tolerance tests. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • Taken together, our findings suggested that the anti-obesity properties of UPF could be achieved by decreasing the insulin levels, positive-regulating of the gut microbiota composition as well as altering gene expression related to glucolipid metabolism. (frontiersin.org)
  • TH17 cells), and immune cell metabolism (i.e., oxidative phosphorylation). (bvsalud.org)
  • Erk 44/42 and p38 phosphorylation (P) (MAPK pathway markers) were also measured. (unict.it)
  • The expression of transthyretin, a protein shown to sequester Aβ and prevent amyloid fibril formation in vitro , and several genes in the insulin-signaling pathway, e.g., insulin-like growth factor-2, were increased selectively in the hippocampus of APP Sw mice. (jneurosci.org)
  • 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM)-a natural compound produced from indole-3-carbinol, found in cruciferous vegetables-enhances glucose uptake by increasing the activation of the insulin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (researchgate.net)
  • Furthermore, the piceatannol-suppressed mitotic clonal expansion was accompanied by reduced activation of the insulin-signaling pathway. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Piceatannol dose-dependently inhibited differentiation mixture-induced phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR)/insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)/Akt pathway in the early phase of adipogenesis. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Previous studies have found that DIM can improve type 2 diabetes by enhancing glucose uptake through the activation of insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 cells, and by lowering the plasma glucose levels in high-fat-diet-fed obese mice [13, 14]. (researchgate.net)
  • Type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes) is characterized by hyperglycemia caused by an insulin deficiency. (researchgate.net)
  • In this study, we investigated whether DIM could improve insulin-dependent diabetes and nephropathy in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. (researchgate.net)
  • The relationship between diabetes, insulin and zinc is complex with no clear cause and effect relationship. (scirp.org)
  • Thus, insulin concentrations are usually high early in type-2 diabetes, but have also been seen in many subjects who are not obese or diabetic, but who have other metabolic syndrome components such as hypertriglyceridemia or arterial hypertension (1). (isciii.es)
  • Melatonin may be involved in the genesis of diabetes as a reduction in melatonin levels and a functional interrelationship between melatonin and insulin was observed in diabetic patients. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, the presence of melatonin receptors on human pancreatic islets may have an impact on pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes. (nih.gov)
  • Individuals with style 1 diabetes mellitus must rely upon blood insulin shots to transform glucose into electricity, and also investigation suggests that environment-friendly herbal tea might help in moderating blood sugar amounts and strengthening insulin sensitiveness. (chautauquacounty.biz)
  • A latest research study located that the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) strengthened blood insulin functionality in obese individuals that are actually vulnerable to kind 2 diabetes, according to a term paper released by News agency Health and wellness. (chautauquacounty.biz)
  • ERK1 and ERK2 were initially isolated and cloned as kinases activated in response to insulin and NGF. (rndsystems.com)
  • The extent of insulin-induced tyrosine autophosphorylation was decreased in receptor isolated from diabetic versus nondiabetic muscle, thus confirming earlier reports. (jci.org)
  • Insulin binds to its receptor on POMC and AgRP neurons, stimulating receptor autophosphorylation and activating its signal cascade. (jci.org)
  • The GH molecule binds to its specific cell surface receptor (GHR), which dimerizes with another GHR molecule so that the single GH molecule is enveloped by 2 GHR molecules. (medscape.com)
  • Chemerin decreased insulin-induced vasodilatation in C57BL/6J mice, an effect prevented by CCX832 (ChemR23 antagonist) treatment. (gla.ac.uk)
  • In VSMCs, chemerin, via oxidative stress- and ChemR23-dependent mechanisms, decreased insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation, glucose transporter 4 translocation to the membrane, and glucose uptake. (gla.ac.uk)
  • TLK16998 also increased the potency of insulin in stimulating 2-deoxy- d -glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, with a detectable effect at 8 μmol/l and a 10-fold increase at 40 μmol/l. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The specialized plasma membrane structures termed caveolae and the caveolar-coat protein caveolin are highly expressed in insulin-sensitive cells such as adipocytes and muscle. (rupress.org)
  • Stimulation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with insulin significantly increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of caveolin and a 29-kD caveolin-associated protein in caveolin-enriched Triton-insoluble complexes. (rupress.org)
  • The expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and its phosphorylated form, (p-IRS-1), as well as G6PC2, was determined through western blotting. (hindawi.com)
  • Out of 29 liver tissue sections examined, 14 had a low level of expression of insulin receptor type 1 by immunohistochemical studies. (who.int)
  • To address the potential negative regulatory role of phosphorylation of these residues in vivo, we assessed the extent of phosphorylation of each site in insulin receptor isolated from the skeletal muscle of 12 NIDDM patients and 13 nondiabetic, control subjects. (jci.org)
  • The GSK-3, that is the key enzyme is normally showing its actions by various mechanisms that include its phosphorylation, formation of protein complexes, and other cellular distribution and thus it control and directly affects cellular morphology, its growth, mobility and apoptosis of the cell. (scielo.br)
  • The methods used to measure insulin (a Pharmacia insulin radioimmunoassay kit, a Tosoh AIA-PACK IRI, and a Merocodia insulin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), glucose (a Cobas Mira chemistry system and a Roche/Hitachi 911 analyzer), and HbA 1c (Primus automated high-performance liquid chromatography models CLC330 and CLC385 and an HbA 1c 2.2 Plus glycohemoglobin analyzer) are described elsewhere ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nRTIs) competitively inhibit the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme, as do NRTIs, but do not require initial phosphorylation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • site 1, which binds to the 'classical' binding surface of insulin: consisting of L1 plus αCT domains and site 2, consisting of loops at the junction of FnIII-1 and FnIII-2 predicted to bind to the 'novel' hexamer face binding site of insulin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Leptin binds to its receptor, leading to recruitment of JAKs, which phosphorylate the receptor. (jci.org)
  • The STAT3 monomer binds to the activated leptin receptor and is phosphorylated by JAKs. (jci.org)
  • Arsenite binds specifically to thiol group-containing hormone receptors, a process that prevents the binding of steroids [Lopez et al. (cdc.gov)
  • Post-attachment inhibitors bind to the CD4 receptor and prevent HIV (that also binds to the CD4 receptor) from entering the cell. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Here insulin decreases FOXO1-mediated transcription of AgRP by excluding FOXO1 from the nucleus. (jci.org)
  • Insulin, after binding its receptor, induces the phosphorylation of receptor substrates in the liver and muscles, and induces several steps toward the transactivation of GLUT-4, which increases glucose uptake by cells and its storage as glycogen, and inhibits the net production of glucose by the liver, thus blocking glycogenolysis and neoglycogenesis. (isciii.es)
  • Evidences from experimental studies proved that melatonin induces production of insulin growth factor and promotes insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. (nih.gov)
  • Effects of insulin and the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist liraglutide on the kidney proteome in db/db mice. (lu.se)
  • Similar results were observed with IRS-1-P, PI3K (p85 alpha), and Akt-P. In contrast, with IGF-IR and IRS-2-P, the basal levels (i.e. in the absence of insulin stimulation) were higher in cells cultured with palmitate. (unict.it)
  • The stimulation of caveolin tyrosine phosphorylation was specific for insulin and was not observed with PDGF or EGF, although PDGF stimulated the tyrosine phosphorylation of the 29-kD caveolin-associated protein. (rupress.org)
  • Here we review insulin's role as a central homeostatic signal with regard to energy and glucose homeostasis and discuss the mechanisms by which insulin communicates information about the body's energy status to the brain. (jci.org)
  • and d) impaired expression of PPAR γ receptors. (isciii.es)
  • In HMECs, chemerin decreased insulin-activated nitric oxide signaling. (gla.ac.uk)
  • IGF binding involves 3 basic types of receptors: the structurally homologous insulin receptor and type 1 IGF receptor and the distinctive type 2 IGF-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor. (medscape.com)
  • In pregnancy, human placental lactogen, which is structurally similar to growth hormone, and tumor-necrosis factor-alpha induce changes in the insulin receptor and in post-receptor signaling. (medscape.com)
  • Details about TEDapos, discover, toprated pharmacies cialis in the, two cialis of the major substrates of the igfi receptor. (aleijten.com)
  • Although the insulin receptor has a low affinity for IGF-I, IGF-I is present in the circulation at molar concentrations that are 1000 times those of insulin. (medscape.com)
  • Our objective was to examine the associations between concentrations of vitamin D and concentrations of insulin, glucose, and HbA 1c in a nationally representative sample of adolescents in the U.S. (cdc.gov)
  • Our results support an inverse association between concentrations of vitamin D and insulin primarily in adolescent male subjects. (cdc.gov)
  • To provide additional insights into the associations between circulating concentrations of vitamin D and concentrations of insulin and glucose, we examined data from a large, representative sample of adolescents that included African Americans and Mexican Americans in the U.S. (cdc.gov)
  • Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was impaired in isolated soleus muscle and epididymal adipose tissues from DOC2b KO mice. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • Insulin has pleiotropic biological effects in virtually all tissues. (jci.org)
  • However, the relevance of insulin signaling in peripheral tissues has been studied far more extensively than its role in the brain. (jci.org)
  • The results of a detailed analysis of cell signaling in the neuroblastoma cell lines revealed that TKIs inhibited the phosphorylation of the corresponding receptor tyrosine kinases, and thiosemicarbazones downregulated the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, leading to a strong induction of apoptosis. (muni.cz)
  • Biochemically, the insulin receptor is encoded by a single gene INSR, from which alternate splicing during transcription results in either IR-A or IR-B isoforms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Insulin signalling controls access to blood glucose in body cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • THP-1 cells, a model system for monocytes, were least sensitive to the application of hgh due to the lack of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) production. (wada-ama.org)
  • Zinc is highly concentrated in the islet cells of the pancreas where insulin is produced. (scirp.org)
  • The fusion of insulin-stimulated GLUT4-containing vesicles (GSV) with the plasma membrane (PM) of adipose or skeletal muscle cells is governed by regulated exocytosis. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Attachment inhibitors bind directly to the viral envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120), close to the CD4+ binding site, which prohibits the conformational change necessary for initial interaction between the virus and the surface receptors on CD4 cells, thereby preventing attachment and subsequent entry into host T cells and other immune cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In conclusion, cognitive deficits induced by chronic liquid fructose consumption are not exclusively related to increased caloric intake and are correlated with hypertriglyceridemia, impaired insulin signaling, increased oxidative stress and altered mitochondrial dynamics, especially in the frontal cortex. (springer.com)
  • CCX832 treatment of db/db mice decreased body weight, insulin, and glucose levels as well as vascular oxidative stress. (gla.ac.uk)