• The relative contribution of personal and social information to explain individual and collective behavior in different species and contexts is an open question in animal ecology. (ufz.de)
  • The model was parameterized to mimic the behavior and the densities of both Griffon Vultures and carcasses in a 10 000-km 2 study area in northeastern Spain. (ufz.de)
  • It also highlights the current need for more studies confronting alternative models of key behaviors with empirical patterns in order to understand how collective behavior emerges in animal societies. (ufz.de)
  • Advances in animal models of addictive behavior and single-cell strategies to dissect neural circuits are also described. (cshlpress.com)
  • Persistent sickness behavior, a prominent component of Gulf War Illness (GWI), is associated with neuroinflammation. (cdc.gov)
  • While we previously showed that stimulation of pC1e alone does not evoke aggression, persistent behavior could be promoted through simultaneous stimulation of pC1d and pC1e, suggesting an unexpected synergy of these cell types in establishing a persistent aggressive state. (elifesciences.org)
  • Proposed model for persistent aggressive behavior in females. (elifesciences.org)
  • This holds for anesthetized animals but not necessarily during normal motor behavior of the intact animal. (usp.br)
  • Animal models of maternal high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity also document persistent changes in offspring behavior and impairments in critical neural circuitry. (fabresearch.org)
  • Animals exposed to maternal obesity and HFD consumption display hyperactivity, impairments in social behavior, increased anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors, substance addiction, food addiction, and diminished cognition. (fabresearch.org)
  • In this study, using a mouse model, we demonstrated that in utero exposure to an environmentally relevant dose of BPA induced locomotor deficits, anxiety-like behavior, and declarative memory impairments that persisted into old age (18 months). (endocrine.org)
  • Here we extend evidence in AS model mice ( Ube3a m -/ p + ) of paternal UBE3A expression within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the master circadian pacemaker. (nature.com)
  • We previously observed persistent expression of UBE3A in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, the master circadian regulatory region in the mammalian brain, of AS model mice 15 , thus identifying a novel site for relaxation of maternal expression bias of Ube3a in the adult brain. (nature.com)
  • Analyses of mice with a conditional knock-out of Runx1 in VGLUT3 lineage neurons demonstrate that Runx1 is pivotal to the development of VGLUT3-persistent neurons, such as the expression of VGLUT3 and TH and the formation of the longitudinal lanceolate endings. (jneurosci.org)
  • While animals, largely mice, remain extensively used for medical research and testing, the European Union implemented a ban on all animal testing for cosmetic products and cosmetics ingredients under its Cosmetics Regulation 1223/2009 ​in 2013. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)
  • Here, we showed that anterior nucleus of paraventricular thalamus (PVA) plays an essential role in the development of mechanical hyperalgesia in neuropathic and inflammatory pain models in mice. (iasp-pain.org)
  • In this model, some mice infected with M. tuberculosis and then treated with a short-term chemotherapy (INH plus PZA) for 3 months developed a relapse after discontinuation of the therapy. (hindawi.com)
  • In the Cornell model [ 6 ], the bacilli recovered from the relapsed mice were fully susceptible to INH and PZA, indicating phenotypic rather than genetic drug resistance associated with dormant bacilli. (hindawi.com)
  • In studies of working memory in mice, persistent neural activity generated by a recurrent excitatory network has been proposed to sustain an animal's delayed response to a transient stimulation ( 12 - 15 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • Compared to the control animals, the BPA-exposed mice had a significant decrease in locomotor activity, exploratory tendencies, and long-term memory, and an increase in anxiety. (endocrine.org)
  • The mechanisms and treatment of persistent post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) smell and taste disorders are still challenges. (wjgnet.com)
  • Our animal model will allow a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved in these processes. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In addition, the authors review compounds currently used or under development to treat substance use disorders, their pharmacological mechanisms, and challenges related to preclinical testing in animal models. (cshlpress.com)
  • Related projects include study of toxin distribution mechanisms in murine models, toxin-induced cellular stress responses, gene profiling of cellular responses to toxins, mathematical modeling of physiologic responses, and vaccine studies. (bu.edu)
  • Neither aIPg nor pC1d show persistent neuronal activity themselves, implying that the persistent internal state is maintained by other mechanisms. (elifesciences.org)
  • This study by Chiu and colleagues is an important contribution to the study of the circuitry of aggressive behaviours and of mechanisms that generate persistent states. (elifesciences.org)
  • Recent studies in mammals and invertebrates have begun to uncover potential mechanisms for maintaining persistent behavioral states on various timescales. (elifesciences.org)
  • These mechanisms can be "electronic," such as persistent firing in certain cell types or circuits, "biochemical," such as slow decay of second messengers or their effectors influencing neural excitability, or "systemic," such as persistent elevation of circulating hormones or neuromodulators, and may span timescales of hundreds of milliseconds to tens of seconds to days ( 1 , 5 - 11 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • However, circuit mechanisms that generate a persistent aggressive state remain unresolved ( 16 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • Preclinical models provide evidence for a causal link between AKI and CKD while also proposing some of the potential mechanisms for this progression. (karger.com)
  • Further studies on the mechanisms underlying these persistent phenotypes could enhance our understanding of ROP pathogenesis and lead to new therapeutic targets to preserve visual function in premature infants. (molvis.org)
  • and animal studies have provided clear evidence of causal mechanisms that can explain these observations. (fabresearch.org)
  • 36 with the thyroid hormone system: Mechanisms and possible consequences for animal and human health. (cdc.gov)
  • Persistent smell disorders are the most common and bothersome complications after SARS-CoV-2 infection, lasting for months to years. (wjgnet.com)
  • Study of B.anthracis (anthrax) infection in a clinically relevant animal model. (bu.edu)
  • Observations that favor a viral etiology include a clinical presentation similar to that of chronic myocarditis, findings of myocarditis or myocardial fibrosis in affected patients, a higher incidence following epidemics of coxsackievirus B infection, demonstration of persistent viral infection with molecular studies, and experimental production of the disease in animal models by viral infections of the myocardium. (medscape.com)
  • Overall, these data indicate that the ZIKV live-attenuated vaccine candidates are safe, immunogenic and effective at preventing ZIKV infection in multiple animal models, warranting continued development. (cdc.gov)
  • A well-documented fact for a group of persistent, bioaccumulating organohalogens contaminants, namely polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), is that appropriate regulation was delayed, on average, up to 50 years. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The activities of the Actia Fastypers UMT are devoted to Listeria and Salmonella, two bacteria of animal origin responsible for diseases in humans and transmitted through food. (anses.fr)
  • No studies were located that examined health effects in humans or animals exposed to mixtures exclusively containing CDDs, hexachlorobenzene, p,p' -DDE, methylmercury, and PCBs. (cdc.gov)
  • Conversely, inhibition of PVA neuronal activity using DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) or inactivation of PVA extracellular signal-regulated kinase at the critical time window blunted mechanical hyperalgesia in chronic pain models. (iasp-pain.org)
  • 2020) observed persistent aggression and prolonged neuronal activity in subsets of fruitless ( fru )and dsx -expressing neurons ( Supplementary Figure 1 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • The major breakthrough is the identification of a biomarker of HIV persistent cells in vivo. (europa.eu)
  • Persistent bacilli refer to those nongrowing bacilli that, often derived from in vivo, can grow immediately in a fresh medium [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • We demonstrated histological evidence of persistent ectopic synapses, prolonged cellular apoptosis, and gliosis in the OIR retina that corresponded with long-term in vivo evidence of capillary attrition, inner retinal thinning, and dysfunction despite full peripheral revascularization. (molvis.org)
  • Biopersistent, potentially toxic chemicals that have been detected in breast milk include PCBs, CDDs, CDFs, pesticides or their persistent metabolites such as p,p' -DDE and hexachlorobenzene, and metals including cadmium, lead, and mercury (Abadin et al. (cdc.gov)
  • 2000. Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of trichloroethylene and its metabolites for use in risk assessment. (cdc.gov)
  • 2019. Trophic Magnification of Legacy Persistent Organic Pollutants in an Urban Terrestrial Food-Web . (sfu.ca)
  • Idiopathic persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn can present without signs of acute perinatal distress. (medscape.com)
  • The history of research on a group of persistent, bioaccumulating organohalogen environmental contaminants, namely polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), shows serious delays in the accumulation of necessary data for the purpose of toxic-substance policy making and regulatory action [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To answer this question, we compared the animal-study histories of two groups of well known organohalogen contaminants: PCBs and PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers). (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2022. Development and testing of a mechanistic model for wetland treatment of neutral and polar organic contaminants in oil sands process-affected water: Application to the Kearl Treatment Wetland in Alberta, Canada. (sfu.ca)
  • Diminished Kv9.1 function also augmented myelinated sensory neuron excitability, manifested as spontaneous firing, hyper-responsiveness to stimulation, and persistent after-discharge. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • The selection of an appropriate microelectrode subset and stimulation intensity was done by monitoring the withdrawal reflexes elicited by CO2 laser stimuli and by simultaneous behavioural observations in awake freely moving animals. (lu.se)
  • For all the animals with verified placement within or nearby PAG/DRN, it was possible to individually select a microelectrode subset and stimulation intensity, which strongly inhibit nociceptive-evoked withdrawal reflexes without noticeable side effects. (lu.se)
  • Chronic exposure to the glucocorticoid corticosterone (CORT), at levels associated with high physiological stress, can exacerbate CNS proinflammatory responses to neurotoxic insults in animal models. (cdc.gov)
  • They are often considered-even by those who formulate them-as adjuncts to biological models, as in the suggestion that the addict uses a substance to gain a specific effect until, inexorably and irrevocably, physiological processes take hold of the individual. (healthyplace.com)
  • Using both genetic, archaeological and anthropological data, in combination with computational modelling and statistical techniques, we aim to these adaptations and vulnerabilities to past dietary change. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • We also present a model that includes interactions among particles, leading to a transition to flocking, that is, to a net flux where the majority of the particles move in the same direction. (arxiv.org)
  • The disturbances observed in animals subjected to unpredictable and uncontrollable aversive events resemble post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and thus may constitute an animal model of this disorder. (researchgate.net)
  • Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of DLK reduces mechanical hypersensitivity in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. (elifesciences.org)
  • Female Sprague-Dawley rats implanted with bone cancer cells develop mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia but antagonizing GM-CSF in these animals significantly reduced such hypersensitivity. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Kv9.1 expression was strongly and rapidly downregulated following axotomy, with a time course that matches the development of spontaneous activity and pain hypersensitivity in animal models. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • The prototypic strain is E.coli O157:H7, a persistent global public health problem. (bu.edu)
  • One possible explanation may be the low coherence between experimental studies of toxic effects in animal models and human studies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Could delays in regulatory action be at least partly attributable to the low coherence between experimental studies of toxic effects in animal models and human studies? (biomedcentral.com)
  • The new models were parameterized based on data reported in experimental literature on the decerebrate cat preparation, and they were validated using appropriate protocols for either fully or partially bistable dynamics. (usp.br)
  • Two types of dose-response relationships are been limited by the lack of satisfactory experimental animal addressed with the following focus: (1) does sensitization dose and models. (cdc.gov)
  • Neuropathic pain resulting from nerve injury can become persistent and difficult to treat but the molecular signaling responsible for its development remains poorly described. (elifesciences.org)
  • Therefore, a persistent alteration in food preferences in individuals exposed to fetal adversity possibly contributes to the development of these diseases. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Live bacterial therapeutics (LBTs) could reverse diseases by engrafting in the gut and providing persistent beneficial functions in the host. (nih.gov)
  • However, under the European Chemicals Agency ECHA's REACH regulation 1907/2006 ​, certain aspects require or enable animal testing - notably testing for environmental endpoints like aquatic toxicity, the pre-registration of some new chemical substances and registering of chemicals used in non-cosmetic products. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)
  • Concerns that biopersistent and lipophilic chemicals accumulating in breast milk may present health problems offsetting benefits of breast feeding have led to studies examining possible relationships between adverse effects in breast-fed children and chemicals detected in breast milk, and to studies examining several health endpoints in animals following exposure to mixtures of biopersistent chemicals during gestation and/or lactation. (cdc.gov)
  • Inflammatory endpoints in BAL were performed one day after the animal models use single to multiple exposures to the test fourth challenge. (cdc.gov)
  • The results of animal experiments form an important input for human studies which influence directly the policy making process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hence, an important question is to what extent the outputs of existing animal experiments correspond to the input requirements for human studies? (biomedcentral.com)
  • All reports that dealt with animal model experiments were selected then by reading available texts (titles/abstracts/full texts). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Relevant experiments in which animals exhibit generalized fear and arousal, discrete fear of a conditioned stimulus (CS), analgesia, and avoidance are reviewed with the view that these manifestations may be analogous to the PTSD symptom clusters of persistent arousal, reexperiencing, numbing, and avoidance, respectively. (researchgate.net)
  • Experiments with decerebrate animals in which the monoaminergic tracts were maintained intact have shown that more complex behaviors may emerge in motoneurons due to dendritic voltage-gated ionic conductances, which are responsible for a persistent inward current. (usp.br)
  • organising experiments on livestock and small animals, involved in different projects assigned to and/or run by the Fougères Laboratory. (anses.fr)
  • Therapeutics are studied at different disease stages and vaccine approaches are evaluated and validated in the primate models for application in both civilian and military populations. (bu.edu)
  • Direct activation of PVA neurons using optogenetics and pharmacological approaches were sufficient to induce persistent mechanical hyperalgesia in naive animals. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Finally, we describe current approaches used to measure antiviral ADCP and discuss considerations for the translation of studies performed in animal models. (frontiersin.org)
  • and (3) description of current approaches used to measure ADCP with consideration for the translation of studies performed in animal models. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, recent studies suggest that paternal Ube3a may escape silencing in certain neuron populations, allowing for persistent expression of paternal UBE3A protein. (nature.com)
  • This data set contains information on persistent organic pollutant analysis of Hawaiian monk seal whole blood and blubber samples from the northwestern Hawaiian islands (samples collected 1998-2001) and serum and blubber samples from the main Hawaiian islands (samples collected 2000-2010). (noaa.gov)
  • In general, fugacity models predict the partitioning of an organic compound in an evaluative environment. (europa.eu)
  • and the need to protect citizens and the environment from hazardous and very persistent chemicals. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)
  • A drive to better understand all the chemicals we are exposed to must be underpinned by investment in scientifically sound non-animal hazard testing methods, exposure monitoring methods and risk assessment strategies. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)
  • No physiologically-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) models were found for mixtures of these five chemicals. (cdc.gov)
  • There are, however, several studies designed to examine whether or not detrimental effects on the health and/or development of breast-fed children may be associated with persistent chemicals detected in breast milk. (cdc.gov)
  • Breast milk monitoring studies conducted in Sweden for the past 20-30 years indicate that exposure to certain persistent chemicals may be decreasing during this period, but exposure to others may be increasing. (cdc.gov)
  • Competing causes of mortali- or all of the animal species tested genetic variation, health status, life ty may prevent the development of experimentally. (who.int)
  • Model characterizations include physiology changes, metabolic indicators, biomarkers of coagulation, inflammation and innate immunity, and antigen-specific B cell responses after challenge with bacteria, toxins or spores. (bu.edu)
  • Mathematical models of motoneurons have been developed as an aid to the understanding of phenomena involving the neuromuscular system, but most of these models have been based on the hypothesis of a passive dendritic tree. (usp.br)
  • To explore this further, we reviewed a total of 807 PubMed abstracts and full texts reporting studies of toxic effects of PCB and PBDE in animal models. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In other words, to what extent the outputs of animal studies aid in the design of human studies? (biomedcentral.com)
  • Rob Taalman, science and research director of Cosmetics Europe, recently said next-generation in vitro ​ safety assessments for cosmetics would see good uptake in the coming years ​, though, becoming accepted by regulators and public alike as "robust and powerful" ​ alternatives to animal studies. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)
  • More recently, however, animal venoms have been attracting attention and studies have been successful in addressing treatment of accidents. (scielo.br)
  • We are developing clinically-relevant animal models to test therapeutics that work in the blood stream, in the intestinal tract and inside cells where the bacterial toxins invade (see Figure). (bu.edu)
  • Furthermore, venoms and their toxins have been considered good tools for prospecting for new active drugs or models for new therapeutic drugs. (scielo.br)
  • It is argued that the similarity between animals' symptoms and those of trauma victims may reflect common etiological factors. (researchgate.net)
  • Similar neurophysiological changes were detected in animals subjected to traumatic nerve injury and provide an explanation for neuropathic pain symptoms, including poorly understood conditions such as hyperpathia and paresthesias. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • Animal models play an important role in studying the toxic effects of hazardous substances, determining dose-response relationships, and pinpointing the most susceptible developmental stages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We propose that lactase non-persistent individuals consumed milk when it became available but, under conditions of famine and/or increased pathogen exposure, this was disadvantageous, driving LP selection in prehistoric Europe. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • An cordance (i.e. lack of response or exposure to a given IARC Group 1 integral consideration for the devel- common responses between spe- human carcinogen (see Chapter 21, opment and use of these models is cies). (who.int)
  • As a result, activation of right central nucleus of amygdala with blue light was enough to induce persistent mechanical hyperalgesia. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Whether recurrent connectivity generates persistent neural activity that sustains prolonged aggression ( Figure 1 ) is now a testable hypothesis due to recent advances in fly connectomics ( 19 , 20 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • Recurrent connectivity between pC1d, pC1e, and aIPg (A) has been proposed to generate a persistent aggressive internal state by prolonging the neural activity of pC1d or aIPg neurons (B) ( 1 , 2 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • The The conflicting results of the role of Th1 cells in many of second protocol revealed that the elicitation dose correlates with these models may indicate that the timing of Th1 cells in the increased neutrophils in BAL and delayed-onset respiratory responses. (cdc.gov)
  • Persistent internal states are important for maintaining survival-promoting behaviors, such as aggression. (elifesciences.org)
  • Conversely, stimulating play in these children may help to prevent or alleviate persistent negative consequences of their illness in the long term. (uu.nl)
  • Yet these adaptation models, while pointing in the right direction, fail because they do not directly explain the pharmacological role the substance plays in addiction. (healthyplace.com)
  • The results suggested that an active dendritic ionic conductance in motoneurons has a functional role during postural tasks, because, when activated, the persistent inward current enhances the motoneuronal excitability, reducing the variability of interspike intervals, and focusing the sensitivity of the models to low frequency inputs that correspond to the low-frequency oscillations that typically occur during quiet standing posture. (usp.br)
  • Comparison of model likelihoods indicates that population fluctuations, settlement density and wild animal exploitation-proxies for these drivers-provide better explanations of LP selection than the extent of milk exploitation. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • One school of thought is that the decades of failed clinical trials to treat severely septic patients may be because research models have not taken into account co-morbidity contributions. (bu.edu)
  • Finally, animal paradigms are suggested to test the validity of the model and specific hypotheses are derived from the animal literature regarding trauma variables that are predictive of particular PTSD symptom clusters. (researchgate.net)
  • The chains of vultures hypothesis has been used in existing models, but never been confronted with field data. (ufz.de)
  • Animal models, MCM use for human cases of related orthopoxviruses, unpublished data, input from clinician experts, and experience during CDC mpox consultations were also evaluated to develop interim clinical treatment considerations. (cdc.gov)
  • This report synthesizes data from animal models, MCM use for human cases of related OPXV, unpublished data, input from clinician experts, and experience during consultations (including follow-up) to provide interim clinical treatment considerations. (cdc.gov)
  • Before the 2022 outbreak, CDC experts in poxviruses and associated MCMs had evaluated efficacy data from animal models and reports of MCM use for a few human cases of related OPXV infections (e.g., vaccinia virus and cowpox virus). (cdc.gov)
  • Here, we performed genetic fate mapping, showing that VGLUT3 lineage sensory neurons are divided into two groups, based on transient or persistent VGLUT3 expression. (jneurosci.org)
  • From the above definitions, the distinction between persistent and dormant bacilli seems to be their rates of recovery from the nongrowing state. (hindawi.com)
  • The presence of dormant tubercle bacilli in animal tissues is best demonstrated in a well-known Cornell model [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The proposed risk prediction models that have been developed require further refinement and validation. (karger.com)
  • Estimation Programs Interface (2018) prediction model was run to predict the half-life in water and sediment for the test compound (+)-Neomenthol (CAS No. 2216 -52 -6). (europa.eu)
  • A computer simulation study of motoneuron models with active dendrites in response to synaptic inputs. (usp.br)
  • This study investigated long-term outcomes of hyperoxia on retinal morphology and function using a mouse model of oxygen-induced ischemic retinopathy (OIR). (molvis.org)
  • Examples include living entities (ranging from flagellated unicellular organisms to complex animals such as birds and fish), as well as synthetic materials. (arxiv.org)
  • the spared nerve injury (SNI) rodent model reliably replicates this type of chronic pain. (elifesciences.org)
  • model the more chronic type of airway inflammation. (cdc.gov)
  • And what insights do animal models offer here? (uu.nl)
  • Experimentally, the cardiovascular effects of resistance or combined training, as well as comparison between aerobic, resistance, and combined training, in ovariectomized animals are scarce. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sinusoidal modulation of the point process intensity was used for the estimation of each models frequency response. (usp.br)
  • lymphoid tissue, and digestive tract), which the animal model captures the It can be difficult to parse out concordance has often been ob- range of potential human response reasons for lack of tumour site con- served among different species after to the particular agent tested. (who.int)