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Receptors, Pattern RecognitionPattern Recognition, AutomatedPattern Recognition, PhysiologicalRecognition (Psychology)Immunity, InnateToll-Like ReceptorsNod1 Signaling Adaptor ProteinToll-Like Receptor 2Pattern Recognition, VisualNod2 Signaling Adaptor ProteinNod Signaling Adaptor ProteinsMolecular Sequence Databeta-GlucansToll-Like Receptor 4Lectins, C-TypeAmino Acid SequenceAlgorithmsToll-Like Receptor 1Scavenger Receptors, Class AProtein BindingSignal TransductionMannose-Binding LectinSerum Amyloid P-ComponentArtificial LimbsDEAD-box RNA HelicasesBinding SitesNeurofeedbackDiscriminant AnalysisModels, MolecularReceptors, Cell SurfaceProtein Structure, TertiaryArtificial IntelligenceMannose-Binding LectinsMyeloid Differentiation Factor 88Complement Pathway, Mannose-Binding LectinLigandsMice, Inbred C57BLReceptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinase 2Neural Networks (Computer)Base SequenceHost-Pathogen InteractionsMice, KnockoutAntigens, CD14Receptors, ImmunologicCatechol OxidaseToll-Like Receptor 3MacrophagesAdnexal DiseasesHemolymphToll-Like Receptor 9LectinsLipopolysaccharidesCytokinesGlucansPeptidoglycanCell LineToll-Like Receptor 5Carrier ProteinsMembrane GlycoproteinsHypocrealesScavenger Receptors, Class CCells, CulturedDipsacaceaeInflammationMannose-Binding Protein-Associated Serine ProteasesComputersAerococcusToll-Like Receptor 6AmputeesPlant ImmunityInsect ProteinsInflammasomesSequence Homology, Amino AcidHemocytesPrincipal Component AnalysisCrystallography, X-RayInterferon Type ISoftwareEscherichia coliDendritic CellsGene Expression RegulationSubstrate SpecificityModels, BiologicalCollectinsInfectionSupport Vector MachinesProtein ConformationSequence AlignmentPhagocytosisPoly I-CToll-Like Receptor 7FlagellinDrosophila ProteinsStructure-Activity RelationshipReproducibility of ResultsDNAMutationNF-kappa BComplement C1qRecombinant Proteins
PRRsToll-Like ReceIntracellularInterleukin-1 receptMoleculesEffectorCellularPAMPsInflammatoryPathogensPathogenProphenoloxidasePeptidoglycanTLR4Estrogen receptorPhagocytosisInnate and adaptiveTlr2IRF3ProteinPhagocytesProteinsTLRsGenesImmunityStimulationInflammationNOD2ActivationFindingsSignalsCellsBacterialInfectionTissuesUnderstoodExpressionImportantFactorsTransmissionKnowledgeDisease
PRRs4
  • Identification of pathogen-associated molecules, such as dsRNA and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a critical step in innate immune response (IIR). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The innate immune system utilizes a group of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are capable of recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as LPS (lipopolysaccharide) of Gram-negative bacteria. (vin.com)
  • In vertebrates, the best characterized of the PRRs are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), of which a prototype is the interleukin-1 receptor. (vin.com)
  • These debris are ligands for certain pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that initiate inflammatory signaling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
Toll-Like Rece4
Intracellular3
  • Recently, intracellular microbial sensors have also been identified, including NOD-like receptors and the helicase-domain-containing antiviral proteins RIG-I and MDA5. (nature.com)
  • Analytes include soluble growth and differentiation factors, extracellular matrix components, proteases, membrane-bound receptors, and intracellular signaling molecules. (rndsystems.com)
  • This recognition results in different intracellular pathways being activated, involving the adaptor molecules AP-1 and MyD88 and the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF- κ B). The NF- κ B transcription factor is a central mediator of the innate immune response, regulating infectious as well as non-infectious stress responses. (vin.com)
Interleukin-1 recept1
  • However, in 82As2 cells, LIF production was significantly increased by stimulation with TLR5, which was suppressed by an inhibitor of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1/4, which are important factors in the TLR5 signaling pathway. (oncotarget.com)
Molecules5
  • Some of these cytoplasmic molecules sense microbial, as well as non-microbial, danger signals, but the mechanisms of recognition used by these sensors remain poorly understood. (nature.com)
  • Jones, D. A. & Takemoto, D. Plant innate immunity-direct and indirect recognition of general and specific pathogen-associated molecules. (nature.com)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • The amphipathicity of these molecules determines their folding pattern and is believed to govern the antimicrobial effect. (vin.com)
  • Meanwhile, the viral protein can interact with various molecules in the cGAS-STING pathway. (bvsalud.org)
Effector4
  • In insects, PGRPs kill bacteria indirectly by activating one of four unique effector pathways: prophenoloxidase cascade, Toll pathway, IMD pathway, and induction of phagocytosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antiviral activities of antibodies may either be dependent only on interactions between the antibody and cognate antigen, as in binding and neutralization of an infectious virion, or instead may require interactions between antibody-antigen immune complexes and immunoproteins or Fc receptor expressing immune effector cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • These Fc receptor-dependent antibody functions provide a direct link between the innate and adaptive immune systems by combining the potent antiviral activity of innate effector cells with the diversity and specificity of the adaptive humoral response. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this review, we discuss the properties of Fc receptors, antibodies, and effector cells that influence ADCP. (frontiersin.org)
Cellular2
  • The Fc receptor-dependent function of antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) provides mechanisms for clearance of virus and virus-infected cells, as well as for stimulation of downstream adaptive immune responses by facilitating antigen presentation, or by stimulating the secretion of inflammatory mediators. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here we describe the cellular pathways involved in the host response to experimental pneumococcal meningitis in specified disease states and brain regions. (biomedcentral.com)
PAMPs1
  • Invertebrate cell lines have been used to identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) ( Table 1 ). (encyclopedia.pub)
Inflammatory4
  • These data suggest that GSP inhibits inflammatory responses in HSCs by inactivating the NF-κB signaling pathway via MAP kinases. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Fc receptor-dependent antibody functions are also involved in activation of downstream adaptive immune responses by facilitating antigen presentation or by stimulating the secretion of inflammatory mediators ( 12 , 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Organic dust augments nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain expression via an NF-kB pathway to negatively regulate inflammatory responses. (cdc.gov)
  • These results suggested that PM 2.5 induces the inflammatory M1 polarization and TLR4/NF-κB signal transduction pathway might be involved in the process. (medsci.org)
Pathogens2
  • Fc receptor-dependent antibody functions are important components of the immune response that provide mechanisms for clearance of infected host cells, immune complexes, or opsonized pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
  • These findings agree with recent experimental data reporting crosstalk between pathways activated by RIG-I and TLR3 receptors in response to pathogens. (biomedcentral.com)
Pathogen1
Prophenoloxidase2
  • The first PGRP was discovered in 1996 by Masaaki Ashida and coworkers, who purified a 19 kDa protein present in the hemolymph and cuticle of a silkworm (Bombyx mori), and named it Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein, because it specifically bound peptidoglycan and activated the prophenoloxidase cascade. (wikipedia.org)
  • They showed that E. coli PGN or cells elicited a higher expression of the peptidoglycan recognition protein gene involved in the prophenoloxidase activation pathway compared to M. luteus PGN or cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
Peptidoglycan6
TLR41
  • 9 ] who proposed that the activation of NF-κB by TRIF-dependent pathway is a result of a secondary response to TNFα, which is induced by IRF3 (this latter activated by the TLR4/TRIF-mediated pathway in the first response to LPS) and signals through the TNFα receptor (TNFR)/RIP1 pathway to activate NF-κB. (biomedcentral.com)
Estrogen receptor1
  • Synergistic activation of estrogen receptor with combinations of environmental chemicals. (cdc.gov)
Phagocytosis1
  • Macrophages are important immune cells that participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses, such as phagocytosis, recognition of molecular patterns, and activation of the immune response. (frontiersin.org)
Innate and adaptive1
Tlr21
  • We found that receptors in the Toll-like receptor pathway, such as Tlr2 and CD14, were increased under LPS and HSV stimulation. (frontiersin.org)
IRF32
  • Taking these findings into consideration it seems logical, that activity of IIR depends on cooperation of both arms of this system and indicate that NF-κB and IRF3 signaling pathways are highly interconnected and that these interconnections influence the kinetics of the IIR [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this paper we examine evidence for a direct crosstalk of the NF-κB and IRF3 signaling pathways at the lowest level, between main transcription factors and genes coding for these transcription factors. (biomedcentral.com)
Protein3
  • LPS initially binds to the LBP (LPS-binding protein) and transfer it via the CD14-enhanced mechanism to a receptor complex including TLR-4 and MD-2. (vin.com)
  • ODE induced significant NOD2 mRNA and protein expression at 24 and 48 h, respectively, which was mediated via a NF-KB signaling pathway as opposed to a TNF-a autocrine/paracrine mechanism. (cdc.gov)
  • The first axis (PCA1) was comprised of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), soluble TNF receptor I (STNF-RI), STNF-RII, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and IL1 receptor A (IL1-RA) and the second (PCA2) was comprised of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP), IL-8, and IL-12. (biomedcentral.com)
Phagocytes1
  • We propose that additional investigation into the role of ADCP in protective viral responses, the specific virus epitopes targeted by ADCP antibodies, and the types of phagocytes and Fc receptors involved in ADCP at sites of virus infection will provide insight into strategies to successfully leverage this important immune response for improved antiviral immunity through rational vaccine design. (frontiersin.org)
Proteins1
  • The differentially expressed genes included those functioning in some important immune reaction and iron metabolism pathways, such as pattern recognition receptors, regulators of the JNK pathway, components of the phagosome pathway, regulators of the melanization response, activators of complement reactions, insulin signaling cascade members, oxidative stress and detoxification proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
TLRs2
  • Upon recognition of microbial components by TLRs the innate as well as the adaptive immune response is activated. (vin.com)
  • The activation of the TLRs and the NF- κ B pathway is responsible for the induction of the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes, including beta-defensins. (vin.com)
Genes4
  • Our in silico findings report that there is cross-regulation between both pathways at the level of gene transcription regulation, mediated by the presence of binding sites for both factors in promoters of genes essential for these pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Another cluster included genes encoding enzymes in the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genes and pathways associated with lactation number in cows were identified for the first time to date, and we found that many were comparable to those known to be associated with ageing in humans and model organisms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results highlight the need for a better understanding of selective pressures from these differentially expressed genes of the drug-resistant Plasmodium in the mosquito and the different transmission patterns of drug-resistant Plasmodium by Anopheles . (biomedcentral.com)
Immunity1
  • This article discusses the role of the cGAS-STING pathway in human diseases, especially in human herpesvirus infections, as well as highlights how these viruses act on this pathway to evade the host immunity. (bvsalud.org)
Stimulation1
  • Specifically, NF-KB translocation increased rapidly following ODE stimulation as demonstrated by EMSA, and inhibition of the NF-KB pathway significantly reduced ODE-induced NOD2 expression. (cdc.gov)
Inflammation1
NOD22
  • Host recognition of bacterial muramyl dipeptide mediated through NOD2. (nature.com)
  • Regulatory regions and critical residues of NOD2 involved in muramyl dipeptide recognition. (nature.com)
Activation3
  • The increase in LIF production resulting from activation of the TLR5 signaling pathway may contribute to the cachexia-inducing ability of 85As2 cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • Transient overexpression of UBCv1 impaired activation of NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factors induced by several agonists of these pathways. (mdpi.com)
  • The regulatory mechanisms of activation of these two pathways and their interactions during the IIR are only partially known. (biomedcentral.com)
Findings1
  • Activators and inhibitors of the cGAS-STING pathway have yielded numerous promising research findings in vitro and in vivo pertaining to cGAS/STING-related disease models. (bvsalud.org)
Signals1
  • A single modular serine protease integrates signals from pattern-recognition receptors upstream of the Drosophila Toll pathway. (sdbonline.org)
Cells3
  • 85As2 cells displayed more genetic changes compared to MKN45cl85 cells, which were related to Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4/5 signaling. (oncotarget.com)
  • [ 3 ] found that two lipids isolated from bacteria-infected cells, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-snglycero-3-phosphoglycerol (POPG) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl diacylglycerol (PODAG), stimulated the IMD pathway in ISE6 tick cells ( Table 2 ). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • BT-474 cells, obtained expression of the receptor has important implications for their biology from American Type Culture Collection, were maintained in RPMI 1640 and therapy (1). (lu.se)
Bacterial1
  • Bacterial recognition by PGRP-SA and downstream signalling by Toll/DIF sustain commensal gut bacteria in Drosophila. (sdbonline.org)
Infection1
  • Knowledge about the crosstalk between NF-κB and IRF pathways may be crucial for determining the outcome of viral infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Tissues1
  • DAMPs, damage-associated tissues and the molecular target structures and pathways. (cdc.gov)
Understood1
  • median, 1.5), signaling pathways are far from fully understood. (lu.se)
Expression1
  • 1994. Ah receptor in embryonic mouse palate and effects of TCDD on receptor expression. (cdc.gov)
Important1
  • However, other potentially important factors, including detection of virus in different secretions, detection and survival of virus in the environment, and detection of virus in aerosols, lend support for the biological plausibility of certain transmission pathways. (cdc.gov)
Factors1
  • 2006). Dual detection of fungal infections in Drosophila via recognition of glucans and sensing of virulence factors. (sdbonline.org)
Transmission1
  • Summary of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus transmission pathways. (cdc.gov)
Knowledge1
  • To our knowledge, this is the only pathway which has been described as a route for β-defensin production. (vin.com)
Disease1
  • By focusing on the small molecule compounds based on the cGAS-STING pathway, novel targets and concepts have been proposed for the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines, while also providing a reference for the investigation of disease models related to the cGAS-STING pathway. (bvsalud.org)