The main receptors in the immune system are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), killer activated and killer inhibitor receptors (KARs and KIRs), complement receptors, Fc receptors, B cell receptors and T cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
These cytosolic receptors, which are not related to TLRs and we call them "Toll-free" receptors, include the RNA-sensing RIG-I like receptors (RLRs), and the DNA-sensing HIN200 family and cGAS, amongst others. (etsu.edu)
Inflammatory3
Nucleic acids derived from pathogens or from certain cellular conditions represent a large category of Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are recognized by different cellular pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) and trigger production of type I interferons (IFN-I) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, by specifically binding to intracellular Toll-like receptors or cytosolic receptors. (etsu.edu)
Moreover, we found that pulmonary inflammatory responses to resting Aspergillus conidia were initiated by these PRRs in acidified phagolysosomes, following the uptake of fungal particles by leukocytes. (nih.gov)
Besides the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6), the increased expression of receptor repertoire (pattern recognition receptors, PRR) on APCs, mostly macrophages and dendritic cells, occurs as a result of the release of endogenous and exogenous antigens (damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs, and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs). (hindawi.com)
Pattern2
The innate recognition of fungi by leukocytes is mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRR), such as Dectin-1, and is thought to occur at the cell surface triggering intracellular signalling cascades which lead to the induction of protective host responses. (nih.gov)
However, the bacterial compounds and the type of pattern recognition receptor involved in the inducible expression of IL-23p19 in Paneth cells remain unclear. (oncotarget.com)
Expression1
Here we show that the mRNA expression of IL-23p19 was increased in Paneth cell (PC)-like cells stimulated by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligands, peptidoglycan (PGN) and Pam3CSK4, and was further increased in the presence of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2)-ligand muramyl dipeptide (MDP). (oncotarget.com)
Pattern recogniti5
The main receptors in the immune system are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), killer activated and killer inhibitor receptors (KARs and KIRs), complement receptors, Fc receptors, B cell receptors and T cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
However, prior to the translation, mRNA may bind pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in endosomes or cytosol. (drpaulalexander.com)
Perturbations in immune processes play an important role in multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disorder where specific innate immune pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have recently been shown to play a major role in the initiation disease, the triggering of relapses, and regulation of CNS damage. (longdom.org)
The recognition of PAMPs by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed by innate immune cells is crucial for maintenance of homeostatic immunity as well as an effective induction of an adaptive immune response [8 - 10] . (madridge.org)
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) are cytosolic pattern recognition receptors that initiate innate antiviral immunity. (biomedcentral.com)
Innate immune2
Receptor-agonists stimulate the innate immune system and are frequently used as drug adjuvants, while antagonists inhibit inflammation. (fraunhofer.de)
Chlamydia trachomatis replicates primarily in the epithelial cells lining the genital tract and induces the innate immune response by triggering cellular pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). (madridge.org)
MRNA1
Based on the immunological study, mRNA vaccines are coupled with immunologic adjuvant and various delivery strategies. (biomedcentral.com)
Inhibitory3
In general, alpha-1 receptors produce excitatory responses, and alpha-2 receptors produce inhibitory responses. (unboundmedicine.com)
In general, beta-1 receptors produce excitatory responses, and beta-2 receptors produce inhibitory responses. (unboundmedicine.com)
Through screening of a custom clinical compound library, we identified eltrombopag (DDL-701), a thrombopoietin receptor agonist, as having PL pro inhibitory activity that is sustained in the presence of the M pro inhibitor nirmatrelvir. (fortunejournals.com)
Intracellular2
ABBR: CCR Any of several protein receptors for chemokines that spans the cell membrane and links to intracellular G proteins. (unboundmedicine.com)
We hope this chapter will stimulate an interest in intracellular infection and the unique immunologic insights it can provide. (oncohemakey.com)
Molecules2
These methods successfully identify functional molecules that are potential drug candidates for the prevention and treatment of immunologic diseases. (fraunhofer.de)
More than 100 receptor molecules have been identified. (unboundmedicine.com)
Stimulate1
Any of the proteins on the surface of T lymphocytes that enhance the response of the T-cell receptor to foreign antigens and stimulate signals from the receptor to the cytoplasm. (unboundmedicine.com)
Antiviral3
Consistent with these functional studies, gcLXRα knockdown promotes the transcription of antiviral genes involved in the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) antiviral signaling pathway, including IFN regulatory factor (IRF3) and the type I IFN IFN1. (bvsalud.org)
Taken together, to our knowledge, our findings provide new insight into the functional correlation between nuclear receptor LXRα and the RLR antiviral signaling pathway, and they demonstrate that gcLXRα can impair the RLR antiviral signaling pathway and the production of type I IFN via forming gcLXRα/RXRg complexes and attenuating IRF3/CBP complexes. (bvsalud.org)
Intriguingly in the presence of VitD, grass carp Vdra but not Vdrb forms the heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor beta b (Rxrbb), which induces the transcription of those genes involved in the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) antiviral signaling pathway for inhibiting GCRV infection. (bvsalud.org)
Cell membrane1
An immune receptor (or immunologic receptor) is a receptor, usually on a cell membrane, which binds to a ligand (usually another protein, such as cytokine) and causes a response in the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
Pathways2
We also aim to identify fungal secondary metabolites that act on host receptors/signaling pathways in order to understand how fungal colonization impacts mammalian tissue physiology. (nih.gov)
While there has been major progress in identifying the ligands and downstream signaling pathways of these receptors, there is still much to learn about how CLR activation is regulated. (nih.gov)
Pathogens2
Specific detection of fungal pathogens is largely mediated by extracellular sugar-sensing receptors of the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) family. (nih.gov)
However, the immunologic mechanism by which CTLs eliminate invading pathogens is still unclear. (researchgate.net)
Bind3
Receptors, primarily on white blood cells, that bind with epitopes on foreign antigens, stimulating an immune response. (unboundmedicine.com)
A molecule whose structure mimics a cellular receptor, and binds those agents (e.g., cytokines, drugs or hormones) that normally bind to the receptor. (unboundmedicine.com)
Any of at least six receptors that bind dopamine in the brain. (unboundmedicine.com)
Crucial1
This opinion review will summarize the crucial immunologic steps which occur during SARS-CoV-2-infection that may link autoimmunity to COVID-19 and provides an opportunity for further discussion regarding this association. (drpaulalexander.com)
Immune response1
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors involved in metabolism and the immune response. (bvsalud.org)
General mechanisms of CNS invasion by neurotropic viruses are breakdown of the BBB, infection of cerebral endothelial cells, virus shedding from choroidal cells, axonal transport through olfactory receptor neurons, and retrograde transport along peripheral nerve axons, or transport by the "Trojan-horse" mechanisms by which virus is transported by infected cells. (tbenews.com)
Our previous studies showed that Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is expressed in murine oviduct epithelial (OE) cells, is the primary PRR triggered by C. muridarum (Cm) early during infection to induce IFN-β synthesis, and that TLR3 signaling regulates the chlamydial induced synthesis of a plethora of other innate inflammatory modulators including IL-6, CXCL10, CXCL16 and CCL5. (madridge.org)
Specific1
The cell-to-cell signaling and regulating effects of chemokines, e.g., on inflammation or hematopoiesis, are mediated through chemokine receptors, which can be blocked with specific antagonist drugs. (unboundmedicine.com)
Host1
Here, we show that in the absence of VitD, the GCRV-873 strain utilizes host vitamin D receptors Vdra/Vdrb to increase hmgcr-dependent cholesterol synthesis for promoting the production of VIBs, which are important functional sites for aquareovirus replication and assembly. (bvsalud.org)
Main1
The main functions of the spleen are immunologic surveillance and red blood cell breakdown. (lecturio.com)
Human1
Fraunhofer IGB has a number of mammalian whole-cell-biosensor-assays available that can measure the activity of all known human TLR-receptors and some C-lectines. (fraunhofer.de)
Cells2
By using whole cells or even tissue samples, simple receptor-ligand-interactions can be analyzed and very complex interactions within the cell or tissue aggregate can be recorded. (fraunhofer.de)
The effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activators D-serine, D-alanine, and sarcosine against schizophrenia and depression are promising. (researchgate.net)