• In neuroanatomy, the superior colliculus (from Latin 'upper hill') is a structure lying on the roof of the mammalian midbrain. (wikipedia.org)
  • In mammals, the superior colliculus forms a major component of the midbrain. (wikipedia.org)
  • The superior colliculi are a structure of the dorsal midbrain and are part of the mesencephalic tectum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Combining rabies-virus tracing, optical clearing (CLARITY), and whole-brain light-sheet imaging, we mapped the monosynaptic inputs to midbrain dopamine neurons projecting to different targets (different parts of the striatum, cortex, amygdala, etc) in mice. (elifesciences.org)
  • These results lay a foundation for understanding the input/output structure of the midbrain dopamine circuit and demonstrate that dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum constitute a unique class of dopamine neurons regulated by different inputs. (elifesciences.org)
  • Current studies focus on how the functional circuitry in the midbrain superior colliculus (SC) mediates active sensing, decisions and movements, and how activity in the SC is modulated by input from several upstream brain regions. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • In the superior colliculus, a midbrain nucleus involved in the control of orienting behaviour, visual, auditory, and tactile inputs converge to form superimposed maps of sensory space. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Effects of light isoflurane anesthesia on organization of direction and orientation selectivity in the superficial layer of the mouse superior colliculus. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
  • The mouse superior colliculus has been studied extensively for more than 60 years. (medindia.net)
  • 2019) A projection specific logic to sampling visual inputs in mouse superior colliculus. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Based upon the numbers and morphology of the staining axons, Eph is expressed by a large subset of interneurons and does not appear to be expressed by motor neurons (Scully, 1999). (sdbonline.org)
  • He and his PhD students are authors on a paper titled, "Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-Associated Persistent Organic Pollutant cis-Chlordane Causes GABAA-Independent Toxicity to Motor Neurons, Providing Evidence toward an Environmental Component of Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ", which appeared this month in Chemical Neuroscience. (umass.edu)
  • The primary motor cortex contains a variety of pyramidal neurons whose axons extend down the spinal cord and synapse with motor neurons. (nih.gov)
  • The basal nuclei do not exert direct control over lower motor neurons. (medicalquiz.net)
  • Instead, they adjust the activities of the upper motor neurons. (medicalquiz.net)
  • Where are the upper motor neurons of the medial pathway located? (medicalquiz.net)
  • Trained monkeys performed a two-choice perceptual decision-making task in which they reported the perceived orientation of a dynamic Glass pattern, before and after unilateral, reversible, inactivation of a brainstem area-the superior colliculus (SC)-involved in preparing eye movements. (nature.com)
  • The Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAEP) is a complex response to externalstimulation that represents the neural electrophysiological activity of the auditory system at the level of the brainstem, mapping the synapses of the auditory pathways from the cochlear nerve, cochlear nucleus, superior olivary brainstem complex to the inferior colliculus-midbrain 1,2 . (bvsalud.org)
  • 13 Discussion …………………………………………………………………… 28 CHAPTER TWO - Multisensory integration uses a real-time unisensorymultisensory transform …………………………………………………………… 36 Submitted to Neuron, April, 2016. (studyres.com)
  • A screw microdrive is described that attaches to the grid system used for recording single neurons from brains of awake behaving monkeys. (duke.edu)
  • Receptive field properties of single neurons in the cat superior colliculus were examined following selective conduction-block of Y-type fibers in contralateral optic nerve. (neuroinf.pl)
  • Convergence of Y and non-Y channels onto single neurons in the superior colliculi of the cat. (neuroinf.pl)
  • We found that most populations of dopamine neurons receive a similar set of inputs rather than forming strong reciprocal connections with their target areas. (elifesciences.org)
  • A common feature among most populations of dopamine neurons was the existence of dense 'clusters' of inputs within the ventral striatum. (elifesciences.org)
  • However, we found that dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum were outliers, receiving relatively few inputs from the ventral striatum and instead receiving more inputs from the globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and zona incerta. (elifesciences.org)
  • Doykos, T. K., Gilmer, J. I., Person, A. L., and Felsen, G. Monosynaptic inputs to excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • One possibility is that CC inputs specifically modulate neurons projecting back to the source of those inputs (looped neurons) indirectly via intermediary inhibitory or excitatory cells in the local circuit. (elifesciences.org)
  • However, it remains unknown whether CC inputs selectively contact looped neurons over closely intermingled IT neurons projecting elsewhere (non-looped IT neurons), or whether they innervate IT neurons equally regardless of their projection pattern. (elifesciences.org)
  • As such, the researchers deciphered a projection-specific logic where each output pathway from the superior colliculus sampled a distinct and limited set of retinal inputs. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Our data suggests there are strict limits on the degree of mixing of retinal inputs that occurs in the superior colliculus, where each output pathway has access to a distinct, only partially overlapping, set of visual information encoded by the retina. (technologynetworks.com)
  • They have recently expanded their research program to study how retinal outputs are integrated in the superior colliculus together with top-down modulatory inputs from the visual cortex in response to behaviorally relevant stimuli. (sfari.org)
  • In anticipation of each saccade, many neurons in the visual system shift their receptive fields. (duke.edu)
  • In many locations within the brain, adjacent neurons have receptive fields that include slightly different, but overlapping portions of the visual field. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • Despite the overall increase in firing, by 6 weeks, thalamocortical neurons display degraded receptive fields, with decreased responses to adjacent whiskers. (cdc.gov)
  • There is a highly divergent projection from large numbers of cerebral cortical neurons (eight CCs are shown) to the two input nuclei of the BG network, namely the striatum (shaded box containing six spiny neurons (SpNs)) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN). (scholarpedia.org)
  • Individual dopamine neurons typically send information to a single part of the brain. (elifesciences.org)
  • This suggests that dopamine neurons with different targets might have different roles. (elifesciences.org)
  • classified dopamine neurons in the mouse brain into eight types based on the areas to which they project, and then mapped which neurons send input signals to each type. (elifesciences.org)
  • Dopamine neurons that target part of the brain called the posterior striatum receive relatively little input from the ventral striatum. (elifesciences.org)
  • suggest that this population of dopamine neurons might be particularly relevant to Parkinson's disease and that focusing future studies on them could ultimately be beneficial for patients. (elifesciences.org)
  • Susceptible neuronal populations also include inhibitory neurons in the thalamic Reticular Nucleus. (cdc.gov)
  • However, recent results from combined PFC deactivation and neural recordings of the superior colliculus in monkeys demonstrate that the primary influence of the PFC on the oculomotor system is excitatory, and stands in direct contradiction to the inhibitory model of PFC function. (nih.gov)
  • One protein, emitted by a type of excitatory neuron in the superior colliculus, lures the optic nerve cell closer like a molecular homing beacon. (medindia.net)
  • Thus, there is a substantial degree of excitatory convergence of Y- and non-Y- information channels on single collicular neurons and the responses to high velocity of motion appear to depend on the integrity of Y-type input. (neuroinf.pl)
  • Our results reveal that CC connections are selectively wired to form monosynaptic excitatory loops and support a differential role of supragranular and infragranular neurons in hierarchical recurrent computations. (elifesciences.org)
  • Another possibility, not mutually exclusive to the previous one, is that CC projections selectively synapse onto looped neurons directly to form interareal monosynaptic loops, which would be excitatory since most long-range cortical afferents are glutamatergic. (elifesciences.org)
  • Thus, long-range CC projections could selectively participate in excitatory monosynaptic loops by preferentially contacting looped IT neurons, while avoiding neighboring non-looped IT, PT, and CT neurons. (elifesciences.org)
  • The cerebral cortex sends divergent excitatory projections to a network (shaded box) of medium spiny neurons and to STN. (scholarpedia.org)
  • We used single neuron recordings and controlled whisker deflections to examine responses of thalamocortical neurons to sensory stimulation in rat survivors of 9 min of asphyxial cardiac arrest incurred on post-natal day 17. (cdc.gov)
  • Some small populations of neurons modulate the activity of hundreds or thousands of these synapses all across the brain by releasing 'neuromodulators' that affect how they work. (elifesciences.org)
  • FF and FB afferents showed similar cell-type selectivity, making stronger connections with looped neurons than with other projection types in layer (L)5 and L6, but not in L2/3, resulting in selective modulation of activity in looped neurons. (elifesciences.org)
  • Furthermore, in order to implement selective recurrent interactions, both FF and FB connections could be required to specifically engage with looped IT neurons. (elifesciences.org)
  • These findings suggest a mechanistic basis for the selective triggering of behaviors by the superior colliculus. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Auditory and visual neurons in the cat's superior colliculus selective for the direction of apparent motion stimuli. (mpg.de)
  • Research from her lab recently appeared in the journal, Hormones and Behavior , showing that Letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor used in breast cancer treatment, alters gene expression in neurons of the hippocampus, a region of the brain involved with memory. (umass.edu)
  • They are overlapped by the pulvinar of the thalamus, and a medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus is situated lateral to either superior colliculus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The brachium of superior colliculus (or superior brachium) is a branch that extends laterally from the superior colliculus, and, passing to the thalamus between the pulvinar and the medial geniculate nuclei, is partly continued into an eminence called the lateral geniculate nucleus, and partly into the optic tract. (wikipedia.org)
  • Roitman, J. D. & Shadlen, M. N. Response of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area during a combined visual discrimination reaction time task. (nature.com)
  • By contrast, gI and gE null mutants do not infect a specific subset of the visual centers, e.g., the superior colliculus and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. (princeton.edu)
  • Fox and his team examined how a specific subtype of optic nerve cells - ipsilateral retinal ganglion cells - finds its way to the superior colliculus during brain development. (medindia.net)
  • The researchers used a virus to identify which types of neurons the retinal ganglion cells made connections with once inside the superior colliculus. (medindia.net)
  • One major target of these cells is the superior colliculus, a brain area that receives approximately 85% of the retinal outputs in rodents. (technologynetworks.com)
  • We compared the shape, molecular properties and visual response of different retinal cells innervating two pathways that pass through the superior colliculus. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Following infection of the rat retina with wild-type PRV, virus replicates in retinal ganglion neurons and anterogradely spreads to infect all visual centers in the brain. (princeton.edu)
  • We used stereotaxic central nervous system injection of a fluorescent retrograde tracer into the superior colliculus and subsequent inoculation of a PRV gI-gE double null mutant into the eye of the same animal to demonstrate that viral antigen and fluorescent tracer colocalize in retinal ganglion cells. (princeton.edu)
  • Furthermore, we demonstrate that direct injection of a PRV gI-gE double null mutant into the superior colliculus resulted in robust infection followed by retrograde transport to the eye and replication in retinal ganglion neuron cell bodies. (princeton.edu)
  • These experiments provide additional proof that the retinal ganglion cells projecting to the superior colliculus are susceptible and permissive to gE and gI mutant viruses. (princeton.edu)
  • Neurons in the superficial layers receive direct input from the retina and respond almost exclusively to visual stimuli. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many neurons in the deeper layers also respond to other modalities, and some respond to stimuli in multiple modalities. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our eyes capture visual stimuli which are converted into an image, to which the brain responds by organizing neurons into clusters. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
  • When stimuli are repeatedly presented, the response of visually sensitive neurons decreases in magnitude, that is, neurons adapt or habituate, although the mechanism is not yet known. (usc.edu)
  • However, in a subset of neurons with sustained activity in response to visual stimuli, a novelty signal akin to dishabituation was observed late in the visual response profile for both brighter and dimmer stimuli, and was not captured by the model. (usc.edu)
  • This suggests that SC neurons integrate both rapidly discounted information about repeating stimuli and novelty information about oddball events, to support efficient selection in a cluttered dynamic world. (usc.edu)
  • Perrault TJ, Vaughan JW, Stein BE, Wallace MT. Superior colliculus neurons use distinct operational modes in the integration of multisensory stimuli. (wakehealth.edu)
  • Gamma rhythms give way to low-wave beta waves, and the neural activity switches from PV neurons in favor of inhibitory SOM neurons. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • The neural input estimations supported the responsive neuron populations in the superior colliculus under different stimulus conditions, and indicated the double-step visual or auditory-visual stimulus may affect the synchrony of neuron firing. (longdom.org)
  • A new study by Kyoto University researchers, appearing in the Journal of Neuroscience , shows that clusters in the superior colliculus dynamically change depending on whether a mouse is awake or anesthetized. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
  • A longstanding challenge in neuroscience is to understand how neurons compute their output by integrating information from multiple sources. (elifesciences.org)
  • Note on terminology: This article follows terminology established in the literature, using the term "superior colliculus" when discussing mammals and "optic tectum" when discussing either specific non-mammalian species or vertebrates in general. (wikipedia.org)
  • The microstructure of the superior colliculus and of the optic tectum, varies across species. (wikipedia.org)
  • During early brain development - weeks before a mouse opens its eyes for the first time -neurons extend long axonal processes from back of the eye, forming the optic nerve. (medindia.net)
  • The approach taken in this article is to follow the literature by using the term "superior colliculus" when discussing mammals, and "optic tectum" when discussing either specific non-mammalian species or vertebrates in general. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • Burnett LR, Stein BE, Perrault TJ, Wallace MT. Excitotoxic lesions of the superior colliculus preferentially impact multisensory neurons and multisensory integration. (wakehealth.edu)
  • Spontaneous burst firing is not localized to projection neurons within the neonatal superficial dorsal horn. (jneurosci.org)
  • C , Example of a rat sagittal spinal cord section (50 μm) after exposure to avidin-rhodamine, illustrating the axon of a bursting neuron which sends collaterals to the SDH (arrowhead), the deep dorsal horn (boxed region) (see D-F ), and the ventral horn (arrows). (jneurosci.org)
  • D , Section (of same spinal cord as shown in C ) illustrating axonal boutons from the bursting neuron (arrowheads) in the deep dorsal horn of the rat (see inset for higher magnification of boxed region). (jneurosci.org)
  • The frontal eye field (FEF) and superior colliculus (SC) contribute to saccadic eye movement generation, and much of the FEF's oculomotor influence may be mediated through the SC. (duke.edu)
  • In mammals, and especially primates, the massive expansion of the cerebral cortex reduces the superior colliculus to a much smaller fraction of the whole brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • In visual working memory, the brain immediately transfers the memory of object shifts by re-encoding the memory among neurons in the opposite brain hemisphere. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • These clusters are found in many brain regions, for example, the visual cortex and the superior colliculus. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
  • He adds that his results, however, suggest the clustering of neurons in the superior colliculus changes in response to the condition of the brain to process visual information efficiently. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
  • Nestled deep in the middle of the vertebrate brain is a multi-sensory integration and movement control center called the superior colliculus. (medindia.net)
  • These growing cells eventually branch off to shape thousands of intricate connections in precise brain regions, including the superior colliculus. (medindia.net)
  • Given this connected visual-attentional processes is commonly used for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients, the researchers hypothesized that a brain region responsible for the eye-movement and attention -- the superior colliculus (SC) -- may be involved in the fear-reducing effect of ABS. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In contrast, the map of auditory space is computed within the brain by tuning the neurons to different localization cues that result from the acoustical properties of the head and ears. (ox.ac.uk)
  • citation needed] The superior colliculus is associated with a nearby structure called the parabigeminal nucleus, often referred to as its satellite. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] The superior colliculus is a synaptic layered structure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pacemaker properties, not recurrent synaptic connections, drive rhythmic burst firing in neonatal lamina I neurons. (jneurosci.org)
  • Using subcellular channelrhodopsin-2-assisted circuit mapping in mouse visual cortex, we compared feedforward (FF) or feedback (FB) cortico-cortical (CC) synaptic input to cells projecting back to the input source (looped neurons) with cells projecting to a different cortical or subcortical area. (elifesciences.org)
  • Even in primates, however, the superior colliculus is also involved in generating spatially directed head turns, arm-reaching movements, and shifts in attention that do not involve any overt movements. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1 Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are thought to be important modulators of neuronal function in the superior colliculus (SC). (elsevierpure.com)
  • A genetically defined tecto-thalamic pathway drives a system of superior-colliculus-dependent visual cortices. (ucsf.edu)
  • The outputs of the two microscopic modules loop back to focal sites in cortex (not explicitly shown) via thalamic neurons T1 and T2. (scholarpedia.org)
  • G , Example of sagittal spinal cord slice from a Gad-GFP mouse showing numerous GABAergic neurons within the SDH. (jneurosci.org)
  • The anesthetic isoflurane was chosen as it suppresses the GABAergic inhibitor neurons, whereas other types do not. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
  • The superior colliculus, which is older in terms of evolution, is typically less studied and considered less vital for visual perception even though it is responsible for saccades, rapid eye movement between two fixed points, as well as facial recognition. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
  • Auditory compensation of the effects of visual deprivation in the cat's superior colliculus. (mpg.de)
  • Are Sensory Neurons in the Cortex Committed to Original Trigger Features? (intechopen.com)
  • Which of the following is a sensory neuron that delivers sensation to the CNS? (medicalquiz.net)
  • Anterior cingulate cortex neurons project connections to the superior colliculus. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Shown above are pericellular nests around pyramidal cell bodies (b,c,d) in the primary motor cortex, formed by the profusely branched axons of other neurons. (nih.gov)
  • Learning speed and detection sensitivity controlled by distinct cortico-fugal neurons in visual cortex. (ucsf.edu)
  • Feedback generates a second receptive field in neurons of the visual cortex. (ucsf.edu)
  • The deeper layers also contain a population of motor-related neurons, capable of activating eye movements as well as other responses. (wikipedia.org)
  • In primates, the superior colliculus has been studied mainly with respect to its role in directing eye movements. (wikipedia.org)
  • The superior colliculus carries out reflexive movements. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • An integrative role for the superior colliculus in selecting targets for movements. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • C , D , Spino-PB ( n = 30) projection neurons showed significantly more spontaneous activity during the neonatal period compared with spino-PAG ( n = 28) neurons ( p = 0.003, Fisher's exact test), but neither population exhibited rhythmic burst firing. (jneurosci.org)
  • Perrault TJ, Vaughan JW, Stein BE, Wallace MT. Neuron-specific response characteristics predict the magnitude of multisensory integration. (wakehealth.edu)
  • To this aim, through electrophysiology in cats, we explored that visual neurons, throughout the cortical column, have a tendency to alter their inherent properties even when presented a non-visual stimulus. (intechopen.com)
  • When the beacon molecule - called nephronectin - is absent, a visual layer of the superior colliculus doesn't form properly, and the mice have trouble hunting prey. (medindia.net)
  • We monitored the activity of visual neurons in the superior colliculus (SC) of rhesus monkeys who actively fixated while repeated visual events were presented. (usc.edu)
  • Visual subcircuit-specific dysfunction and input-specific mispatterning in the superior colliculus of fragile X mice. (gwu.edu)
  • In other species, the superior colliculus is involved in a wide range of responses, including whole-body turns in walking rats. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study discovered a novel function of MD neurons in suppressing BLA fear responses" explains Mr. Baek. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The superior colliculus is a layered structure, with a pattern that is similar to all mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • B , Frozen sagittal section (30 μm) of P4 spinal cord illustrating the presence of DiI-labeled neurons within lamina I at 3 d after injection. (jneurosci.org)
  • A spatial model of the intermediate superior colliculus (Moren et. (yale.edu)
  • F , Numerous axonal boutons from the bursting neuron (red) demonstrated VGLUT2 immunoreactivity (green) as evidenced by colocalization in a single 0.5 μm optical plane (yellow). (jneurosci.org)
  • Studies using animal models have focused on direct approaches, by removing the original fear memory with chemicals that impair synapses or neurons, making these approaches inappropriate for clinical applications. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Composition and topographic organization of signals sent from the frontal eye field to the superior colliculus. (duke.edu)
  • Here, we show that frontal eye field delay activity (particularly in visuomovement neurons) shows a progressive transition through intermediate target-gaze codes, with a further jump to coding the intended gaze position in movement neurons with no delay response. (eneuro.org)
  • We observed a reduction in the magnitude of the initial transient response and an increase in response onset latency with stimulus repetition for all visually responsive neurons in the SC. (usc.edu)
  • Although the superior colliculus composes a relatively small portion of the brain's volume in mice, it's a processing powerhouse - in part, because it's formed by precise cellular layers that organize and refine signaling patterns. (medindia.net)
  • Compared to the awake state, more neurons responded to specific orientations under anesthesia, demonstrating an unexpected dynamic of the mapping that allows the superior colliculus to adapt. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
  • Immunostaining with an affinity-purified mouse antibody reveals that Eph is highly targeted to axons and growth cones of developing neurons within the VNC. (sdbonline.org)
  • Our studies confirm that gI and gE specifically facilitate anterograde spread of infection by affecting intracellular processes in the primary infected neuron such as anterograde transport in axons or egress from axon terminals. (princeton.edu)
  • F , Bursting lamina I neurons ( n = 28) had a smaller membrane capacitance (* p = 0.038, Mann-Whitney test) and higher membrane resistance (* p = 0.014, Mann-Whitney test) compared with adjacent, nonbursting cells ( n = 45) at P2-P3. (jneurosci.org)
  • A , Membrane depolarization via direct current injection recruits burst firing in a previously silent lamina I neuron at P3, which disappears upon removal of the depolarizing current. (jneurosci.org)
  • We found that 48-72 hours after cardiac arrest, thalamocortical neurons demonstrate significantly elevated firing rates both during spontaneous activity and in response to whisker deflections. (cdc.gov)