Neuron receptors glutamate. Medical search. Frequent questions

Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor activation suppresses ATP currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. (iasp-pain.org)
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8-expressing nerve terminals target subsets of GABAergic neurons in the hippocampus. (ox.ac.uk)
This study shows that the metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGlu5, mobilizes nuclear Ca 2+ independent of cytosolic Ca 2+ regulation. (wustl.edu)
Immunocytochemical, ultrastructural, and subcellular fractionation techniques revealed that the metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGlu5, can be localized to nuclear membranes in heterologous cells as well as midbrain and cortical neurons. (wustl.edu)
Metabotropic glutamate receptor activation has no effect on [Ca2+]i. (nih.gov)
This gene encodes a metabotropic glutamate receptor that functions by activating phospholipase C. L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. (nih.gov)
Brain (11) C-ITMM PET to longitudinally assess type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor availability in Alzheimer's disease. (nih.gov)
The second intracellular loop of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 cooperates with the other intracellular domains to control coupling to G-proteins. (bdbiosciences.com)
Pyk2 uncouples metabotropic glutamate receptor G protein signaling but" by Alexander A. Nicodemo, Macarena Pampillo et al. (uwo.ca)
Pyk2 uncouples metabotropic glutamate receptor G protein signaling but facilitates ERK1/2 activation. (uwo.ca)

The GluN2B protein is one component (subunit) of a subset of specialized protein structures called NMDA receptors. (medlineplus.gov)
There are several types of NMDA receptors, made up of different combinations of proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
NMDA receptors are glutamate-gated ion channels. (medlineplus.gov)
NMDA receptors are involved in normal brain development, changes in the brain in response to experience (synaptic plasticity), learning, and memory. (medlineplus.gov)
A shortage of this protein may reduce the number of functional NMDA receptors, which would reduce receptor activity in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
some mutations reduce NMDA receptor signaling while others increase it. (medlineplus.gov)
Researchers are unsure how abnormal activity of NMDA receptors prevents normal growth and development of the brain or why too much or too little activity lead to similar neurological problems in people with GRIN2B -related neurodevelopmental disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
Disease-associated missense mutations in GluN2B subunit alter NMDA receptor ligand binding and ion channel properties. (medlineplus.gov)
It is a quinoxaline derivative and also an antagonist for non-N-methyl-d-aspartate (non-NMDA) glutamate receptor. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The stimulatory action of glutamate is mostly produced through the NMDA-type of ionotropic receptors. (nih.gov)
Consistent with such results, immunocytochemical studies showed a prominent expression of GABAA and NMDA receptors in pioneer neurons. (nih.gov)
NMDA Receptor Antagonist Ketamine Distorts Object Recognition by Reducing Feedback to Early Visual Cortex. (uva.nl)
Excitatory synaptic transmission in many neurons is mediated by two co-expressed ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes, AMPA and NMDA receptors, that differ in their kinetics, ion-selectivity, and voltage-sensitivity. (yale.edu)
AMPA receptors have fast kinetics and are voltage-insensitive, while NMDA receptors have slower kinetics and increased conductance at depolarized membrane potentials. (yale.edu)
Here we report that the voltage-dependency and kinetics of NMDA receptors act synergistically to stabilize synaptic integration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) across spatial and voltage domains. (yale.edu)
When combined with AMPA conductance, the NMDA conductance balances voltage- and impedance-dependent changes in synaptic driving force, and distance-dependent attenuation of synaptic potentials arriving at the axon, to increase the fidelity of synaptic integration and EPSP-spike coupling across neuron state (i.e., initial membrane potential) and dendritic location of synaptic input. (yale.edu)
Thus, synaptic NMDA receptors convey advantages for synaptic integration that are independent of, but fully compatible with, their importance for coincidence detection and synaptic plasticity. (yale.edu)
Agmatine acts as an agonist at imidazoline and alpha-2-adrenergic receptors, also modulating NMDA receptor activity. (psicothema.com)
A new study provides clues into how the function of the most common NMDA receptor subtypes may be manipulated for clinical benefit. (neurosciencenews.com)
NMDA receptors have been implicated in a number of neurological and psychological disease, from Alzheimer's to schizophrenia. (neurosciencenews.com)
Researchers say there is evidence to suggest ketamine binds to NMDA receptors, instead of opioid receptors. (neurosciencenews.com)
NYX-783, a newly discovered drug, helps modulate NMDA receptor function in neurons. (neurosciencenews.com)
Short-duration LTP (LTP 1) was associated with Ca increase in dendritic spines, due to activation of NMDA receptors and local ryanodine receptors (RyRs). (yale.edu)
Intermediate duration LTP (LTP 2) was associated with Ca increase in dendritic branches, due to activation of NMDA receptors and local IP3 receptors (IP3Rs). (yale.edu)
Using preclinical models, researchers have noted that the administration of N -methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, such as phencyclidine and ketamine, induces schizophrenia-like symptoms. (psychiatrist.com)
12 Mechanistically, a blockade of NMDA receptors results in a counterintuitive increase in glutamate release, along with reductions in the firing rate of interneurons. (psychiatrist.com)
El receptor GlyB no es sensible a la estricnina y se asocia al receptor excitador NMDA. (bvsalud.org)
GlyB receptor is insensitive to strychnine and associated with the excitatory NMDA receptor. (bvsalud.org)

They are found in pre- and postsynaptic neurons in synapses of the hippocampus, cerebellum, and the cerebral cortex, as well as other parts of the brain and in peripheral tissues. (wikipedia.org)
Tetanic stimuli to layer I-II afferents in rat prefrontal cortex induced long-term depression (LTD) of layer I-II to layer V pyramidal neuron glutamatergic synapses when tetani were coupled to bath application of dopamine. (jneurosci.org)
By tracing a protein tagged to glow fluorescent green as it migrates through individual neurons, from the cell body out through the branching dendrites, the researchers could see exactly which synapses-connections to other neurons-were involved when the mice learned to fear an electric shock. (technologyreview.com)
The tagged glutamate receptor migrated primarily into the mushroom-type synapses. (technologyreview.com)
Another mystery is why the tagged receptor disappears from the synapses after 72 hours, when the memory persists much longer. (technologyreview.com)
We also revealed that there are raft-positive and -negative synapses in the same neuron, proposing the hypothesis that glycosylation of AMPA―R decides the synaptic localization, resulting in the regulation of synaptic strength in synaptic plasticity. (nii.ac.jp)
Experiments in the lab incorporate a multidisciplinary approach of electrophysiological, imaging methods, and molecular biological approaches to study the activity of synapses and glutamate transporters. (uab.edu)
These excitatory synapses are isolated from one another by Bergmann glia membranes that express a high density of glutamate transporters. (uab.edu)
This balance is determined in part by the number and function of excitatory and inhibitory synapses, the excitability of input and output neurons and the ability of microcircuits to compensate for synaptic alterations, known as synaptic homeostasis. (sfari.org)

P2X3 receptors and group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have been found to be expressed in primary sensory neurons. (iasp-pain.org)
P2X3 receptors participate in a variety of pain processes, while the activation of mGluRs has an analgesic effect. (iasp-pain.org)
These results indicated that peripheral group II mGluR activation inhibited the functional activity of P2X3 receptors via a G protein and cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in rat DRG neurons, which revealed a novel mechanism underlying analgesic effects of peripheral group II mGluRs. (iasp-pain.org)
The metabotropic glutamate receptors, or mGluRs, are a type of glutamate receptor that are active through an indirect metabotropic process. (wikipedia.org)
Like all glutamate receptors, mGluRs bind with glutamate, an amino acid that functions as an excitatory neurotransmitter. (wikipedia.org)
Like other metabotropic receptors, mGluRs have seven transmembrane domains that span the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
For example, group I mGluRs are known to increase the activity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), a type of ion channel-linked receptor that is central in a neurotoxic process called excitotoxicity. (wikipedia.org)
Presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) show a highly selective expression and subcellular location in nerve terminals modulating neurotransmitter release. (ox.ac.uk)
In the next series of experiments, coapplication of dopamine and 1 S ,3 R -ACPD, but not application of either drug alone, consistently induced LTD without tetani or even single test stimuli during drug application, suggesting that coactivation of dopamine receptors and the mGluRs is sufficient for LTD induction. (jneurosci.org)
Immunoblot analyses with anti-active mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP-Ks) revealed that D1 receptors, D2 receptors, group I mGluRs, and group II mGluRs all contribute to MAP-K activation in prefrontal cortex, and that combined activation of dopamine receptors and mGluRs synergistically or additively activate MAP-Ks. (jneurosci.org)
Our results suggest that dopamine receptors and groups I and II mGluRs cooperate to induce LTD through converging postsynaptic activation of MAP-Ks. (jneurosci.org)
Coupling with G proteins provides the metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) with the capacity for intracellular signal transduction. (bdbiosciences.com)
Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are coupled via Galphaq/11 to the activation of phospholipase Cbeta, which hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids to form inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. (uwo.ca)

CA1 pyramidal neurons increase their firing (recorded extracellularly) in response to ionophoresed Glu within their apical dendritic fields or in the cell body layer (Dudar 1974 PMID#4437726). (yale.edu)
Mouse models of fragile X syndrome exhibit a higher density of dendritic spines in basal dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons. (sfari.org)
These reductions, in turn, result in disinhibition of pyramidal neurons and disruptions to normal, synchronized oscillations between excitatory and inhibitory neurons. (psychiatrist.com)

Their action can be excitatory, increasing conductance, causing more glutamate to be released from the presynaptic cell, but they also increase inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, or IPSPs. (wikipedia.org)
Receptors in groups II and III reduce the activity of postsynaptic potentials, both excitatory and inhibitory, in the cortex. (wikipedia.org)
A neuron can simultaneously receive many impulses-excitatory and inhibitory-from other neurons and integrate simultaneous impulses into various patterns of firing. (msdmanuals.com)
Depending on the receptor, the response may be excitatory or inhibitory. (msdmanuals.com)
GlyA receptor is sensitive to STRYCHNINE and localized in the post-synaptic membrane of inhibitory glycinergic neurons. (bvsalud.org)

1998). We have analysed the functional activity of glutamate and GABA receptors in such cells by measuring changes in intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i). (nih.gov)
bursting persisted and became more regular in the presence of ionotropic glutamate and GABA receptor antagonists. (nih.gov)
We also review current models for the mechanisms of GABA-mediated synchronization of neural activity, focusing on parvalbumin-positive GABA neurons, which are altered in schizophrenia and whose function has been strongly linked to the production of neural synchrony. (hindawi.com)
About 80 percent of the signaling in the brain is carried out by two neurotransmitters that balance each other's effect: Glutamate stirs up activity to begin the signaling cascade, and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) clamps down on activity. (additudemag.com)

Massive release of glutamate leads to overstimulation of neighbor neurons and production of free radicals, which kill healthy neurons. (medscape.com)
Spontaneous release of glutamate could cause neurons to grow and branch, a new study reports. (neurosciencenews.com)

We found that fleeting activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors sensitizes neurons but not astrocytes to complement attack. (duke.edu)
The presence of agmatine in neurons and astrocytes has been demonstrated by immunohistochemical examination with anti-agmatine antibody (Regunathan et al. (psicothema.com)
Researchers report on how astrocytes help control the strength of connections between neurons. (neurosciencenews.com)
Glucose is glycolytically processed by astrocytes to produce lactate, which is the main energy substrate used by neurons. (abcam.com)
Cultures of cerebellar granule neurons were stained after 7 days in culture with an antibody recognizing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) to identify astrocytes. (abcam.com)

Scholars@Duke publication: Fleeting activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors sensitizes cortical neurons to complement attack. (duke.edu)

Finally, the researchers tested a drug called apilimod that reduces the number of receptors present at connections between neurons and found that this could stop neurons from dying in the FTD mini-brain models. (nih.gov)

They are members of the group C family of G-protein-coupled receptors, or GPCRs. (wikipedia.org)
The lipophilic diacylglycerol remains in the membrane, acting as a cofactor for the activation of protein kinase C. These receptors are also associated with Na+ and K+ channels. (wikipedia.org)
This protein is found in nerve cells (neurons) in the brain, primarily during development before birth. (medlineplus.gov)
A glowing protein provides insight into how learning strengthens the ties between neurons. (technologyreview.com)
Follow the glow: By engineering mice to manufacture a fluorescently tagged glutamate receptor protein (shown in green) in active neurons, researchers could follow the protein's path as the mice learned to fear an electric shock. (technologyreview.com)
See pictures of the glowing protein as it travels through neurons. (technologyreview.com)
The studied protein is a receptor for glutamate, a neurotransmitter previously implicated in memory formation. (technologyreview.com)
Nanowerk News ) The structure of a protein that is sending electrical pulses between neurons in your brain as you read this article has been fully mapped for the first time using Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Advanced Light Source. (nanowerk.com)
The complete atomic-level architecture of the protein, called a glutamate receptor, caps more than 11 years of painstaking work by a team of scientists led by Eric Gouaux of the Oregon Health and Science University. (nanowerk.com)
Glutamate receptor trafficking and protein synthesis mediate the facilitation of LTP by secreted amyloid precursor protein-alpha. (otago.ac.nz)
Eight metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1-8) and several Ca[2+] sensing receptors belong to a novel G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. (bdbiosciences.com)
At four months, researchers observed that tau protein was building up in the neurons and that the waste management systems that would normally help clear the build-up had started to fail. (nih.gov)
In addition, the scientists discovered that the neurons had harmful changes in splicing - a process by which the cell chooses which parts of a gene will be included in the protein it encodes. (nih.gov)
The faulty splicing was caused by an increase in the amount of a protein called ELAVL4, which regulates splicing of genes involved in communication between neurons. (nih.gov)

Excitotoxicity originates by massive release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. (nature.com)
Additional evidence implicates the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. (psychiatrist.com)

Group II mGluR agonist LY354740 concentration-dependently decreased P2X3 receptor-mediated and α,β-methylene-ATP (α,β-meATP)-evoked inward currents in DRG neurons. (iasp-pain.org)
To stimulate the olfactory receptors, airborne molecules must pass through the nasal cavity with relatively turbulent air currents and contact the receptors. (medscape.com)

and densely packed hyperchronic hippocampal neurons with altered glutamate receptors and transporters. (educate-yourself.org)
No one knew what it looked like," says Gouaux, a pioneer in determining the atomic structure of neurotransmitter receptors and transporters. (nanowerk.com)
His thesis work revealed how glutamate transporters can function as both carriers and ligand-gated ion channels. (uab.edu)
In addition, glutamate released into the synaptic cleft is cleared via transporters found on the postsynaptic Purkinje cells. (uab.edu)
By combining these methods, we aim to better understand how glutamate transporters shape synaptic signals and their physiological roles in normal and pathological states. (uab.edu)

Overall, the study provides critical insights into the events that cause neurons to die in people with genetically inherited FTD. (nih.gov)

The activation of GABAA receptors with muscimol, as well as bath application of glutamate, lead to increases in [Ca2+]i in pioneer neurons. (nih.gov)

The glutamate receptor was characterized at beamline 5.0.2, which is our brightest beamline and is ideally suited to determine the structure of proteins at an atomic-level resolution," says Peter Zwart of Berkeley Lab's Physical Biosciences Division. (nanowerk.com)
Therefore, Sig1R demonstrates properties that can be attributed to both chaperone proteins and receptors. (frontiersin.org)
The sizable extracellular N-terminal domain is homologous to bacterial periplasmic binding proteins and serves as the glutamate binding site. (bdbiosciences.com)
The splicing changes eventually caused the neurons to have too many glutamate receptors - proteins that allow the neuron to hear an incoming chemical message. (nih.gov)
Genes encoding proteins that affect neurotransmitter release, receptor function and inactivation have been implicated in autism. (sfari.org)
2004) and subsequently to report on selective Aβ dependent alterations in synaptic proteins and neurotransmitter receptors, including surface glutamate receptors and PSD-95 (Almeida et al. (lu.se)

Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter and functions in multiple roles in the CNS. (bdbiosciences.com)

We show here, that the proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) interacts with both mGluR1 and mGluR5 and is precipitated with both receptors from rat brain. (uwo.ca)
Pyk2 overexpression in HEK293 results in attenuated basal and agonist-stimulated inositol phosphate formation in mGluR1 expressing cells and involves a mechanism whereby Pyk2 displaces Galphaq/11 from the receptor. (uwo.ca)
The activation of endogenous mGluR1 in primary mouse cortical neuron stimulates ERK1/2 phosphorylation. (uwo.ca)

We investigated the morphology, spontaneous, and sensory-evoked activity of one class of JG neurons, external tufted (ET) cells, using whole-cell patch-clamp and extracellular recordings in rat olfactory bulb slices. (nih.gov)
Afferent sensory neurons signal sensory information from the periphery to the central nervous system. (jove.com)
In addition to the olfactory neurons, the epithelium is composed of supporting cells, Bowman glands and ducts unique to the olfactory epithelium, and basal cells that allow for the regeneration of the epithelium, including the olfactory sensory neurons. (medscape.com)

Mayford's group followed the glowing glutamate receptor as it migrated through neurons in a region called the hippocampus by examining brain slices at several time points after the learning task. (technologyreview.com)
The way that different parts of a neuron carry out multiple information processing roles is illustrated by the CA1 pyramidal cell in the hippocampus. (yale.edu)

Although glutamate receptors and other neurotransmitter receptors are linchpins of the nervous system, their structure was poorly understood until now. (nanowerk.com)

And although the neurons that produce them account for only one percent of the brain's hundred billion cells, these neurotransmitters wield powerful influence. (additudemag.com)
A neuron generates and propagates an action potential along its axon, then transmits this signal across a synapse by releasing neurotransmitters, which trigger a reaction in another neuron or an effector cell (eg, muscle cells, most exocrine and endocrine cells). (msdmanuals.com)
Neurotransmitters enable neurons to communicate with each other. (msdmanuals.com)
Neurotransmitters that are released bind to receptors on another neuron. (msdmanuals.com)
Neurons that release neurotransmitters are called presynaptic neurons. (msdmanuals.com)
In such cases, the dendrites (a neuron's receiving branches) on the postsynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters that affect receptors on the presynaptic neurons. (msdmanuals.com)
Retrograde transmission can inhibit presynaptic neurons from releasing additional neurotransmitters and help control the level of activity and communication among neurons. (msdmanuals.com)
Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind briefly to specific receptors on the adjoining neuron or effector cell. (msdmanuals.com)

1) Mechanisms that control vesicular release.The activity of individual neurons make up the basic unit of neuronal circuit behavior. (uab.edu)

Neurons that receive neurotransmitter signals are called postsynaptic neurons. (msdmanuals.com)
ion channels directly connect the cytoplasm of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. (msdmanuals.com)

These receptors are involved in presynaptic inhibition, and do not appear to affect postsynaptic membrane potential by themselves. (wikipedia.org)

Herein, we reported that the group II mGluR activation inhibited the electrophysiological activity of P2X3 receptors in rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. (iasp-pain.org)
Excitotoxicity, triggered by excessive activation of glutamate receptors, has been implicated in neuronal death following diverse insults, including ischemia and seizures. (duke.edu)
Sensitization mediated by glutamate receptor activation required Ca(2+)(o) and generation of reactive oxygen species. (duke.edu)
In contrast, carbachol-activation of endogenous muscarinic receptors led to cytoplasmic but not nuclear Ca 2+ responses. (wustl.edu)
Similarly, activation of mGlu5 receptors expressed on neuronal nuclei led to sustained Ca 2+ oscillatory responses. (wustl.edu)
The activation of such receptors may be implicated in the remodelling of pioneer neurons during development. (nih.gov)
His postdoctoral work also demonstrated how altering the strength of neuronal uptake can determine the extent of extrasynaptic receptor activation. (uab.edu)

5. Carlezon, W.A. Jr. & Wise, R.A. Rewarding actions drug to its receptor, but rather by the rats, treatments associated with aversive of phencyclidine and related drugs in nucleus ac- failure of an expected drug injection to states such as severe drug withdrawal cumbens shell and frontal cortex. (lu.se)

Clinical studies suggested that a minimal excitotoxic insult might sensitize neurons to complement attack. (duke.edu)
These in vitro findings predict that a fleeting excitotoxic insult could act synergistically with complement to destroy cortical neurons and accelerate neurological deterioration. (duke.edu)
Neuronal PKD1 inactivation by pharmacological inhibition or lentiviral silencing in vitro, or by genetic inactivation in neurons in vivo, strongly enhances excitotoxic neuronal death. (nature.com)
Excitotoxic mechanisms kill neurons and oligodendrocytes, leading to demyelination. (medscape.com)

Stimulating the receptors causes the associated enzyme phospholipase C to hydrolyze phosphoinositide phospholipids in the cell's plasma membrane. (wikipedia.org)

Subcellular localization of full-length and truncated Trk receptor isoforms in polarized neurons and epithelial cells. (bdbiosciences.com)

A large body of literature exists for the electrophysiological correlates of spike-and-wave seizures, and in particular the first intracellular recordings (Pollen, 1964) revealed that the "spike" component is invariably associated with neuronal firing, while the "wave" is associated with a hyperpolarization of neurons, suggesting an active role of inhibition . (scholarpedia.org)
Cell surface receptors that bind GLYCINE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. (bvsalud.org)

All ET neurons exhibit spontaneous rhythmic bursts of action potentials (approximately 1-8 bursts/sec). (nih.gov)
The central nervous system (CNS) comprises a network of approximately 10 12 neurons, which mediate the transmission of action potentials. (abcam.com)

Glutamate is a key element in the excitotoxicity. (medscape.com)

Glomeruli, the initial sites of synaptic processing in the olfactory system, contain at least three types of neurons collectively referred to as juxtaglomerular (JG) neurons. (nih.gov)
Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of Drosophila olfactory receptor neurons. (elifesciences.org)
Three types of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are portrayed in three different colors (green, magenta, and blue) and their cell bodies are housed in the antennae and maxillary palps. (elifesciences.org)
Each ORN type expresses a unique olfactory receptor or a unique combination of receptors and sends its axons to a stereotyped glomerulus. (elifesciences.org)
It is a specialized pseudostratified neuroepithelium containing the primary olfactory receptors. (medscape.com)
As humans age, the number of olfactory neurons steadily decreases. (medscape.com)
The sense of smell is mediated through stimulation of the olfactory receptor cells by volatile chemicals. (medscape.com)
Odorants can also be perceived by entering the nose posteriorly through the nasopharynx to reach the olfactory receptor via retronasal olfaction. (medscape.com)
Odorants diffuse into the mucous and are transported to the olfactory receptor. (medscape.com)

The flow of cations activates (excites) neurons to send signals to each other. (medlineplus.gov)

Glutamate receptors are lodged in the membranes of neurons. (nanowerk.com)

Huntington disease (HD) is an incurable, adult-onset, autosomal dominant inherited disorder associated with cell loss within a specific subset of neurons in the basal ganglia and cortex. (medscape.com)

Moreover, LY354740 decreased α,β-meATP-induced membrane potential depolarization and action potential bursts in DRG neurons. (iasp-pain.org)

The researchers engineered a strain of mice so that the glutamate receptor would glow green under extremely specific, manipulable circumstances. (technologyreview.com)
Presumably, he says, the neurons activated as the mice learned to fear the box were those responsible for forming the aversive memory. (technologyreview.com)
2010). We were also the first group to use primary neurons from AD transgenic mice to model Aβ accumulation in culture (Takahashi et al. (lu.se)

CNQX mediates depolarization thalamic reticular nucleus via α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors (AMPARs). (sigmaaldrich.com)

Diurnal enhancement of pain hypersensitivity is mediated by glucocorticoid-induced enhancement of the extracellular release of ATP in the spinal cord, which stimulates purinergic receptors on microglia in the dorsal horn. (nature.com)
Temporal elevations in glucocorticoid levels enhance the extracellular release of ATP in the spinal cord, which stimulates purinergic receptors on microglia in the dorsal horn. (nature.com)

When brain chemicals called glutamate and glycine attach to the receptor, a channel opens, allowing positively charged particles (cations) to flow through. (medlineplus.gov)
Glycine receptors in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM have an intrinsic chloride channel. (bvsalud.org)

We describe a method of retrograde labeling to identify afferent neurons, and study the voltage-gated ion channels in these neurons using patch clamp electrophysiology and immunocytochemistry. (jove.com)
Sometimes signals between neurons occur in the reverse direction (called retrograde neurotransmission). (msdmanuals.com)

Neuron 36, no. 3 (October 24, 2002): 363-74. (duke.edu)
1995). Agmatine is considered as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the brain, being synthesized, stored in vesicles, released from specific networks of neurons in a Ca2+ dependent manner, inactivated by energy-dependent reuptake mechanisms and degraded enzymatically (Navarro, 2002). (psicothema.com)
Neuron 36 , 241-263 (2002). (lu.se)

and the requirement of A antibody internalization into neurons as a mechanism for A reduction and synaptic protection in A immunotherapy for AD. (lu.se)
this work provided novel findings that antibodies can act within neurons after internalization. (lu.se)

Interneurons strongly immunopositive for the muscarinic M2 or the mGlu1 receptors were the primary targets of mGluR8-containing terminals in the stratum oriens, but only neurochemically distinct subsets were innervated by mGluR8-enriched terminals. (ox.ac.uk)
We provided the first evidence that age-related pathology in Alzheimer's disease initiates with aberrant accumulation and aggregation of β-amyloid peptides within vulnerable neurons, in particular their neurite terminals (Takahashi RH et al. (lu.se)

In particular, AMPA-type glutamate receptor (AMPA-R) plays central roles in not only main excitatory neurotransmission, but also expression of synaptic plasticity. (nii.ac.jp)

Glutamate is a main excitatory neurotransmitter in central nervous system and its receptor, glutamate receptors, play important roles in many neuronal functions including memory. (nii.ac.jp)

Defects in Mitochondrial Biogenesis Drive Mitochondrial Alterations in PINK1-deficient Human Dopamine Neurons. (neurotree.org)

They can also inhibit glutamate release and can modulate voltage-dependent calcium channels. (wikipedia.org)
Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors in VTA Glutamate Neurons Modulate Excitatory Transmission. (wakehealth.edu)

In this way, chemical signals are converted to electrical signals capable of being relayed between neurons and along nerves. (nanowerk.com)

Anatomy82

Organisms12

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs102

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment18

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes33

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science2

Health Care1

Metabotropic glutamat10

NMDA28

Synapses9

MGluRs13

Pyramidal neurons3

Inhibitory5

GABA4

Release of glutamate2

Astrocytes5

Ionotropic glutamate1

Connections between neurons1

Protein14

Excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate2

Currents2

Transporters5

Cause neurons1

Application of glutamate1

Proteins6

Major excitatory neurotransmitter1

MGluR13

Sensory3

Hippocampus2

Neurotransmitter receptors1

Neurotransmitters8

Individual neurons1

Postsynaptic neurons2

Presynaptic1

Activation7

Rats1

Excitotoxic4

Phospholipase1

Subcellular1

Intracellular2

Action potentials2

Excitotoxicity1

Olfactory9

Activates1

Membranes1

Basal1

Membrane potential1

Mice3

Mediates1

Dorsal2

Glycine2

Retrograde2

20023

Internalization2

Terminals2

Neurotransmission1

Roles1

Alterations1

Modulate2

Signals1