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PlastidsGlutathioneGenome, PlastidGlutathione TransferaseNADPH OxidaseGlutathione PeroxidaseGlutathione ReductaseGlutathione DisulfideGlutathione SynthaseChloroplastsNADH, NADPH OxidoreductasesNADPRhodophytaButhionine SulfoximineGlutathione S-Transferase piOxidation-ReductionMolecular Sequence DataOxidative StressDNA, ChloroplastGlutamate-Cysteine LigaseArabidopsisReactive Oxygen SpeciesPlant ProteinsChloroplast ProteinsPhylogenyDNA, PlantDinitrochlorobenzeneCryptophytaAntioxidantsGenes, PlantTobaccoPhotosynthesisAmino Acid SequenceGenome, ChloroplastDinoflagellidaMethionine SulfoximineSulfhydryl CompoundsArabidopsis ProteinsOenotheraPlantsPlant LeavesCuscutaChlorophytaHydrogen PeroxideCatalaseBase SequenceGene Expression Regulation, PlantAlgal ProteinsSuperoxidesPlants, Genetically ModifiedKineticsLiverSuperoxide DismutaseSeleniumSymbiosisCysteineLipid PeroxidationMaleatesIsoenzymesEukaryotaAcetylcysteineCercozoaOxidoreductasesDiatomsProtochlorophyllidePlants, ToxicCytosolChlorophyllgamma-GlutamyltransferaseEvolution, MolecularAcetophenonesSequence Homology, Amino AcidRNA, PlantGenes, ChloroplastTetrapyrrolesMutationSubstrate SpecificityAngiospermsGenome, PlantLightSequence AlignmentCloning, MolecularDNA, AlgalRNA, MessengerMitochondriaOnium CompoundsOxidantsCell NucleusMalondialdehydeProtein TransportAlveolataCystineThylakoidsGlutaredoxinsApicomplexaPeasCyanophoraOrganellesEuglenidaHepatophyta

Reductase activityPentosesOxidative phaseReactive oxygenRibose 5-phosphaProducesTransferasesNADPEnzymesCombating oxidative damageDehydroascorbateRedoxAmino acidsPathwayCycleMoleculesProduceReduced formRolePlantsDehydroascorbate reductase

Reductase activity1

• The reduction of dehydroascorbate may be non-enzymatic or catalysed by proteins with dehydroascorbate reductase activity, such as glutathione S-transferase omega 1 or glutaredoxins. (wikipedia.org)

Pentoses4

• In scientific terms, the PPP is an essential metabolic pathway that functions concurrently with glycolysis , presenting itself as a quintessential player in maintaining cellular homeostasis through its diligent role in generating NADPH, pentoses, and ribose 5-phosphate. (microbiologynote.com)
• The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis that produces NADPH, pentoses (5-carbon sugars), and ribose 5-phosphate, a precursor for nucleotide synthesis. (microbiologynote.com)
• The pentose phosphate pathway is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis which generates NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars) as well as ribose 5-phosphate. (microbenotes.com)
• The pentose phosphate pathway is a process of glucose turnover that produces NADPH as reducing equivalents and pentoses as essential parts of nucleotides. (easyomics.org)

Oxidative phase3

• The PPP showcases its role by executing two meticulously orchestrated phases: the oxidative phase, where glucose 6-phosphate is oxidized to produce NADPH and ribulose 5-phosphate, and the non-oxidative phase, which is engaged in the synthesis of 5-carbon sugars, contributing significantly to the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids. (microbiologynote.com)
• Notably, NADPH generated through the oxidative phase is pivotal for counteracting oxidative stress and facilitating reductive biosynthesis, such as fatty acid synthesis. (microbiologynote.com)
• The first is the oxidative phase, in which NADPH is generated, and the second is the non-oxidative synthesis of 5-carbon sugars. (microbenotes.com)

Reactive oxygen2

• The ascorbate-glutathione cycle, sometimes Foyer-Halliwell-Asada pathway, is a metabolic pathway that detoxifies hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a reactive oxygen species that is produced as a waste product in metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
• Biswas S., Gupta M.K., Chattopadhyay D., and Mukhopadhyay C.K., Insulin induced activation of hypoxia inducible factor-1 requires generation of reactive oxygen species by NADPH oxidase. (jnu.ac.in)

Ribose 5-phospha2

• When NADPH levels are low, the oxidative reactions of the pathway can be used to generate ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide biosynthesis. (microbenotes.com)
• When NADPH levels are high, the reversible nonoxidative portion of the pathway can be used to generate ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide biosynthesis from fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. (microbenotes.com)

Produces2

• The dominant pathway in chloroplasts is, however, the one that produces NADPH, by the activity of ferredoxin NADP + oxidoreductase (FNR). (nature.com)
• The pentose phosphate pathway produces NADPH for fatty acid synthesis. (microbenotes.com)

Transferases2

• Johnson (Athens, USA), O. Keech (Umea), A. Meyer (Bonn), U. Mühlenhoff (Marburg), C. Remacle (Liège), F. Vignols (BPMP Montpellier)** - **Structure-Function analysis of glutathione transferases** Glutathione transferases (GSTs) constitute large multigenic families of more than 50 genes in terrestrial plants. (hal.science)
• The current work is centered on the structure-function analysis of specific classes of glutathione transferases, focusing in particular on the isolation and identification of physiological substrates explaining their implication in biotic or abiotic stress responses. (hal.science)

NADP1

• It catalyzes the transformation of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconolactone concomitant with conversion of NADP to NADPH. (scirp.org)

Enzymes3

• The cycle involves the antioxidant metabolites: ascorbate, glutathione and NADPH and the enzymes linking these metabolites. (wikipedia.org)
• Nevertheless, other enzymes (peroxidases) including peroxiredoxins and glutathione peroxidases, which use thioredoxins or glutaredoxins as reducing substrates, also contribute to H2O2 removal in plants. (wikipedia.org)
• In general, enzymes using NADH or NADPH to reduce a substrate are classified according to the reverse reaction, in which NAD+ or NADP+ is formally regarded as an acceptor. (lookformedical.com)

Combating oxidative damage1

• Furthermore, cells like erythrocytes, which are persistently exposed to oxidative stress, exploit the PPP to generate NADPH, maintaining a cellular environment that is conducive to combating oxidative damage. (microbiologynote.com)

Dehydroascorbate2

• Dehydroascorbate is reduced to ascorbate by dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) at the expense of GSH, yielding oxidized glutathione (GSSG). (wikipedia.org)
• Dwarf overexpression enhanced the activity of dehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase, leading to a reduced redox status, whereas BR deficiency had the contrasting effects. (biomedcentral.com)

Redox1

• In this context, the intervention of the TRX and glutathione (GSH)/GRX reducing systems in the sulfur signaling/trafficking pathways is examined as both the TRX and GSH/GRX systems might modulate STR function and in particular be central to the formation of hydrogen sulfide, a molecule susceptible to trigger redox signalling cascades in several physiological situations. (hal.science)

Amino acids1

• Glutathione is also used to transport amino acids across the membranes of certain cells by the γ-glutamyl cycle. (microbenotes.com)

Pathway1

• Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is stimulated by NADP+ and inhibited by NADPH and by palmitoyl-CoA (part of the fatty acid synthesis pathway). (microbenotes.com)

Cycle3

• In plants, the glutathione-ascorbate cycle operates in the cytosol, mitochondria, plastids and peroxisomes. (wikipedia.org)
• Since glutathione, ascorbate and NADPH are present in high concentrations in plant cells it is assumed that the glutathione-ascorbate cycle plays a key role for H2O2 detoxification. (wikipedia.org)
• Mehler reaction, or water-water cycle, allows functionality of the CET and subsequent synthesis of ATP needed for the Calvin cycle, which finally oxidizes NADPH to re-establish LET 5 . (nature.com)

Molecules1

• Those having a cysteinyl residue in their catalytic site (Cys-GSTs) possess the ability to catalyze the reverse reaction, *i.e.*, the removal of glutathione from a number of structurally different heterocyclic molecules. (hal.science)

Produce1

• Autotrophic FNR utilizes two Fds to produce one molecule of NADPH. (nature.com)

Reduced form1

• A meticulous exploration of its function in these cells unravels its imperative role in generating a substantial amount of NADPH, which is instrumental in maintaining the reduced form of glutathione. (microbiologynote.com)

Role1

• The role of glutathione in photosynthetic organisms: emerging functions for glutaredoxins and glutathionylation" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)

Plants1

• In plants, most steps take place in plastids. (microbenotes.com)

Dehydroascorbate reductase2

• Dehydroascorbate is reduced to ascorbate by dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) at the expense of GSH, yielding oxidized glutathione (GSSG). (wikipedia.org)
• The reduction of dehydroascorbate may be non-enzymatic or catalysed by proteins with dehydroascorbate reductase activity, such as glutathione S-transferase omega 1 or glutaredoxins. (wikipedia.org)