Segmental dystonias affect two adjoining parts of the body:[citation needed] Hemidystonia affects an arm and foot on one side of the body. (wikipedia.org)
Dystonias can be primary or secondary and can be generalized, focal, or segmental. (msdmanuals.com)
Botulinum toxin injections are used to treat focal or segmental dystonias. (msdmanuals.com)
Severe segmental or generalized dystonia that is refractory to treatment may require surgery. (msdmanuals.com)
1) Background: The first-line treatment for patients with focal or segmental dystonia with a craniocervical distribution is still the intramuscular injection of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). (bvsalud.org)
Idiopathic3
The dystonias can be divided into three groups: idiopathic, genetic, and acquired. (medlink.com)
Laryngeal dystonia is a task-specific movement disorder causing abnormal movement of the adductor or abductor muscles of the vocal folds. (bvsalud.org)
Over 1400 patients were diagnosed with laryngeal dystonia in the last thirty years. (bvsalud.org)
82% of patients were diagnosed with adductor type laryngeal dystonia and 17% of patients manifested an abductor laryngeal dystonia. (bvsalud.org)
Spasmodic2
Dystonia (from Greek, meaning altered muscle tone) refers to a syndrome of involuntary sustained or spasmodic muscle contractions involving co-contraction of the agonist and the antagonist. (medscape.com)
spasmodic torticollis)-involuntary contractions of the neck muscles-is the most common dystonia. (msdmanuals.com)
Cervical2
Other techniques include transection of the spinal accessory nerve for cervical dystonia, stereotactic thalamotomy or pallidotomy for generalized dystonia, and deep brain stimulation (DBS). (medscape.com)
2) Methods: Here, we reviewed the current study literature to answer a specific question regarding the efficacy and safety of the use of DBS, particularly for cervical dystonia (CD) and Meige syndrome (MS) in patients with documented treatment failure under BoNT. (bvsalud.org)
Contractions4
Dystonia is a disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that cause slow repetitive movements or abnormal postures. (medlink.com)
Dystonia is a neurological hyperkinetic movement disorder in which sustained or repetitive muscle contractions result in twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal fixed postures. (wikipedia.org)
These most common dystonias are typically classified as follows: The combination of blepharospasmodic contractions and oromandibular dystonia is called cranial dystonia or Meige's syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
Dystonias are sustained involuntary muscle contractions of antagonistic muscle groups in the same body part, leading to sustained abnormal posturing or jerky, twisting, intermittent spasms that can resemble tremors, athetosis, or choreoathetosis. (msdmanuals.com)
Tremor1
The movements may be painful, and some individuals with dystonia may have a tremor or other neurologic features. (medlink.com)
Onset5
Dystonia can occur at any age, but is often described as either early, or childhood, onset versus adult onset. (medlink.com)
Early-onset dystonia often begins with symptoms in the limbs and may progress to involve other regions. (medlink.com)
Adult-onset dystonia usually is located in one or adjacent parts of the body, most often involving the neck and/or facial muscles. (medlink.com)
Dystonia is classified by: Clinical characteristics such as age of onset, body distribution, nature of the symptoms, and associated features such as additional movement disorders or neurological symptoms, and Cause (which includes changes or damage to the nervous system and inheritance). (wikipedia.org)
Heritable childhood-onset dystonia is particularly common among Ashkenazi Jewish people. (medscape.com)
Symptoms4
Dystonia can affect many different parts of the body, and the symptoms are different depending upon the form of dystonia. (medlink.com)
Dystonia is often intensified or exacerbated by physical activity, and symptoms may progress into adjacent muscles. (wikipedia.org)
The symptoms worsen significantly with use, especially in the case of focal dystonia, and a "mirror effect" is often observed in other body parts: Use of the right hand may cause pain and cramping in that hand as well as in the other hand and legs that were not being used. (wikipedia.org)
Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. (lookformedical.com)
Hereditary2
Dystonia can be a symptom of other diseases, some of which may be hereditary. (medlink.com)
There is a group called myoclonic dystonia where some cases are hereditary and have been associated with a missense mutation in the dopamine-D2 receptor. (wikipedia.org)
Abnormal2
In most cases, dystonia tends to lead to abnormal posturing, in particular on movement. (wikipedia.org)
The frequent abnormal posturing and twisting can be painful, and the functional impact of dystonia can vary from barely noticeable to severely disabling. (medscape.com)
Disorders2
The treatment of autonomic nervous system disorders is covered in chapters dedicated to Frey syndrome, facial hyperhydrosis, and sialorrhea. (callisto.ro)
Identification of more dystonia genes may lead to better understanding and treatment of these largely nondegenerative disorders. (medscape.com)
Severity2
While there was no correlation found between impaired body concept and severity of dystonia, such an association did exist with regard to self-rated depression and dystonic severity. (medscape.com)
2. The remaining severity of the dystonia during the nth injection cycle was calculated by subtracting the SI curve (weighted by the outcome after n - 1 cycles) from the outcome after week 12 of the (n - 1)th cycle. (bvsalud.org)
Typically1
Dystonia typically is not associated with problems thinking or understanding, but depression and anxiety may be present. (medlink.com)
Stroke2
Some causes of acquired dystonia include birth injury (including hypoxia, a lack of oxygen to the brain, and neonatal brain hemorrhage), certain infections, reactions to certain drugs, heavy metal or carbon monoxide poisoning, trauma, or stroke. (medlink.com)
This may occur in stroke or dystonia-parkinsonism syndrome and lead to painful positioning of the leg, impaired gait, and altered bone development. (medscape.com)
Patients4
A study by Paracka et al indicated that patients with dystonia have an impaired body concept, particularly with regard to general health, body care, physical efficacy, sexuality, and physical appearance. (medscape.com)
Because of the risk of significant comorbidity, surgical approaches are reserved for patients with disabling dystonia in whom other treatment modalities have been exhausted. (medscape.com)
Patients with generalized dystonia often benefit from gait and mobility training, as well as from instruction in the use of assistive devices. (medscape.com)
In patients with focal dystonia, an initial good response to botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections followed by a secondary worsening does not necessarily arise from an antibody-induced secondary treatment failure (NAB-STF), but may stem from a "pseudo"-secondary treatment failure (PSEUDO-STF). (bvsalud.org)
Occur1
In some cases, dystonia can affect only one specific action, while allowing others to occur unimpeded. (medlink.com)
Tasks1
Upper limb dystonia causes cramping and posturing of the elbows, hands, and fingers that lead to the inability to perform certain occupational tasks. (medscape.com)
Postures1
This rare dystonia is progressive and characterized by sustained, often bizarre postures. (msdmanuals.com)
Sudden1
Consider antipsychotic and antiemetic drugs as causes of sudden, unexplained dystonia. (msdmanuals.com)
Secondary3
Acquired dystonia, also called secondary dystonia, results from environmental or other damage to the brain, or from exposure to certain types of medications. (medlink.com)
Generalized dystonia may be inherited or secondary to another disorder or drug. (msdmanuals.com)
CONCLUSION: A secondary worsening following an initial good response in BoNT therapy of focal dystonia might not necessarily indicate neutralizing antibody induction but could stem from a "PSEUDO"-STF (a combination of good response behavior and progression of the underlying disease). (bvsalud.org)
Neck1
Twenty superbly illustrated chapters cover the management of hyperfunctional, pain, and hypersecretory syndromes of the head and neck. (callisto.ro)
Genetic4
Some forms of dystonia are genetic but the cause for the majority of cases is not known. (medlink.com)
Having one mutated gene appears to be sufficient to cause the chemical imbalances that may lead to dystonia, but other genetic or even environmental factors may play a role. (medlink.com)
Currently, at least 12 types of dystonia can be distinguished on a genetic basis (see Table 1, below). (medscape.com)
Psychological counseling and participation in support groups are vital adjuncts to medical and physical approaches in the multidisciplinary management of dystonia. (medscape.com)
Genes1
Other genes that have been associated with dystonia include CIZ1, GNAL, ATP1A3, and PRRT2. (wikipedia.org)
Severe1
Treatment of severe generalized dystonia may require a combination of oral anticholinergic drugs, muscle relaxants, and benzodiazepines. (msdmanuals.com)
Include1
Surgical options for intractable dystonias include altering the location or length of problematic muscles, but this is rarely successful. (medscape.com)
Types1
Because each type of dystonia is treated in a different manner, the distinction between the various types is therapeutically important. (medscape.com)
Muscles1
There are several different forms of dystonia that may affect only one muscle, groups of muscles, or muscles throughout the body. (medlink.com)
Generalized dystonia affects most of the body, frequently involving the legs and back. (wikipedia.org)
Pain1
It may become difficult to find a comfortable position for arms and legs with even the minor exertions associated with holding arms crossed causing significant pain similar to restless leg syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
Persons2
In some instances, persons who inherit the defective gene may not develop dystonia. (medlink.com)
Physical therapy techniques (eg, massage), slow stretching, and physical modalities (eg, ultrasonography, biofeedback) are sometimes helpful in persons with focal or regional dystonias. (medscape.com)
Effect1
Consequently, dystonias can have a profound effect on the personal, vocational, and emotional life of a patient and can impact his/her ability to live independently. (medscape.com)