OrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare InfectionMycobacterium avium ComplexMycobacterium aviumMycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosisMycobacteriumMycobacterium tuberculosisParatuberculosisMycobacterium InfectionsNontuberculous MycobacteriaMycobacterium scrofulaceumMycobacterium bovisMycobacterium smegmatisMycobacterium Infections, NontuberculousTuberculosisEthambutolMycobacterium fortuitumDNA, BacterialMycobacterium lepraeMycobacterium kansasiiAntitubercular AgentsRifabutinTuberculosis, AvianClofazimineCattle DiseasesClarithromycinAntigens, BacterialBacterial ProteinsAIDS-Related Opportunistic InfectionsMycobacterium chelonaePolymerase Chain ReactionMycobacterium marinumTuberculosis, PulmonaryRifamycinsMycobacterium phleiGlycolipids
Mycobacterial infectionsKansasiiAbscessusSpeciesFortuitumSubspBacteriaParatuberculosisCaused by nontuberculous mycobacteriaStrainsClinicalIsolatesMarinumHumansCytomegalovirusSusceptibilityEpidemiologyLepraeBacterial infectionsCausative organismTuberculosis infectionStrainManifestationsIsoniazidBronchiectasisOpportunistic pathogenCutaneousHerpesImmuneDiseasesGenusPrevalencePulmonary infectionMicroscopyComplex infectionsSusceptibleGrewDisseminated diseaseHelicobacterCommonlyOrganismMolecularRespiratoryParasiticPatientsCellulitisDiagnosis
Mycobacterial infections3
  • Understanding the differences between these two mycobacterial infections is crucial for accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and prevention strategies. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Topics A-Z These atypical mycobacterial infections are a frequent complication in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or AIDS. (vint.cz)
  • A rapid microbroth dilution method has been developed to assess drug susceptibility profile of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare isolated from drug failure cases of pulmonary mycobacterial infections and compared with the conventional plate proportion method. (practo.com)
Kansasii2
  • M. avium intracellulare, M. kansasii and M. fortuitum strains were tested with both agar dilution method and broth microdilution method. (practo.com)
  • In this report, we describe the application of MALDI-TOF MS, as well as statistical analysis including linear discriminant and random forest analysis, to 16 medically relevant strains from four species of mycobacteria, M. tuberculosis, M. avium, M. intracellulare, and M. kansasii. (cdc.gov)
Abscessus5
  • [ 6 ] Person-to-person spread is extremely uncommon, although in 2012 the first known outbreak of respiratory Mycobacterium abscessus subsp massiliense disease occurring in a population of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) was reported. (medscape.com)
  • The prevalence of Mycobacterium abscessus infections in non-cystic fibrosis (CF) patients has increased in recent years. (ersjournals.com)
  • Mycobacterium abscessus is a nontuberculous mycobacterium notorious for causing difficult-to-treat pulmonary infections. (ersjournals.com)
  • In the last decade, an increasing prevalence of M. abscessus infections has been reported in many countries [ 2 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Mycobacterium abscessus Infection most common in Central and West Africa around areas of lush vegetation and swamps but may also occur in Australia. (vint.cz)
Species17
Fortuitum3
  • [ 2 ] Mycobacterium fortuitum has been reported as a commensal on human skin. (medscape.com)
  • M. fortuitum , M. intracellulare , M. terrae and M. avium . (who.int)
  • M. fortuitum has been associated with pulmonary infection but more often affects the skin, soft tissue or bones. (who.int)
Subsp4
Bacteria10
  • citation needed] MAC bacteria are common in the environment and cause infection when inhaled or swallowed. (wikipedia.org)
  • MAC bacteria should always be considered in a person with HIV infection presenting with diarrhea. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mycobacterial pulmonary diseases are due to infection with bacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), and Non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) strains [1]. (scirp.org)
  • Mycobacteria are a large group of aerobic bacteria that produce filamentous pellicles similar to molds when grown in liquid media. (medscape.com)
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) are two distinct types of bacteria that can cause infections in the lungs and other parts of the body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • These droplets contain the bacteria, allowing the infection to spread when individuals breathe them in. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Similarly, doctors often find MAC infections challenging to treat due to the inherent resistance of the bacteria to many commonly used antibiotics. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections are caused by two types of bacteria : Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare. (jacanswers.com)
  • Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is a group of bacteria related to tuberculosis. (jacanswers.com)
  • Pulmonary infection occurs via inhalation of aerosolized material containing the bacteria, whereas lymphadenitis is often caused by ingestion or penetration through the soft tissues, and skin and soft tissue infection by access through skin breakdown or by indwelling medical equipment. (statpearls.com)
Paratuberculosis3
Caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria2
Strains3
  • Several molecular typing methods have been developed to differentiate between M. avium subspecies and strains, such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing and mini-satellite sequence analysis-mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit variable-number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, a typical course may require additional medications and a longer duration if drug-resistant strains are causing infection. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • 17 (21.8%) of microbial strains which have been identified using the method of DNA hybridization, identified by spectrometry, including slow-growing microorganisms, non-mycobacteria strains seven (9.0%): Gordonia rubriperticta, Nocardia forcinica, Tsukumurella spp. (iimmun.ru)
Clinical7
  • M. avium and M. haemophilum infections in children form a distinct clinical entity, not associated with abnormalities of the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
  • One case report described primary MAI infection resulting in a clinical picture resembling lupus vulgaris. (medscape.com)
  • 2) The patients with depressed levels of 1,25-D were characterized by advanced clinical HIV infection, low CD4+ lymphocyte counts, and high serum levels of tumor TNF-alpha - all indication of more severe forms of the disease. (mpkb.org)
  • This course covers transmission of HIV and infection control, Washington laws concerning confidentiality and testing, clinical manifestations and treatment, psychosocial issues, and legal and ethical issues. (wildirismedicaleducation.com)
  • Tsukamura M, Mizuno S, Tsukamura S. PMID: 5301575 For many years, the Runyon classification of Mycobacterium was utilized in clinical laboratories to provide a convenient way to differentiate among … What are the factors which induce heart failure? (vint.cz)
  • Our population-based study provides evidence of a changing epidemiology of PNTM infections and highlights emerging clinical implications. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Molecular analysis of clinical isolates previously diagnosed as Mycobacterium intracellulare reveals incidental findings of 'Mycobacterium indicus pranii' genotypes in human lung infection. (cdc.gov)
Isolates3
  • hominissuis and Mycobacterium intracellulare isolates causing pulmonary diseases recovered from different geographical regions. (cdc.gov)
  • Antibiotic susceptibility testing, hsp65 and rpoB sequencing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), mycobacteria interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MIRU-VNTR), and VNTR assay targeting 44 M. intracellulare isolates obtained from patients with pulmonary infections were performed. (ophrp.org)
  • We assessed the performance of MTBDRsl for detection of resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides/cyclic peptides, and ethambutol compared to BACTEC MGIT 960 by subjecting simultaneously to both tests 385 phenotypically multidrug-resistant-Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Sao Paulo, Brazil. (bvsalud.org)
Marinum1
  • The mechanisms whereby Mtb disseminates from the initial Ghon focus are not well understood, but studies in the zebrafish model of M. marinum infection suggest that Mtb is transported within infected monocytes [ 4 ]. (ersjournals.com)
Humans3
  • This infection causes respiratory illness in birds, pigs, and humans, especially in immunocompromised people. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1 NTM can be found in the environment, including water and soil, which is the suspected source of occasional infection of humans. (who.int)
  • Only M. avium and M. intracellulare are confirmed pathogens in humans. (wcponline.com)
Cytomegalovirus3
  • Other opportunistic infections have included toxoplasmic encephalitis (two cases), disseminated Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (one), disseminated cytomegalovirus infection (two), disseminated candidiasis (one), and cryptococcal meningitis (one). (hemophiliafed.org)
  • For example, congenital TB can mimic congenital syphilis or cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. (medscape.com)
  • Infection by organisms other than H. pylori: Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, enterococcal infection, Herpes simplex, and cytomegalovirus. (capsulehealth.one)
Susceptibility2
  • In this study, we investigate whether immune defects explain the apparent susceptibility to this opportunistic infection in non-CF patients. (ersjournals.com)
  • The type of disease caused by these organisms is dependent on the mode of inoculation and the susceptibility of the host to infection. (statpearls.com)
Epidemiology2
  • Representative population-based data on the epidemiology of pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial (PNTM) infections in Europe are limited. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Epidemiology and Genomics of Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections in Kenya. (cdc.gov)
Leprae1
Bacterial infections3
  • Azithromycin is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. (ndclist.com)
  • A wide variety of factors can cause acute gastritis including some bacterial infections, consumption of certain beverages and some medications. (capsulehealth.one)
  • https://gobodepot.com/2021/09/winstrol-2-week-cycle-steroids-2-week-cycle/ For relief from seasonal (and food) allergies, histamine intolerance and frequent bacterial infections, look no further than the allergy stack. (sk-antares.ru)
Causative organism1
Tuberculosis infection5
Strain4
  • Four cases of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) were diagnosed including one Mycobacterium avium complex strain (MAC). (scirp.org)
  • The strain typing of M. intracellulare is important for the treatment and control of its infections. (ophrp.org)
  • Discrimination of intact mycobacteria at the strain level: a combined MALDI-TOF MS and biostatistical analysis. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, the ability to discriminate mycobacteria at the strain level may be important to contact or source case investigations. (cdc.gov)
Manifestations2
  • This article reviews the dermatologic manifestations of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI, or MAC) infection. (medscape.com)
  • Some patients develop active primary TB, resulting in disseminated miliary infection or TB meningitis, but these disease manifestations cause death of the host without transmission of Mtb. (ersjournals.com)
Isoniazid2
  • Additionally, Isoniazid (apart from Rifampicin the most potent first-line anti-TB drug) has only a limited effect on M. avium , 9 and relapses are common. (who.int)
  • For M. avium intracellulare, the agreement between both methods figured around 70% for isoniazid (INH), streptomycin (STR) and ethambutol (EMB). (practo.com)
Bronchiectasis3
  • Bronchiectasis, the bronchial condition which causes pathological enlargement of the bronchial tubes, is commonly found with MAI infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Whether the bronchiectasis leads to the MAC infection or is the result of it is not always known. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cystic fibrosis (CF), non-CF bronchiectasis, COPD and low body mass index (BMI) are the best-known predisposing conditions for nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) [ 2 , 5 ]. (ersjournals.com)
Opportunistic pathogen1
  • The following is a review of an opportunistic pathogen of primary concern-Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). (wcponline.com)
Cutaneous6
  • Primary cutaneous MAI infection generally occurs in hosts who are immunocompetent after traumatic introduction into the soft tissue. (medscape.com)
  • One case series revealed cutaneous involvement in 6 of 30 cases of DMAI infection. (medscape.com)
  • Primary cutaneous MAI infection is rare, with 12 cases reported in the literature prior to 1997. (medscape.com)
  • although most case reports of primary cutaneous MAI infection have been in individuals aged 2-10 years, adult cases have also been described. (medscape.com)
  • A review of 8 cases of cutaneous MAI infection occurring secondary to disseminated disease found a median patient age of 22.2 years, with a range of 2-28 years. (medscape.com)
  • It is important to consider cutaneous infection with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI, or MAC) in patients with antibiotic-resistant cellulitis, nonhealing nodules, and ulcers, as well as in patients who are immunosuppressed with evidence of disseminated MAI (DMAI) infection. (medscape.com)
Herpes2
  • One can define the breadth of AIDS-related complications by the extent and number of co-infections such as pneumonia, herpes, Candida , etc. (mpkb.org)
  • Viral co-infections (including Epstein-Barr virus, Human Herpes Virus 6, etc.) are found in all the diseases the Marshall Protocol treats, but the viruses are not believed to bethe proximate cause of disease. (mpkb.org)
Immune7
  • With the exception of one 31-year-old factor V-deficient individual with Kaposi's sarcoma (and without risk factors for AIDS other than his hemophilia), each patient had at least one opportunistic infection suggestive of an underlying cellular immune deficiency. (hemophiliafed.org)
  • Such opportunistic infection proliferate in the absence of a robust immune response. (mpkb.org)
  • CD38 plays a role in effective containment of mycobacteria within granulomata and polarization of Th1 immune responses against Mycobacterium avium. (mpkb.org)
  • MAC infections typically occur when individuals with compromised immune systems or preexisting lung conditions come into contact with contaminated water, soil, or food. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The infections often target individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying lung conditions. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Infections usually occur because of compromised immune systems, such as those with AIDS , chronic lung diseases, or other factors. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In HIV positive patients, MAC is the most common bacterial infection, occurring in as many as 43 percent of people within two years of being diagnosed with auto immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). (wcponline.com)
Diseases8
  • MAC infections may cause granulomatous diseases, which range from localized granulomas to disseminated diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mycobacteria pulmonary diseases are chronic illnesses with various impacts on patients' health status, and wellbeing. (scirp.org)
  • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ( AIDS ) is a deficiency of cellular immunity brought on by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and characterized by a range of opportunistic diseases and infections. (mpkb.org)
  • Murdoch, DM & McDonald, JR 2007, ' Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare cellulitis occurring with septic arthritis after joint injection: A case report ', BMC Infectious Diseases , vol. 7, 9. (wustl.edu)
  • MTB and MAC are diseases caused by mycobacteria but differ in several ways. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Infections from MAC aren't reportable diseases, thus little is known about its true incidence in the United States. (wcponline.com)
  • International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) discharge diagnosis codes were extracted from the official nationwide diagnosis-related groups (DRG) hospital statistics in order to identify PNTM infection-associated hospitalisations (ICD-10 code A31.0) between 2005 and 2011. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Atypical mycobacteria or nontuberculous mycobacteria are organisms that cause various diseases such as skin and soft tissue infection, lymphadenitis, pulmonary infection, disseminated infection, and a wide range of more rarely encountered infections. (statpearls.com)
Genus2
  • The family Mycobacteriaceae consists of a single genus, Mycobacterium , which are thin, slightly curved-to-straight, non-spore-forming, nonmotile acid-fast bacilli. (medscape.com)
  • Belonging to the same genus, Mycobacteria, they also share some features. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Prevalence3
  • [ 1 ] Although the prevalence of MAI infection has increased following the epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), MAI infection remains a rare cause of skin disease. (medscape.com)
  • Little data are available on the prevalence of NTM infections in TB high-burden countries, but the incidence can nevertheless be substantial. (who.int)
  • The prevalence of PNTM infection-associated hospitalisations is steadily increasing in Germany. (biomedcentral.com)
Pulmonary infection2
  • Similarly, NTM can cause chronic pulmonary infection in HIV individuals and those having underlying pulmonary conditions [1] [2]. (scirp.org)
  • The M. avium complex (including M. avium and M. intracellulare ) is most often associated with pulmonary infection. (who.int)
Microscopy1
  • To determine the proportion of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in samples of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) cases from Papua New Guinea who were diagnosed using acid-fast microscopy. (who.int)
Complex infections2
  • Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex infections are becoming an increasing concern in veterinary medicine because they affect livestock, wildlife, and companion animals. (frontiersin.org)
  • 11 While the regimen includes Rifampicin and Ethambutol, two of the standard first-line anti-TB drugs, the length of the TB regimen is not sufficient to address M. avium complex infections. (who.int)
Susceptible2
  • Absence of CD38 rendered mice more susceptible to mycobacterial infection. (mpkb.org)
  • Immunocompromised cases (e.g. human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] positive cases) are susceptible to NTM infection, particularly disseminated M. avium disease. (who.int)
Grew3
Disseminated disease1
  • Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) causes disseminated disease in up to 40% of patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease in the United States. (cdc.gov)
Helicobacter1
  • in a complex of medicine oppressing acidity of a gastric acid for eradication of Helicobacter infection. (happyfamilymedstore.com)
Commonly2
  • Milk, particularly unpasteurized milk, water and poultry are the most commonly reported vehicles of infection [5]. (who.int)
  • Atypical mycobacteria most commonly infect young children, immunocompromised individuals, individuals with indwelling medical equipment, and those who have recently undergone surgical or non-surgical procedures. (statpearls.com)
Organism1
  • To date, Koch's postulates have not been fulfilled completely (infection of an animal model and isolation of the organism from the animal). (medscape.com)
Molecular1
Respiratory1
Parasitic1
  • These microphages also can be detected in infection due to Mycobacterium avium intracellulare, cryptococcosis, or other parasitic organisms (usually observed in patients who are immunosuppressed with HIV disease). (medscape.com)
Patients13
  • However, Jerome Reich and Richard Johnson describe a series of six patients with MAC infection of the right middle lobe or lingula who did not have any predisposing lung disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Since the six patients in their retrospective case series were older females, Reich and Johnson proposed that patients without a vigorous cough may develop right middle lobe or left lingular infection with MAC. (wikipedia.org)
  • The patients include a 40-year-old man with an 8-year history of fever of unknown origin, a 30-year-old man with a chronic nonproductive cough, and a 6-year-old boy diagnosed at 5 months of age with osteopetrosis and hypogammaglobulinemia who subsequently developed a disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection. (nih.gov)
  • A U.S. Public Health Service Task Force convened to address the prophylaxis and therapy of MAC recommends that patients with HIV infection and less than 100 CD4+ T-lymphocytes/uL be administered prophylaxis against MAC. (cdc.gov)
  • Patients with HIV infection and less than 100 CD4+ T-lymphocytes/uL should be administered prophylaxis against MAC. (cdc.gov)
  • Blood cultures should be performed in patients with symptoms, signs, or laboratory abnormalities compatible with mycobacterium infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Intestinal lamina propria of AIDS patients with concomitant Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) infection may be packed with PAS-positive granules containing macrophages, but the intracellular bacilli are acid fast. (medscape.com)
  • Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia has been the most common opportunistic infection, occurring in 44 (85%) of the 52 patients. (hemophiliafed.org)
  • As a result, en end-stage AIDS patients levels of 1,25-D approach zero. (mpkb.org)
  • [ 15 ] Of note, patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection do not acquire the disease. (medscape.com)
  • Azithromycin, a semisynthetic antibiotic belonging to the macrolide subgroup of azalides, is used to treat STDs due to chlamydia and gonorrhea, community-acquired pneumonia, pelvic inflammatory disease, pediatric otitis media and pharyngitis, and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in patients with advanced HIV disease. (illumina.com)
  • Atypical mycobacteria might play a role in the etiology in a minority of our patients, but more cases and other potential etiologic agents need to be studied. (vint.cz)
  • The most highly infectious patients are those who develop cavitatory lung disease [ 1 ], since each cavity may contain up to 10 9 mycobacteria [ 5 ], and these patients can be regarded as the aerosol supershedders that drive the global pandemic. (ersjournals.com)
Cellulitis1
Diagnosis4
  • One chart review series of 47 children with cervical adenitis revealed a median age of 3 years at the time of MAI infection diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • In the present work, the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was standardized, and the laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis was evaluated comparing baciloscopy, culture and PCR tests. (scielo.br)
  • Mixed infections as well as false-positive TB diagnosis cannot be ruled out. (who.int)
  • Overall, 5,959 records with PNTM infection as any hospital discharge diagnosis were extracted from more than 125 million hospitalisations. (biomedcentral.com)