All hexokinases are capable of phosphorylating several hexoses but hexokinase IV(D) is often misleadingly called glucokinase, though it is no more specific for glucose than the other mammalian isoenzymes. (wikipedia.org)
Fasting blood sugar (FBS), HbA1c, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and specific activities of hepatic enzymes including glucokinase (GK), hexokinase (HK), glucose‑6‑phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and muscle glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) mRNA levels were measured. (ac.ir)
Enzyme7
A hexokinase is an enzyme that irreversibly phosphorylates hexoses (six-carbon sugars), forming hexose phosphate. (wikipedia.org)
Hexokinase I/A is found in all mammalian tissues, and is considered a "housekeeping enzyme," unaffected by most physiological, hormonal, and metabolic changes. (wikipedia.org)
hexokinase transcript abundance and enzyme activity were significantly higher during diestrus and pregnancy than estrus and anestrus. (biomedcentral.com)
Another important metabolic enzyme of the glycolytic pathway is hexokinase (HK), which regulates the first rate limiting step of glucose metabolism. (assignbuster.com)
This study investigated glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), the enzymatic bridge between amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, arginine kinase (AK), an important enzyme involved in regulation of phosphagen reserves, and hexokinase (HK), the enzyme at the forefront of carbohydrate metabolism. (kenstoreylab.com)
D-Fructose is found in the form of a free substance in many fruits , and created by the hydrolysis of sucrose in the small intestines of vertebrates, can be phosphorylated by the enzyme hexokinase. (microbiologynote.com)
Skeletal35
Previous studies in rodents have shown that HKII may be the dominant HK in skeletal muscle. (ku.dk)
In contrast, GLUT4 mRNA was not significantly changed in skeletal muscle by either the euglycemic- or hyperglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps. (diabetesjournals.org)
No changes of GLUT4 protein and hexokinase activity were detected after 6 h of hyperinsulinemia in either skeletal muscle or adipose tissue. (diabetesjournals.org)
After 24 h of hyperinsulinemia, adipose tissue GLUT4 protein had doubled, whereas skeletal muscle GLUT4 was unchanged. (diabetesjournals.org)
In contrast, hexokinase activity increased by two- to eightfold in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. (diabetesjournals.org)
Sorbitol accumulation is postulated to play a role in skeletal muscle dysfunction associated with diabetes. (hindawi.com)
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of insulin and of endurance exercise on skeletal muscle sorbitol levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. (hindawi.com)
Skeletal muscle sorbitol levels were the highest in the diabetic sedentary no-insulin group. (hindawi.com)
In experimental diabetes, significant alterations in contractile properties of skeletal muscle have been described in [ 3 - 5 ], as have increases in intramuscular sorbitol [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Interestingly, when sorbitol formation was inhibited by giving an aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) to streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic rats, skeletal muscle sorbitol levels were lowered, and muscle contractile properties significantly improved [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Therefore, sorbitol metabolism may contribute to alterations by which skeletal muscle strength is decreased in patients with long-term DM. (hindawi.com)
For example, endurance exercise training increases the synthesis and activity of hexokinase II [ 6 , 7 ], which increases the capacity of the skeletal muscle cell to phosphorylate glucose with subsequent metabolism through glycolysis. (hindawi.com)
The main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of insulin treatment in STZ-induced diabetes on skeletal muscle sorbitol values. (hindawi.com)
We hypothesized that insulin administration would significantly decrease sorbitol accumulation in skeletal muscle. (hindawi.com)
A secondary purpose was to determine the benefits of endurance exercise training on skeletal muscle sorbitol accumulation in STZ-induced diabetes. (hindawi.com)
The brain, heart, skeletal muscle, and liver depend on ketone bodies or on glucose for energy and for carbon chains to synthesize cellular proteins (see the images below). (medscape.com)
Searching for NIDDM susceptibility genes: studies of genes with triplet repeats expressed in skeletal muscle. (uchicago.edu)
We examined acute molecular responses in skeletal muscle to divergent exercise stimuli by combining consecutive bouts of resistance and endurance exercise. (edu.au)
The specific expression of HK2 in adipose tissue and skeletal muscles provides an opportunity to target HK2 without having the risk of affecting other tissues. (assignbuster.com)
Metformin is in a class of drugs called biguanides, which impede liver gluconeogenesis (glucose production in the liver), thereby decreasing glucose uptake in the gut and increasing overall glucose utilization by improving insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle and fat tissue. (foundmyfitness.com)
Skeletal muscle mass was negatively associated with metabolic syndrome prevalence in previous cross-sectional studies. (biomedcentral.com)
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of baseline skeletal muscle mass and changes in skeletal muscle mass over time on the development of metabolic syndrome in a large population-based 7-year cohort study. (biomedcentral.com)
A total of 14,830 and 11,639 individuals who underwent health examinations at the Health Promotion Center at Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea were included in the analyses of baseline skeletal muscle mass and those changes from baseline over 1 year, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Skeletal muscle mass was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis and was presented as a skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), a body weight-adjusted appendicular skeletal muscle mass value. (biomedcentral.com)
An increase in relative skeletal muscle mass over time has a potential preventive effect on developing metabolic syndrome, independently of baseline skeletal muscle mass and glycometabolic parameters. (biomedcentral.com)
Because skeletal muscle is the major site of insulin-mediated glucose utilization (up to 80% in the postprandial state), losses in skeletal muscle mass may lead to metabolic impairments [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, skeletal muscle is considered to be an endocrine organ because it releases myokines that mediate crosstalk between muscle, adipose tissue, the liver, brain, and other organs in autocrine and paracrine fashions [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, to date, no studies have investigated the relationship between changes in skeletal muscle mass over time and metabolic syndrome development. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, we investigated whether baseline skeletal muscle mass and its changes over time have independent associations with metabolic syndrome development in a large 7-year longitudinal study. (biomedcentral.com)
The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro the J o kinetics of isolated rat skeletal muscle mitochondria at various levels of TCr and mitochondrial protein. (elsevierpure.com)
Glycogen that is stored in the tissues of animals (primarily the skeletal muscle and liver) or in microorganisms as well as in the plant tissue, can be used in the cell through a phosphorolytic reaction triggered by the glycogen-phosphorylase (starch the phosphorylase found in plant). (microbiologynote.com)
however, most previous reports used a cross-sectional study design that revealed an association between decreased appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) and increased age [ 1 3 4 5 ], with few reported longitudinal studies [ 2 6 ]. (e-dmj.org)
Skeletal muscle is the largest insulin-sensitive tissue in the body, and skeletal muscle insulin resistance is a well-established key process in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [ 7 ]. (e-dmj.org)
Measurements of creatine phosphokinase are used in the diagnosis and treatment of myocardial infarction, skeletal muscle diseases, and diseases of the central nervous system. (cdc.gov)
Metabolic5
In conclusion, NIDDM patients are characterized by a reduced activity and a reduced gene expression of HKII in muscle which may be secondary to the metabolic peturbations. (ku.dk)
The cause/consequence characteristics of the relationship between insulin resistance, pathological fat deposition and/or mobilsation, elevated and/or poorly-distributed lipid within myocytes and an impaired capacity to use lipid as fuel remains to be clarified as does the role of muscle mitochondria in the metabolic decline. (biomedcentral.com)
A further longitudinal study is needed to elucidate the casual relationship between low muscle mass and metabolic syndrome incidence across the full age range of the population, beyond the sarcopenia context. (biomedcentral.com)
The role of reversible protein phosphorylation in metabolic rate depression during anoxia was explored in the tail muscle of the anoxia-tolerant freshwater crayfish, Orconectes virilis . (kenstoreylab.com)
Glycogenesis is a vital metabolic process that occurs in the liver and muscles, allowing the body to store excess glucose as glycogen for future energy needs. (classicbiotech.com)
HKII6
In the present study comprising 29 NIDDM patients and 25 matched controls, we tested the hypothesis that HKII activity and gene expression are impaired in vastus lateralis muscle of NIDDM patients when examined in the fasting state. (ku.dk)
HKII activity in a supernatant of muscle extract accounted for 28 +/- 5% in NIDDM patients and 40 +/- 5% in controls (P = 0.08) of total muscle HK activity when measured at a glucose media of 0.11 mmol/liter and 31 +/- 4 and 47 +/- 7% (P = 0.02) when measured at 0.11 mmol/liter of glucose. (ku.dk)
HKII contributes with about one-third of total HK activity in a supernatant of human vastus lateralis muscle. (ku.dk)
Compounds like Methyl Jasmonate isolated from plants have shown to disrupt the association between mitochondria and hexokinases (HKI & HKII) involved in regulating apoptosis [6] and have shown to be lethal to cancer cells in vitro [7]. (assignbuster.com)
Hexokinase II (HKII) is the predominant hexokinase isozyme expressed in insulin-responsive tissues. (ox.ac.uk)
Since defects involving glucose transport and/or its phosphorylation to glucose-6-phosphate are present in muscle of insulin-resistant humans, HKII should be viewed as a candidate gene for inherited insulin resistance and susceptibility to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). (ox.ac.uk)
Liver8
Hexokinase IV is present in the liver, pancreas, hypothalamus, small intestine, and perhaps certain other neuroendocrine cells, and plays an important regulatory role in carbohydrate metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
Liver, muscle, and intestine tissue samples were taken to measure mRNA expression of key genes involved in glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. (frontiersin.org)
The Affymetrix data revealed varied gene expression patterns of the ATP synthesizing and regulating enzymes found in the muscle, liver, and brain. (molvis.org)
Lactate leaves these cells (usually erythrocytes and muscle cells) and is converted back into pyruvate in the liver. (elizabethfilips.com)
Glycogenesis is the process by which glucose molecules converted into glycogen for storage in the liver and muscles. (classicbiotech.com)
Glycogenesis occurs primarily in the liver and muscles, where glucose converted into glycogen through a series of enzymatic reactions. (classicbiotech.com)
Glucose enters the liver or muscle cells through glucose transporters, primarily GLUT2 and GLUT4, respectively. (classicbiotech.com)
Glucose is primarily stored as glycogen in muscles and liver. (medscape.com)
Glycolysis3
When oxygen is limited, as in muscles that have undergone prolonged exercise, pyruvate is not consumed in the TCA cycle but is rather converted into lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in a process termed anaerobic glycolysis. (hindawi.com)
The combined results indicate that glycolysis is regulated by the compartmental expression of hexokinase 2, pyruvate kinase M1, and pyruvate kinase M2 in photoreceptors, whereas the inner retinal neurons exhibit a lower capacity for glycolysis and aerobic glycolysis. (molvis.org)
Therefore, we inferred there was regulation of hexokinase activity through phosphorylation, in addition to its regulation at the transcriptional level during early pregnancy. (biomedcentral.com)
Overall, these studies suggest that reversible phosphorylation plays a key role in the regulation of muscle energetics in the freshwater crayfish, O. virilis . (kenstoreylab.com)
Mitochondria2
Hexokinase II is also located at the mitochondria outer membrane so it can have direct access to ATP. (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondria were incubated in a medium containing 5.0 mM ATP, TCr pools of 0-1.5 mM, excess creatine kinase, and an ATP-splitting system of glucose + hexokinase (HK). (elsevierpure.com)
Nervous and muscle tissues preferentially oxidize ketones over fatty acids, glucose, or amino acids under normal conditions. (medscape.com)
The alpha actins are found in muscle tissues and are a major constituent of the contractile apparatus. (hasenchat.info)
Of the 10 GLUT receptors, GLUT-4 receptors are present in muscle and adipose tissues and require insulin for glucose transport. (medscape.com)
Irreversibly1
After entering the muscle cell, glucose is immediately and irreversibly phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinases (HK) I and II. (ku.dk)
MRNA2
A calpain-10 gene polymorphism is associated with reduced muscle mRNA levels and insulin resistance. (uchicago.edu)
Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis at rest, 15 min after each exercise bout, and after 3 h of passive recovery to determine early signaling and mRNA responses. (edu.au)
Gene2
Human hexokinase II: localization of the polymorphic gene to chromosome 2. (uchicago.edu)
Several hexokinase isoenzymes that provide different functions can occur in a single species. (wikipedia.org)
Hexokinases I, II, and III are referred to as low-Km isoenzymes because of a high affinity for glucose (below 1 mM). (wikipedia.org)
Vertebrates1
Genes that encode hexokinase have been discovered in every domain of life, and exist among a variety of species that range from bacteria, yeast, and plants to humans and other vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
Kinetics2
There are four important mammalian hexokinase isozymes (EC 2.7.1.1) that vary in subcellular locations and kinetics with respect to different substrates and conditions, and physiological function. (wikipedia.org)
Hexokinases I and II follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics at physiological concentrations of substrates. (wikipedia.org)
Abundance1
In addition, despite similar relative transcript abundance, hexokinase activity was significantly greater in the pregnant versus diestrous endometrium. (biomedcentral.com)
Increases1
The relative specific activity of hexokinase II increases with pH at least in a pH range from 6.9 to 8.5. (wikipedia.org)
Proteins1
It has been shown that an ATPase domain of actin shares similarity with ATPase domains of hexokinase and hsp70 proteins. (hasenchat.info)
In this way, NAD can be reduced again allowing the oxidation of further glucose - this reaction happens in erythrocytes and muscle. (elizabethfilips.com)
Accumulation1
therefore sorbitol accumulation is probably not related to muscle dysfunction in insulin-treated diabetic individuals. (hindawi.com)
NIDDM1
Reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and reduced glucose-6-phosphate concentrations in muscle have been found in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients when examined during a hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. (ku.dk)
Reactions1
The intracellular reactions mediated by hexokinases can be typified as: Hexose-CH2OH + MgATP2− → Hexose-CH2O-PO2− 3 + MgADP− + H+ where hexose-CH2OH represents any of several hexoses (like glucose) that contain an accessible -CH2OH moiety. (wikipedia.org)
Concentrations2
Hexokinase III/C is substrate-inhibited by glucose at physiological concentrations. (wikipedia.org)
It is half-saturated at glucose concentrations 100 times higher than those of hexokinases I, II, and III. (wikipedia.org)
The disease is definitely often characterized by the feature of fatigable weakness, but some standard presentations including ptosis and extraocular muscle mass, PR-171 price facial, bulbar and general weakness also happen. (opioid-receptors.com)
Contractile1
It is the monomeric subunit of microfilaments, one of the three major components of the cytoskeleton, and of thin filaments which are part of the contractile apparatus in muscle cells. (hasenchat.info)
for serum anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies and repetitive nerve XRP44X stimulation tests showed the characteristic decremental response of compound muscle action potential amplitude, in keeping with the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. (chiflatironsofficial.com)
Muscle and nerve cells have especially high energy needs, so muscular and neurological problems are common. (medlineplus.gov)