SecretionHydrochloric acidReceptorsDigestive enzymesMucosaEpithelial cellsGastrin releaseAntralLamina propriaTriggersPeritoneum linesProtectsMucousEpitheliumEnzymeGlandActivatesPosteriorAcidMucosalSecretoryGastric pitsLumenProteinBarrierLineagesEntericFoodHighly specializedFluidStem cellsImmune cellsConstantlyChief cellsTypes of cellsFunctionPrincipalCorpusSmall
Secretion10
- Histamine binds to receptors on the parietal cells and increases hydrochloric acid secretion. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Gastric acid aids digestion by creating the optimal pH for pepsin and gastric lipase and by stimulating pancreatic bicarbonate secretion. (merckmanuals.com)
- Acid secretion is initiated by food: the thought, smell, or taste of food effects vagal stimulation of the gastrin-secreting G cells located in the distal one third (antrum) of the stomach. (merckmanuals.com)
- By inhibiting prostaglandin production via blockage of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), NSAIDs reduce gastric blood flow, reduce mucus and HCO3 secretion, and decrease cell repair and replication. (merckmanuals.com)
- The level of acid secretion during these times is regulated by body weight, individual, number of parietal cells, and time of day. (encyclopedia.pub)
- [ 1 ] Vagus nerve fibers from the medulla stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system of the stomach which, in turn, stimulates gastric secretion (via parietal and G cells). (encyclopedia.pub)
- 1) In the body of the stomach, the vagal postganglionic muscarinic nerves release acetylcholine(ACh) which stimulates parietal cell H+ secretion. (encyclopedia.pub)
- 2) In the lamina propria of the body of the stomach the ACh released from the vagal endings triggers histamine secretion from ECL cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Histamine also stimulates H+ secretion from parietal cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Gastrin stimulates gastric acid secretion by directly stimulating parietal cells as well as by promoting histamine secretion by ECL cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
Hydrochloric acid7
- Various cells in the stomach secrete digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- It is in contact with food as it enters the stomach and is responsible for secreting digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- They secrete hydrochloric acid, which helps break down food. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In addition to secreting hydrochloric acid, these cells secrete a protein known as intrinsic factor. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Gastrin can increase hydrochloric acid production by stimulating ECL-like cells to release histamine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid that helps break down food and intrinsic factor that aids in the absorption of vitamin B12. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Glands lining the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid that dissolves food particles and protein-digesting enzymes, called pepsin. (biologyonline.com)
Receptors2
- Histamine stimulates the parietal cells via their H2 receptors. (merckmanuals.com)
- Ingested food stimulates gastric activity in two ways: by stretching the stomach and by gastric contents stimulating receptors in the stomach. (encyclopedia.pub)
Digestive enzymes2
- They secrete digestive enzymes that help break down food. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- From its exocrine portion, it secretes (1) digestive enzymes and (2) a fluid rich in HCO 3 - ions to neutralize the acid from the stomach. (biologyonline.com)
Mucosa4
- The gastric mucosa lines the stomach and contains the gastric glands, which secrete different substances. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Mucosal production of mucus and HCO3 creates a pH gradient from the gastric lumen (low pH) to the mucosa (neutral pH). (merckmanuals.com)
- Paneth cells, located at the base of the crypts of the small intestinal mucosa, and displaying bright red cytoplasmic granules. (handwiki.org)
- All other parts of the GI tract are lined by mucosa that contains, with some minor site-specific modifications, five cell types: (1) protective cells, (2) absorptive cells, (3) exocrine secretory cells, (4) endocrine secretory cells, and (5) stem cells considered to be the precursors of all the other more differentiated cells. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Epithelial cells5
- The surface of the stomach and opening of the gastric pits have a single layer of columnar epithelial cells, known as surface mucous cells or foveolar cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Epithelial cells remove excess hydrogen ions (H+) via membrane transport systems and have tight junctions, which prevent back diffusion of H+ ions. (merckmanuals.com)
- Also, because NSAIDs are weak acids and are nonionized at gastric pH, they diffuse freely across the mucus barrier into gastric epithelial cells, where H+ ions are liberated, leading to cellular damage. (merckmanuals.com)
- These micelles keep the insoluble products in soluble aggregates from which small amounts are released and absorbed by epithelial cells via diffusion. (biologyonline.com)
- Small intestinal crypts house stem cells that serve to constantly replenish epithelial cells that die and are lost from the villi . (handwiki.org)
Gastrin release2
- The parietal cells secrete acid, and the resulting drop in pH causes the antral D cells to release somatostatin, which inhibits gastrin release (negative feedback control). (merckmanuals.com)
- 4) In both the antrum and corpus, the vagus nerve inhibits D cells, thus reducing their release of somatostatin and reducing background inhibition of gastrin release. (encyclopedia.pub)
Antral1
- 3) In the antrum, peptidergic postganglionic parasympathetic vagal neurons and other enteric nervous system neurons release GRP which stimulates antral G cells to produce and release gastrin. (encyclopedia.pub)
Lamina propria1
- In contrast, the lamina propria is composed of immune cells such as dendric cells, T cells, and macrophages. (handwiki.org)
Triggers2
- Circulating gastrin triggers the release of histamine from enterochromaffin-like cells in the body of the stomach. (merckmanuals.com)
- Paneth cells sense bacteria via MyD88 -dependent toll-like receptor (TLR) activation which then triggers antimicrobial action. (handwiki.org)
Peritoneum lines1
- The parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity. (slideserve.com)
Protects2
- These cells secrete a thick layer of mucus that covers the stomach lining and protects it from the digestive juices. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The surface mucous cells secrete a layer of mucus that protects the stomach lining. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Mucous7
- The surface mucous cells constantly regenerate, so the stomach lining is always protected. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Overall, pyloric metaplastic units show increased proliferation and specific expansion of mucous lineages, both by proliferation of normal mucous neck cells and recruitment of SPEM cells. (bvsalud.org)
- Here, we identify Sox9 as a potential gene of interest in the regulation of mucous neck and SPEM cell identity in the stomach. (bvsalud.org)
- RESULTS: SOX9 is expressed in all early gastric progenitors and strongly expressed in mature mucous neck cells with minor expression in the other principal gastric lineages during adult homeostasis. (bvsalud.org)
- Adult corpus units derived from Sox9-deficient gastric progenitors lacked normal mucous neck cells. (bvsalud.org)
- Misexpression of Sox9 during postnatal development and adult homeostasis expanded mucous gene expression throughout corpus units including within the chief cell zone in the base. (bvsalud.org)
- CONCLUSIONS: Sox9 is a master regulator of mucous neck cell differentiation during gastric development. (bvsalud.org)
Epithelium6
- METHODS: We used immunostaining and electron microscopy to characterize the expression pattern of SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) during murine gastric development, homeostasis, and injury in homeostasis, after genetic deletion of Sox9 and after targeted genetic misexpression of Sox9 in the gastric epithelium and chief cells. (bvsalud.org)
- In the epithelium, gastric pits lead to gastric glands that secrete gastric juice. (pressbooks.pub)
- The luminar surface is covered by a single layer of epithelium containing exocrine and endocrine cells. (biologyonline.com)
- Paneth cells are cells in the small intestine epithelium , alongside goblet cells, enterocytes, and enteroendocrine cells. (handwiki.org)
- [7] Paneth cells support the physical barrier of the epithelium by providing essential niche signals to their neighboring intestinal stem cells. (handwiki.org)
- Protection and stimulation of these stem cells is essential for long-term maintenance of the intestinal epithelium , in which Paneth cells play a critical role. (handwiki.org)
Enzyme2
- The gastric glands (one gland is shown enlarged on the right) contain different types of cells that secrete a variety of enzymes, including hydrochloride acid, which activates the protein-digesting enzyme pepsin. (pressbooks.pub)
- Saliva containing mucus and the enzyme amylase is secreted from 3 pairs of salivary glands, located in the head. (biologyonline.com)
Gland4
- During a meal, bile is secreted from the gland by smooth muscle contraction and reaches the duodenum portion of the small intestine by the common bile duct. (biologyonline.com)
- When exposed to bacteria or bacterial antigens , Paneth cells secrete several anti-microbial compounds (notably defensins and lysozyme ) that are known to be important in immunity and host-defense into the lumen of the intestinal gland, thereby contributing to maintenance of the gastrointestinal barrier by controlling the enteric bacteria. (handwiki.org)
- [3] Like the other epithelial cell lineages in the small intestine, Paneth cells originate at the stem cell region near the bottom of the gland. (handwiki.org)
- [4] This close relationship to the stem cell region suggests that Paneth cells are important in defending the gland stem cells from microbial damage, [4] although their function is not entirely known. (handwiki.org)
Activates1
- However the decrease in pH caused by activation of parietal cells further activates gastric chief cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
Posterior2
- Organs posterior to the parietal peritoneum are retroperitoneal. (slideserve.com)
- The parietal cell mass of the stomach is segmentally innervated by the terminal branches from each of the anterior and posterior gastric branches. (medscape.com)
Acid6
- When the stomach reaches a certain level of acidity, D-cells release somatostatin, which then suppresses gastrin and the overall production of gastric acid. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Acid is secreted by parietal cells in the proximal two thirds (body) of the stomach. (merckmanuals.com)
- The mucus serves as a barrier to the diffusion of acid and pepsin. (merckmanuals.com)
- Alternatively, acid in the duodenum can stimulate S cells to secrete secretin which acts on an endocrine path to deactivate gastric chief cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Multiple ion channels and transporters are located and expressed in the parietal cells, which is not only regulate the gastric acid-base homeostasis, but also regulate the growth and development of parietal cells. (bvsalud.org)
- Paneth cells are stimulated to secrete defensins when exposed to bacteria (both Gram positive and Gram-negative types), or such bacterial products as lipopolysaccharide , lipoteichoic acid , muramyl dipeptide and lipid A . [9] They are also stimulated by cholinergic signaling normally preceding the arrival of food which potentially may contain a new bacterial load. (handwiki.org)
Mucosal5
- Gastric mucosal injuries include focal and diffused injuries, which do and do not change the cell differentiation pattern. (bvsalud.org)
- Parietal cells loss is related to the occurrence of gastric mucosal diffused injury, with two phenotypes of spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia and neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia, which is the basis of gastric cancer and gastric neuroendocrine tumor respectively. (bvsalud.org)
- Therefore, alteration and dysregulation of ion channels and transporters in the parietal cells impairs the morphology and physiological functions of stomach, resulted in gastric diffused mucosal damage. (bvsalud.org)
- In this review, multiple ion channels and transporters in parietal cells, including K+ channels, aquaporins, Cl- channels, Na+/H+ transporters, and Cl-/HCO3- transporters are described, and their roles in gastric diffused mucosal injury are discussed. (bvsalud.org)
- The mucosal lining of the stomach and the intestines contains several highly specialized cells arranged in an anatomic site-specific manner. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Secretory1
- [10] For example, research showed that in the secretory granules, murine and human Paneth cells express high levels of TLR9 . (handwiki.org)
Gastric pits2
- Parietal cells are present in the gastric pits that mainly occur in the upper part of the stomach, or the fundus. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Neuroendocrine cells occur in the gastric pits of the stomach. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Lumen1
- The exocrine cells disintegrate and discharge into the lumen, releasing their enzymes. (biologyonline.com)
Protein1
- The arrival of protein to the stomach further stimulates gastrin output. (merckmanuals.com)
Barrier1
- The gastrointestinal tract is composed of numerous cell types that are important for immune activation and barrier surface defenses. (handwiki.org)
Lineages1
- [2] Furthermore, among the four aforementioned intestinal cell lineages, Paneth cells live the longest (approximately 57 days). (handwiki.org)
Enteric1
- Paneth cells secrete antimicrobial peptides and proteins, which are "key mediators of host-microbe interactions, including homeostatic balance with colonizing microbiota and innate immune protection from enteric pathogens. (handwiki.org)
Food2
- The mucus also provides a slippery surface that helps food move through the stomach. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Mucus moistens the food and amylase partially digests polysaccharides (starches). (biologyonline.com)
Highly specialized1
- The cells of the stomach are highly specialized with different and varied functions. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Fluid1
- The peritoneal cavity is the fluid-filled "space" between the visceral and parietal peritoneum. (slideserve.com)
Stem cells1
- They are located below the intestinal stem cells in the intestinal glands (also called crypts of Lieberkühn) and the large eosinophilic refractile granules that occupy most of their cytoplasm . (handwiki.org)
Immune cells3
- AIG is controlled by the immune environment of the stomach, including immune cells, inflammatory cells, and infiltrating intercellular material. (bvsalud.org)
- Various immune cells or cytokines play a central role in the process of regulating gastric parietal cells. (bvsalud.org)
- Herein, we briefly reviewed the role of the immune environment under AIG, focussing on describing these double-edged effects between immune cells and cytokines, and pointing out potential research challenges. (bvsalud.org)
Constantly1
- The cells of the stomach are constantly exposed to digestive juices and the stomach's contents. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Chief cells6
- Chief cells are present in the base of gastric glands, which are in the fundus. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The chief cells secrete pepsinogen. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Gastric chief cells are primarily activated by ACh. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Pyloric metaplasia is characterized by the death of parietal cells and reprogramming of mitotically quiescent zymogenic chief cells into proliferative, mucin-rich spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) cells. (bvsalud.org)
- Sox9 deletion specifically in chief cells blunts their reprogramming into SPEM. (bvsalud.org)
- Sox9 also is required for chief cells to fully reprogram into SPEM after injury. (bvsalud.org)
Types of cells1
- This article looks at the types of cells of the stomach, their purpose, and how they work. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Function2
- This structure allows defensins to insert into membranes, where they interact with one another to form pores that disrupt membrane function, leading to cell lysis. (handwiki.org)
- Obviously some cells have more than one function and could belong to more than one of these categories. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Principal1
- The principal defense molecules secreted by Paneth cells are alpha-defensins, which are known as cryptdins in mice. (handwiki.org)
Corpus1
- After injury, strong SOX9 expression was induced in the neck and base of corpus units in SPEM cells. (bvsalud.org)
Small4
- Paneth cells are found throughout the small intestine and the appendix at the base of the intestinal glands. (handwiki.org)
- [2] There is an increase in Paneth cell numbers towards the end of the small intestine. (handwiki.org)
- [4] There are on average 5-12 Paneth cells in each small intestinal crypt. (handwiki.org)
- These five cells types seen in the small intestine are shown diagrammatically in Figure 7-4. (basicmedicalkey.com)