• They gain their independence only after the collapse of that state in 1991, and are then divided into the republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Russia. (metmuseum.org)
  • Senior Russian lawmaker noted that "we have to make it abundantly clear to Georgia that if need be, it should calmly accept that the necessary [Russian] forces and means will be sent to Armenia through its airspace. (civil.ge)
  • Yerevan, which is part of Moscow-led Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), may request Russia's military assistance if the territory and sovereignty of Armenia is threatened, but the military bloc's commitment to Armenia does not cover fighting on the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh. (civil.ge)
  • The National Security Council (NSC) of Georgia said earlier on October 3 amid renewed Armenia-Azerbaijani clashes over Nagorno-Karabakh, that "since the inception of escalation, [Tbilisi] temporarily suspended the issuance of permits for transiting military cargo through its territory in the direction of both countries, be it by air or land. (civil.ge)
  • Although the Caucasus includes Azerbaijan, Armenia and Russia's North Caucasus republics, the country most often associated with the region's cuisine is Georgia. (themoscowtimes.com)
  • Four former Soviet republics - Armenia, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine - were about to conclude substantial EU Association Agreements. (justsecurity.org)
  • In addition, the Trabzon, Diyarbakir, Erzurum, Bitlis, Van and other eastern regions of the Turkish Republic and the Javakheti region of Georgia are shown under the name of Western Armenia. (apa.az)
  • Rod Reuven Bryant and Jerry Gordon interview Ken Timmerman, veteran Iran watcher and New York Times best-selling author fresh back from Tbilisi, Georgia with a tale of Iran's Islamic Regime brutality and deception. (jewishpress.com)
  • Tbilisi and most of the international community regard the two regions as part of Georgia. (civil.ge)
  • Gessen left Moscow on Thursday and is speaking to us from Tbilisi in the Republic of Georgia. (wuwf.org)
  • You're in Tbilisi in the Republic of Georgia now. (wuwf.org)
  • The heady days of George W Bush dancing in the streets of Tbilisi, Saakashvili's Georgia being hailed as a 'beacon of freedom', and a steady stream of Western correspondents leaving interviews dazzled by his democratic credentials and general all-round charm, are long gone. (independent.co.uk)
  • Lawrence Scott Sheets concentrates on covering the Caucasus region of the former Soviet Union from his base in Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia. (kunc.org)
  • The specific conflict between Georgia and South Ossetia and Abkhazia has its roots in the following. (warandpeace.ru)
  • In Georgia, South Ossetia and Abkhazia, the legitimacy of the Soviet federal hierarchy was challenged by all sides. (c-r.org)
  • Ivanov said Russia's doubts about the continuing value of the CFE treaty rested largely on arguments about the continued deployment of Russian forces in Georgia, the Transdniester region of Moldova, and the North Caucasus. (rferl.org)
  • NATO leaders also criticized Russia and called on Moscow to withdraw troops from Ukraine, Georgia and the Republic of Moldova. (democracynow.org)
  • We should seek, if Putin will do his part, to create a new security architecture for eastern Europe that would explicitly rule out bringing countries like Ukraine and Georgia into the 29-member alliance. (thedailybeast.com)
  • So we're talking Ukraine and Georgia not making it into the alliance. (npr.org)
  • After taking advantage of Moscow's post-Cold War weakness by pushing NATO ever eastward and dismantling Yugoslavia in the conflict over Kosovo, the George W. Bush administration promised to add Ukraine and Georgia to the "transatlantic" alliance. (theamericanconservative.com)
  • Firstly, most of the territories of the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic , which had been controlled by Armenians after the first war, came under the control of Azerbaijan. (worldcrunch.com)
  • First, the Southern Ossetes, who until 1990 formed an autonomous region of the Georgian Soviet republic, seek to unite in one state with their co-ethnics in North Ossetia, an autonomous republic of the Russian Soviet republic and now the Russian Federation. (warandpeace.ru)
  • Then Georgia declared abolition of the South Ossete autonomous region and its incorporation into Georgia proper. (warandpeace.ru)
  • In the Soviet ethnofederal construction, the union republics had the highest status, followed by the autonomous republics with the autonomous regions in the third rank. (c-r.org)
  • The Abkhaz were thus the titular nation of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of Abkhazia and the Georgians the titular nation of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Georgia. (c-r.org)
  • With the democratisation of the Soviet system and the collapse of centralised power, the legitimacy of the federal order and hierarchical relations between union republics, autonomous republics and autonomous regions became one of the main subjects of dispute. (c-r.org)
  • Some national movements in autonomous republics and regions refused to be considered part of a union republic. (c-r.org)
  • The political leadership of the autonomous region of South Ossetia strove to upgrade the status of the region through reunification with the North Ossetian Autonomous Republic (which lay within the Russian Federation). (c-r.org)
  • Moscow decided to treat Georgia in the same way as NATO had treated Serbia. (links.org.au)
  • Moscow is asking for NATO to abandon all military activities, not just in Ukraine, but also Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. (npr.org)
  • It's asking NATO not to establish a new military bases on the territory of the former Soviet states and for NATO to guarantee it'll block future membership for any former Soviet republics. (npr.org)
  • That's before NATO expanded into Eastern Europe - so in effect, bans NATO from deploying forces in former communist member states like Poland, the Czech Republic and the Baltic States. (npr.org)
  • In 1999, former Warsaw Pact members Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic joined NATO. (warandpeace.ru)
  • Now Washington is putting immense pressure on the EU members of NATO, especially Germany and France, that they vote in December to admit Georgia and Ukraine. (warandpeace.ru)
  • Russia is unwilling to see Georgia join NATO. (warandpeace.ru)
  • In 2018, Moscow accused the United States of secretly conducting biological weapons experiments in a laboratory in Georgia, another former Soviet republic that, like Ukraine, has ambitions to join NATO and the European Union. (ndtv.com)
  • Some Western analysts and former officials, including Jack F. Matlock, who was the U.S. ambassador to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1990, endorsed this view, arguing that Gorbachev received a ''clear commitment that if Germany united, and stayed in NATO, the borders of NATO would not move eastward. (csis.org)
  • Pointing to comments recorded by the journalists Michael Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, former U.S. defense secretary Robert McNamara averred that ''the United States pledged never to expand NATO eastward if Moscow would agree to the unification of Germany. (csis.org)
  • George H. W. Bush, Brent Scowcroft, and James A. Baker, who served as president, national security adviser, and secretary of state in 1990 respectively, all firmly denied that the topic of extending NATO membership to former Warsaw Pact countries (other than East Germany) even came up during the negotiations with Moscow on German reunification, much less that the United States made a ''pledge'' not to pursue it. (csis.org)
  • The controversy surrounding this matter abated briefly after the initial round of NATO enlargement in 1997-1999 that led to the admission of the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland, but it flared up again in 2001-2002 when NATO prepared to invite several more countries to join, including the three Baltic states, which until August 1991 had been part of the USSR. (csis.org)
  • In 2008, the proposed admission into NATO of two other former Soviet republics (Georgia and Ukraine) sparked a new flurry of allegations. (csis.org)
  • Moscow recognized the independence of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali Region on August 26, 2008, two weeks after the Russo-Georgian war. (civil.ge)
  • After the war Moscow recognized South Ossetia and Georgia's other breakaway republic of Abkhazia as independent states. (rt.com)
  • Since the five-day war between Russia and Georgia in August 2008, when Russian troops acquired full control of the regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia while the West did nothing to punish the aggression, the Kremlin has continued to consolidate its hold over the breakaway territories and chipped away at Georgia's strength. (justsecurity.org)
  • When the Soviet Union collapsed, both regions sought to separate themselves from Georgia in bloody conflicts - South Ossetia in 1990-1, Abkhazia in 1992-4. (warandpeace.ru)
  • Abkhazia and South Ossetia, another separatist-held part of Georgia, declared independence after the 2008 Russia-Georgia war. (atlanticcouncil.org)
  • Following the outbreak of war in 1992, Georgia and Abkhazia remain in political stalemate. (c-r.org)
  • Writers from Georgia and Abkhazia, as well as internationally, offer insights into possible avenues out of the deadlock. (c-r.org)
  • Bruno Coppieters explores the roots of the Georgia-Abkhazia conflict, examining geopolitical interests as well as ideas about nationhood and legitimate rule. (c-r.org)
  • Bruno Coppieters explores the roots of the Georgia-Abkhazia conflict while warning that there is no commonly accepted analysis of the conflict and that each explanation carries specific political implications about its resolution. (c-r.org)
  • Attempts to create independent republics are quashed and lands in this region are absorbed into the Soviet Union. (metmuseum.org)
  • In 2021, the Donetsk People's Republic marked Russia Day on June 12, which is a national holiday in Russia to commemorate Russia's declaration of independence from the Soviet Union. (straitstimes.com)
  • SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence, cumulative infections, and immunity to symptomatic infection - A multistage national household survey and modelling study, Dominican Republic, June-October 2021. (cdc.gov)
  • In December 1990 Georgia under Gamsakhurdia sent troops into South Ossetia after the region declared its own sovereignty. (warandpeace.ru)
  • Thousands of Russian troops are thought to have remained in the Moscow-sponsored republics, which Georgia and the West consider sovereign Georgian land. (atlanticcouncil.org)
  • Syria, Venezuela, Nauru, and Nicaragua are the only other nations that recognize the two regions' independence from Georgia. (civil.ge)
  • After a nine-month fight for independence led by Mustafa Kemal (later named Atatürk, 1881-1938), the Republic of Turkey is declared in 1923. (metmuseum.org)
  • While Georgia successfully achieved independence in 1991, Moscow is still attempting to. (texasgopvote.com)
  • While Georgia successfully achieved independence in 1991, Moscow is still attempting to bully the small nation back into its orbit. (texasgopvote.com)
  • In a November 2006 referendum, 99 percent of South Ossetians voted for independence from Georgia, at a time when most of them had long held Russian passports. (warandpeace.ru)
  • On Thursday, after two years of independence noises from South Ossetia, Georgia tried to reassert its authority over its north-central region and preserve the integrity of its national and natural borders. (thenationalnews.com)
  • Georgia, under Mr Shevardnadze, and then his successor, the current president, Mikheil Saakashvili, will preserve its borders - naturally defined by the Caucasus mountains - and the Ossetians, pushed out of the Don River valley of Russia back in the mid-1700s, and who speak a different language than Georgian and use a different alphabet - insist on independence. (thenationalnews.com)
  • The Prime Minister of Georgia, Giorgi Gakharia admitted on national television that, when he was Interior Minister, he launched in February 2018 a sting operation, at the request of Iran, against Iran Intelligence defector Alireza Soleimanpak. (jewishpress.com)
  • The talks took place amidst unprecedented political maneuvering in the German Democratic Republic (GDR), where parliamentary elections were due to be held on March 18, 1990. (csis.org)
  • Also of great importance are the talks between Kohl and Gorbachev in Moscow and Stavropol in July 1990. (csis.org)
  • Ivanov told the conference that Moscow views these 1999 agreements as political commitments that have nothing to do with the CFE treaty itself. (rferl.org)
  • We have been compelled to take this decision, as we are seeing the spread of mercenaries in the Caucasus, from which Russia, Georgia and everyone else will suffer," Zatulian underscored. (civil.ge)
  • Picture after picture of impressive palatial developments, combined with his effervescent commentary, and I'm almost convinced that Batumi can be the new Barcelona, and Georgia can be the Singapore of the Caucasus. (independent.co.uk)
  • What is playing out in the Caucasus is being reported in US media in an alarmingly misleading light, making Moscow appear the lone aggressor. (warandpeace.ru)
  • In this sense, a multi-vector foreign policy entails Ukraine to set a balanced diplomacy between Moscow and the Western capitals, as well as requires the diversification of its foreign relations in the south and Turkey seems to be the only country that can help Ukraine open up to the Middle East, Africa, the Caucasus and Central Asia. (dailysabah.com)
  • The situation in the South Caucasus is becoming less dependent on Moscow. (worldcrunch.com)
  • In most of the Russian Federation, these conflicts were settled by mutual agreement, but in the North and South Caucasus the crisis of legitimacy led to political tension and in some cases to violent clashes between the capitals of the union republics and their subordinate units. (c-r.org)
  • For 20 years, Gessen was a journalist in Moscow and had been the chief correspondent for Russia's leading news magazine until it became impossible to report the real news. (wuwf.org)
  • August 14, 2008 -- Georgia has resolutely condemned Russia's actions in Chechnya. (links.org.au)
  • Crimea is a peninsula on the Black Sea and was seized by Moscow from Ukraine six months ago. (wunc.org)
  • President Vladimir Putin is the ultimate symbol of this Russian power, pulling the strings from Moscow, exerting influence throughout Crimea. (wunc.org)
  • No doubt, Ukraine's de facto loss of Crimea to Russia has moved Kiev away from Moscow, an opportunity which was seized by the West to crumble the conventional Russian influences and reserves in and around Eastern Europe. (dailysabah.com)
  • For us, it is important to not make that mistake again like we did in Crimea, Donbas, Georgia," she said. (metro.us)
  • Repeating a strategy that Moscow used to decisive effect in the Republic of Georgia in 2008, infiltrating Russian forces quickly seized Ukraine's strategic Crimean peninsula before assuming a less direct role supplying and supporting pro-Russian separatists in the country's eastern Donbass region. (thedailybeast.com)
  • Russian-backed separatists in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions - collectively known as the Donbass - broke away from Ukrainian government control in 2014 and proclaimed themselves independent "people's republics", until now unrecognised. (straitstimes.com)
  • Moscow responded by backing separatists in Georgia, who had long resisted Tbilisi's rule. (theamericanconservative.com)
  • The Iranian Ambassador in Georgia wrote a letter offering Soleimanpak with an offer of $5 million and a Georgian passport if the latter would recant his testimony in the 9/11 Links case. (jewishpress.com)
  • And that is how Sakartvelo" likely called " Georgia" after its patron Saint George" came into being. (takimag.com)
  • GESSEN: No. I do know a lot of journalists who've fled Moscow and the journalists who've left under, you know, a particular set of circumstances, which is that on Friday, the Russian Parliament passed and President Vladimir Putin signed a new law which makes it a crime punishable by up to 15 years in prison to spread what they call false information about the special operation in Ukraine. (wuwf.org)
  • MOSCOW (REUTERS) - Russian President Vladimir Putin on Monday (Feb 21) signed a decree recognising two breakaway regions in eastern Ukraine as independent and ordered the Russian army to launch what Moscow called a peacekeeping operation into the area, accelerating a crisis the West fears could unleash a major war. (straitstimes.com)
  • Kallas has criticized other European leaders for talking to Putin and has advocated for isolating Moscow completely, leaving the decision on how to end the war up to Ukraine. (metro.us)
  • America was not going to protect Georgia. (links.org.au)
  • But that does not mean that Georgia could use America as anything. (links.org.au)
  • When a new job and a love affair lead her to Moscow, Florence doesn't think twice about abandoning America - only to discover, years later, that America has abandoned her. (audible.com)
  • America must stand with Georgia and demand complete respect for our ally's territorial integrity and sovereignty. (texasgopvote.com)
  • Civil.ge is a UN Association of Georgia project, delivering news and analysis since 2001. (civil.ge)
  • Those who did not share this collective will were driven out of the republic a long time ago (the same holds true for Chechnya). (links.org.au)
  • The inflated numbers appear tied to Moscow's effort to portray the war as 'finished' with only final skirmishes with Chechen rebels said to be entering the republic from neighboring Georgia, and to portray massive efforts to get refugees who had fled to nearby Ingushetia to return to their original homes in Chechnya. (rferl.org)
  • It is not known how -- or whether -- the Russian armed forces in Chechnya and political leaders in Moscow are counting the dead. (rferl.org)
  • Moscow also began to change its view of the European Union. (justsecurity.org)
  • A joint rally in flashmob format, organized by the Armenian Youth Association of Moscow, the Armenian Museum and the Union of Armenians of Russia, dedicated to the so-called "Armenian genocide", will be held today. (apa.az)
  • Georgia considers itself the oldest wine-producing country in the world - in fact, archeologists have discovered evidence of wine cultivation in Georgia more than 8,000 years ago. (themoscowtimes.com)
  • A census is planned in the coming weeks, notes Memorial, yet even this exercise is unlikely to put to rest the constant speculation over the number of people who remain alive in the Chechen Republic, or the number killed in the current armed conflict, let alone the last one. (rferl.org)
  • This Accord explains the issues at the heart of the conflict - the Abkhaz demand for sovereignty and why Georgia refuses to grant it. (c-r.org)
  • By late 2005, Georgia signed an agreement that it would not use force, and the Abkhaz would allow the gradual return of 200,000-plus ethnic Georgians who had fled the violence. (warandpeace.ru)
  • My guest, Masha Gessen, is a Russian-American journalist who reported in late January and February from Ukraine, then went to Moscow after the invasion. (wuwf.org)
  • Talk began about a new era of relations with Russia, sticky issues such as Georgia were to be forgotten, and Hillary Clinton even presented Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov with a 'reset button' to symbolise a new start for bilateral relations. (independent.co.uk)
  • A few days later, Georgia was attacked by the Russian army. (links.org.au)
  • After the Russian generals made another statement that in Georgia only the military installations had been bombed, the destroyed houses of the civilian population in Gori were shown on the Western TV. (links.org.au)
  • Moscow insisted its aim was to destroy the Islamic State , but many Russian attacks struck communities and groups actively battling the terror group. (thedailybeast.com)
  • Memorial points to the official estimate of the number of civilians killed made to them in meetings with General Valerii Manilov, the Russian Army's deputy chief of staff, in August 2002 and with Chechen Republic Prosecutor Nikolai Kostyuchenko. (rferl.org)
  • To help Georgia repel future Russian aggression, Rep. Connolly and I have introduced H.R. 6219 , the Georgia Support Act. (texasgopvote.com)
  • The bill also requests the President to impose sanctions on Russian individuals who commit human rights abuses on Georgia territory. (texasgopvote.com)
  • Two Russian airliners that departed from the same Moscow airport crash within minutes of each other. (wuky.org)
  • This enabled Russian President Medvedev to justify his military's counter-attack of Georgia on Friday as an effort to 'protect the lives and dignity of Russian citizens, wherever they may be. (warandpeace.ru)
  • Russian recognition effectively kills off the 2014-15 Minsk peace agreements that, although still unimplemented, have until now been seen by all sides, including Moscow, as the best chance for a solution. (straitstimes.com)
  • But Russian media, including RT, had insisted that the U.S. is to blame for the Boston bombings because vague "warnings" from Moscow were ignored about bomber Tamerlan Tsarnaev's radical Islamic connections. (noisyroom.net)
  • The McCabe Centre for Law and Cancer the WHO FCTC Knowledge Hub on trade and tobacco in coordination with the WHO Regional Office for Europe, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University and the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation jointly conducted an Intensive legal training and capacity-building workshop for law and NCDs for NIS countries in Moscow, Russian Federation from 30 May to 3 June 2016. (who.int)
  • In addition, data obtained by WHO from Belarus and the Russian Federation (Moscow only) were used. (who.int)
  • Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (cdc.gov)
  • Atlanta, Ga. (who.int)
  • The Republic of Georgia is a beacon of democracy in a part of the world which has struggled to break the legacy of Soviet oppression. (texasgopvote.com)
  • Emboldened by the survival of the Assad regime, Russia could directly involve itself in other regional conflicts where Moscow stands to gain strategic bases. (thedailybeast.com)
  • The dramatic military attack by the military of the Republic of Georgia on South Ossetia in the last days has brought the world one major step closer to the ultimate horror of the Cold War era-a thermonuclear war between Russia and the United States-by miscalculation. (warandpeace.ru)
  • While the self-proclaimed republics in Donetsk and Luhansk remain a source of military tension inside Ukraine, the Crimean issue continues to feed the public discontent with serious anti-Russia sentiments, particularly in the west of the Dnieper River which historically and ethnically divides the country. (dailysabah.com)
  • That could pave the way for Moscow to send military forces into the separatist regions openly, using the argument that it is intervening as an ally to protect them against Ukraine. (straitstimes.com)
  • CHARLES MAYNES, BYLINE: Well, first of all, this list was handed over to Assistant Secretary of State Karen Donfried when she came through Moscow to meet with Kremlin officials this week. (npr.org)
  • U.S. State Department officials accuse Russia of" dismantling " arms control agreements, while Moscow charges that Washington is pursuing several destabilizing weapons programs. (peoplesworld.org)
  • Moscow appeals to the commonsense and the will of the South Ossetian population. (links.org.au)
  • This peninsula on the Black Sea - seized by Moscow from Ukraine six months ago - is at the fault line of a new East-West divide. (wunc.org)
  • Moscow has always been considering the region as its zone of 'privileged interests,' claiming to be the guarantor of regional stability and security. (worldcrunch.com)
  • Many Tatars are concerned now that Moscow is once again in control. (wunc.org)
  • The government of the Soviet Republic of Georgia needed to amass an impressive audience for a guest of this caliber. (takimag.com)
  • Among major stories Sheets has covered for NPR have been the tragic siege of a school by a pro-Chechen separatist terror group in 2004 in which 330 mostly children were killed, the 6-week long "Orange Revolution" that brought down Ukraine's old government in 2004, and the "Rose Revolution" in Georgia in 2003. (kunc.org)
  • The rally organizers said they had received permission from the Moscow government to hold the event. (apa.az)
  • Never mind that Moscow for years has deliberately escalated the Ukraine war in order to weaken a wary neighbor and ensure its hold on disputed territory. (thedailybeast.com)
  • In the aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the major nuclear powers established some ground rules to avoid the possibility of nuclear war, including the so-called "hot line" between Washington and Moscow. (peoplesworld.org)
  • A country located from the Baltic and Black seas to the Pacific Ocean and, for a time including 15 Soviet Socialist Republics. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the Republic of Georgia, the National Agency of Public Registry has stored one million land titles on a blockchain. (schema-root.org)
  • Countries as varied as Britain, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, Georgia, and several in Eastern Europe influenced critical U.S. policies to their advantage. (theamericanconservative.com)
  • Lead presenters and facilitators included representatives of the WHO FCTC Knowledge Hub McCabe Centre for Law and Cancer, WHO Regional Office for Europe, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, University of Liverpool, and United Nations Development Programme. (who.int)
  • The political status of all units could change over time according to circumstances and the political considerations of the Moscow party leadership. (c-r.org)
  • The rally is scheduled for today at 16:00 local time in the territory of the Armenian Apostolic Church in Moscow. (apa.az)