Molecular dna chloroplast. Medical search. Frequent questions

Similar inverted repeats exist in the genomes of cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta and rhodophyceæ), suggesting that they predate the chloroplast, though some chloroplast DNAs like those of peas and a few red algae have since lost the inverted repeats. (wikipedia.org)
More than 5000 chloroplast genomes have been sequenced and are accessible via the NCBI organelle genome database. (wikipedia.org)
The first chloroplast genomes were sequenced in 1986, from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha). (wikipedia.org)
The results illustrate a complex set of interactions regulating expression of the nuclear and chloroplast genomes. (ncsu.edu)
Horizontal transfer of chloroplast genomes between plant species. (mpg.de)
A method to sequence multiple chloroplast genomes that uses the sequencing depth of ultra high throughput sequencing technologies was recently described. (usda.gov)
Sequencing complete chloroplast genomes can resolve phylogenetic relationships at low taxonomic levels and identify point mutations and indels that can be used in species identification. (usda.gov)
The objective of this study was to demonstrate multiplex sequencing of Fragaria chloroplast genomes using the Illumina Genome Analyzer. (usda.gov)
I present evidence from reciprocal crosses, cytoplasmic substitution lines, and cell fusion lines that hybrid weakness and sterility often arise from interactions between the nuclear genome and the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes. (bioone.org)
The system, software and consumables will initially be sold to research organizations, pharmaceutical companies and diagnostic companies that will sequence large regions of genomic DNA, including whole genomes, at costs several orders of magnitude below current levels. (scienceopen.com)
With the completion of the first gymnosperm mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) from Cycas taitungensis and the availability of more mtDNA taxa in the past 5 years, we have conducted a systematic analysis of DNA transfer from chloroplast genomes (cpDNAs) to mtDNAs (mtpts) in 11 plants, including 2 algae, 1 liverwort, 1 moss, 1 gymnosperm, 3 monocots, and 3 eudicots. (tmu.edu.tw)

Molecular phylogeny of tribe Dipterocarpeae (family Dipterocarpaceae) based on sequence data of chloroplast and nuclear DNA. (uni-goettingen.de)
2006. Molecular phylogeny of Dipterocarpaceae in Indonesia based on chloroplast DNA. (uni-goettingen.de)
Increasing interest in Cimicifugeae pharmaceutical resources has led to the further discoveries of triterpenoid saponins, phenolic compounds, chromones, and many other compounds in various species of Cimicifugeae, and to the investigations on their chemotaxonomy, molecular phylogeny, and bioactivities. (researchgate.net)
Based on our pharmacophylogenetic studies, the progress in phytochemistry, chemotaxonomy, molecular biology, and phylogeny of Cimicifugeae had been summarized since 2007, especially Cimicifuga L. ex Wernisch. (researchgate.net)
The morphology-based five-genus classification of Cimicifugeae is not supported by molecular phylogeny. (researchgate.net)
Molecular phylogeny based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences tends to merge Cimicifuga Wernisch. (researchgate.net)
Most nodes were resolved with high bootstrap support, resulting in the first well-resolved chloroplast-based phylogeny of Fragaria. (usda.gov)
Molecular phylogeny of the Magnoliaceae: the biogeography of tropical and temperate disjunctions. (mobot.org)
A molecular phylogeny for the New Zealand Blechnaceae ferns from analyses of chloroplast trn L‐trn F DNA sequences. (wikimedia.org)
Phylogeny and generic taxonomy of the New Zealand Pteridaceae ferns from chloroplast rbcL DNA sequences. (wikimedia.org)
For more information, see Calviño and Downie (2007), Circumscription and phylogeny of Apiaceae subfamily Saniculoideae based on chloroplast DNA sequences, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44: 175-191. (illinois.edu)
Internal transcriber spacer (ITS) sequences and several chloroplast markers, rpoB , rpoC1 , and psbA-trnH were sequenced in order to infer a preliminary phylogeny of the genus. (bioone.org)

The first complete chloroplast genome sequences were published in 1986, Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) by Sugiura and colleagues and Marchantia polymorpha (liverwort) by Ozeki et al. (wikipedia.org)
The results are discussed in terms of a model in which repeated sequences in the wheat intergenic DNA are presumed to function as upstream promoters and transcriptional enhancers similar to those in Xenopus. (ncsu.edu)
Analysis of these chloroplast DNA sequences from the different strawberry species may show relationships among strawberry species and might allow development of additional tools for species identification. (usda.gov)
Chloroplast DNA sequences support the transfer of the New Caledonian endemic fern Sphenomeris alutacea to Odontosoria . (wikimedia.org)
Few DNA sequences are published for this group, so molecular evidence is of limited use in analysing the structure of this group. (malvaceae.info)
The largest data set svailable in EMBL consists of 29 sequences, representing 26 species, of the chloroplast ndhF gene. (malvaceae.info)
This means that when the regulatory sequences are introduced from the bacterium into the plant, the regulatory DNA has to be replaced with those that can be recognized by the plant. (gmo-safety.eu)
With this GMO soy plant, standard molecular biotechnological methods were employed in demonstrating that a single complete copy of the bacterial EPSPS gene was present and flanked by two DNA sequences found in the genome of the roundup ready soy plant. (gmo-safety.eu)

A set of 53 cloned pea chloroplast DNA fragments representing approximately 90% of the chloroplast genome was used to probe Northern blots of total pea RNA, resulting in a nearly complete chloroplast transcription map. (ncsu.edu)

Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) is the DNA located in chloroplasts, which are photosynthetic organelles located within the cells of some eukaryotic organisms. (wikipedia.org)
We used three chloroplast (cpDNA) fragments ( psb A- trn H, trn L- rpl 32 and trn Q-5′ rps 16), the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS), and co-dominant SSR and dominant ISSR markers to study natural hybridization between L. duciformis and L. paradoxa growing sympatrically in two locations. (peerj.com)
First, frequent DNA transfer from cpDNA to mtDNA occurred at least as far back as the common ancestor of extant gymnosperms and angiosperms, about 300 MYA. (tmu.edu.tw)

Cladistic analyses based on chloroplast protein coding genes rbcL and rps 4, and the chloroplast encoded trnL (UAA) intron were conducted (1) to investigate phylogenetic relationships among basal peristomate mosses, especially the nematodontous mosses (Tetraphidaceae and Polytrichaceae), and the arthrodontous mosses with pleated endostomes (Buxbaumiaceae and Diphysciaceae), and (2) to make inferences on evolution of the peristome. (bioone.org)
The genetic study was performed using three most common chloroplast markers for plant characterization (DNA barcodes rbcL, matK and trnHpsbA). (techscience.com)
We use three chloroplast regions (rbcL, matK, and ndhF) and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer to understand the phylogenetic relationships in Polygonaceae. (urosario.edu.co)

Since then, a great number of chloroplast DNAs from various species have been sequenced. (wikipedia.org)
Many chloroplast DNAs contain two inverted repeats, which separate a long single copy section (LSC) from a short single copy section (SSC). (wikipedia.org)
It is possible that the inverted repeats help stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome, as chloroplast DNAs which have lost some of the inverted repeat segments tend to get rearranged more. (wikipedia.org)
Inversions in legume chloroplast DNAs. (ncsu.edu)

DNA sequence data from the chloroplast regions matK and ndhF and from the nuclear ribosomal region ITS were collected from 46 species of Nama as well as from four new species and several outgroups. (utexas.edu)
This study represents phylogenetic analyses of two woody polygonaceous genera Calligonum and Pteropyrum using both chloroplast fragment (trnL-F) and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrDNA ITS) sequence data. (ijbiotech.com)
59-64 These include DNA sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the intergenic spacer region of chloroplast DNA ( trn L-trnF IGS). (ojp.gov)

Plant Molecular Biology, 10(4), 303–310. (ncsu.edu)
Journal of Molecular Biology, 204, 500–534. (ncsu.edu)
Journal of Molecular Biology, 204(3), 535–548. (ncsu.edu)
Cell and Molecular Biology helps biologists make important connections between key concepts and experimentation. (chipsbooks.com)
Molecular Biology and Evolution , 24 (9), 2040-2048. (tmu.edu.tw)

Each minicircle contains one to three genes, but blank plasmids, with no coding DNA, have also been found. (wikipedia.org)
The bacterial genes encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) and beta-glucuronidase (GUS) were transiently expressed in leaf discs from the AR1 promoter in TGMV A. The levels of AR1 and GUS RNAs were similar in leaf discs after adjusting for viral DNA copy number, while CAT RNA was less abundant. (ncsu.edu)
This study indicates that chloroplast genes are often grouped into multigene transcriptional units which can be cotranscribed, and that light-stimulated plastid development involves changes in the relative abundance of the overlapping RNAs of different length that result from transcription of these genes or gene clusters. (ncsu.edu)
Light effects on the expression of nuclear genes for plastid proteins and for the 18S, 5.8S and 25S ribosomal RNAs are discussed, together with some recent information concerning the expression of chloroplast genes in developing plastids. (ncsu.edu)
Increasingly, the collections are also used to extract DNA and thus enable studies of species' relationships, distribution history and population genetics, or to investigate the expression, variation or change of different genes over time. (lu.se)

The procedure yields total cellular DNA (i.e. nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial DNA). (scienceopen.com)

Two large clades comprise Polygonaceae, generally corresponding to those found in previous molecular analyses. (urosario.edu.co)

Insensitivity of chloroplast gene expression to DNA methylation. (mpg.de)
The developmental gradient in monocot leaves has been exploited to uncover leaf developmental gene expression programs and chloroplast biogenesis processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Using a network reconstruction algorithm, we predict that known chloroplast gene expression regulators are differentially involved across those developmental stages. (biomedcentral.com)
Molecular characterization and gene expression of lhcb5 gene encoding CP26 in the light-harvesting complex II of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. (bio.net)

2007: Molecular phylogenetics and molecular dating of the New Zealand Gleicheniaceae. (wikimedia.org)

Relationships among strawberry species have not been clearly described in the past using visible plant traits or DNA-based molecular tools. (usda.gov)
This DNA from chloroplasts is commonly used for species relationship studies in plants because it is small in size and usually only inherited from the mother. (usda.gov)
New DNA sequencing technology generally termed, 'ultra high throughput sequencing' (Illumina, San Diego, CA), was tested for generating DNA sequence information for the full length of chloroplast DNA in 17 strawberry species. (usda.gov)
This method resulted in sequencing 76-82% of the chloroplast DNA from the 17 strawberry species. (usda.gov)
The technique is ideal for the rapid isolation of small amounts of DNA from many different species and is also useful for large scale isolations. (scienceopen.com)
In recent years, DNA barcoding methods, which are used to identify species diversity in the Tree of Life, have been also applied to botanicals and plant-derived dietary supplements. (thieme-connect.com)

Characterization of a chloroplast sequence-specific DNA binding factor. (ncsu.edu)
The morphological study revealed the presence of three C. nodosa morphotypes, described here for the first time, while the molecular characterization did not allow the discrimination of these morphological types. (techscience.com)

It reveals functionally distinct plastid and chloroplast development stages, identifies processes occurring in each of them, and highlights our very limited knowledge of the earliest drivers of plastid biogenesis, while providing a basis for their future identification. (biomedcentral.com)
It is not dissimilar to the gradient of proliferation and differentiation along developing roots [ 2 ] but, in contrast, it provides a unique opportunity to study chloroplast biogenesis and differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
Chloroplast biogenesis involves a multiplicity of processes. (biomedcentral.com)

The DNA is assessed using specific reliable markers to reveal areas in the DNA that differ among accessions. (uwi.edu)
Tagging traits with DNA markers helps produce better cocoa trees in accelerated breeding programs. (uwi.edu)
Develop molecular markers linked to important agronomic, nutraceutical and chocolate flavour characters. (uwi.edu)
First molecular study to establish proof-of-concept of adulteration of fine or flavour cacao from DNA markers on single cacao beans. (uwi.edu)
First successful identification and application of cacao chloroplast DNA markers to trace maternal lineage. (uwi.edu)
Best practices have been established for the extraction of quality DNA for characterisation using DNA markers. (uwi.edu)
Accurate determination of genetic identity for a single cacao bean, using molecular markers with a nanofluidic system, ensures cocoa authentication. (uwi.edu)
Once a substance has been identified as marijuana, it may be possible to individualize that sample to determine the originating source using DNA techniques: randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers (RAPDs), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), and short tandem repeats (STRs). (ojp.gov)

shed new light on the importance of chloroplasts in the evolution of life and may help develop new treatments for diseases caused by apicomplexan parasites. (elifesciences.org)

Department of Molecular Genetics AFRC Institute of Plant Science Research (Cambridge Laboratory), Maris Lane, Trumpington Cambridge CB2 2LQ, U.K. (ncsu.edu)

Total genomic DNA was extracted from dried leaf tissue using as DNeasy® 96 Plant Kit (Cat. (uni-goettingen.de)
The genome of the geminivirus tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) consists of two circular DNA molecules designated as components A and B. The A component contains the only virally-encoded function required for autonomous replication in infected plant cells. (ncsu.edu)
Synthesis of AR1 RNA was dependent on T-DNA transfer and TGMV DNA replication, demonstrating that it is a plant transcription product. (ncsu.edu)
Purification and restriction endonuclease analysis of plant nuclear DNA. (ncsu.edu)
Molecular Plant Development. (ncsu.edu)
The chloroplast, a major organ in plant cells used by the plant to produce food (sugars) contains genetic material (DNA). (usda.gov)
Cryptic chloroplasts are similar to the chloroplasts found in plant cells, but unlike plants the compartments in apicomplexans are unable to harvest energy from sunlight. (elifesciences.org)
Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. (scienceopen.com)
A method is presented for the rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA (50,000 base pairs or more in length) which is free of contaminants which interfere with complete digestion by restriction endonucleases. (scienceopen.com)
Molecular Plant. (ku.dk)
DNA-Based Authentication of Botanicals and Plant-Derived Dietary Supplements: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? (thieme-connect.com)
bombardment of the plant cells with microscopic particles of gold coated with DNA that contains the gene of interest. (gmo-safety.eu)
Another regulatory sequence that is introduced into the soy plant is the chloroplast transit peptide gene that is derived from a petunia. (gmo-safety.eu)
The role of this gene is to direct the soy plant cell to transport the bacterial EPSPS gene into the chloroplast of the plant cell. (gmo-safety.eu)
This is because for the soy plant to demonstrate tolerance to roundup herbicides, the EPSPS enzyme has to be present in the chloroplast. (gmo-safety.eu)

The genomic DNA was isolated from the leaves of basil and was analysed for its concentration and integrity. (livemint.com)
DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing: Total genomic DNA was isolated from dried leaf or branchlet (only for Calligonum) of samples using the modified cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method of Doyle and Doyle (1987). (ijbiotech.com)

Cytosine methylation in ribosomal DNA and nucleolus organiser expression in wheat. (ncsu.edu)

Further analysis demonstrated that cryptic chloroplasts are common in apicomplexan parasites, including in lineages where they were not previously known to exist. (elifesciences.org)
However, at least three lineages of apicomplexans have independently lost their cryptic chloroplasts. (elifesciences.org)

Chloroplast DNA has long been thought to have a circular structure, but some evidence suggests that chloroplast DNA more commonly takes a linear shape. (wikipedia.org)
Polymerase chair reaction amplification of DNA extracted from the jocote samples allowed for analysis of the chloroplast spacer, a commonly used molecular marker in botanical studies. (eurekalert.org)

The second phase is marked by the development of photosynthetic chloroplasts which occupy the available cellular space. (biomedcentral.com)
Leaves are the primary photosynthetic organs, within which mesophyll cells differentiate to become chloroplast-filled. (biomedcentral.com)
Understanding the build-up of photosynthetic capacity requires detailed knowledge of how these cells, and chloroplasts within, are produced and develop. (biomedcentral.com)

Transcription of the wheat chloroplast gene that encodes the 32 kd polypeptide. (ncsu.edu)
The AR1 gene, which encodes the TGMV coat protein, was transcribed transiently in leaf discs after agroinoculation of TGMV A DNA. (ncsu.edu)

Many studies have been carried out to resolve the taxonomic relationships of subfamily Dipterocarpoideae based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA. (uni-goettingen.de)

Although the agenda of these authors was not taxonomic, their phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequence data reveals that "the tropical American [ Magnolia ] section Talauma branched first," i.e., is sister to the rest of the genus. (mobot.org)
The only worldwide taxonomic treatment of Gratiola was published more than 160 years ago and only a few representatives of the genus have been included in published molecular phylogenetic studies. (tennessee.edu)

Taking advantage of the developmental gradient in the bread wheat leaf, we provide a simultaneous quantitative analysis for the development of mesophyll cells and of chloroplasts as a cellular compartment. (biomedcentral.com)
Our analysis generates both the first wheat leaf transcriptional map and one of the most comprehensive descriptions to date of the developmental history of chloroplasts in higher plants. (biomedcentral.com)

Chloroplasts, like other types of plastid, contain a genome separate from that in the cell nucleus. (wikipedia.org)

The discoveries that the chloroplast contains ribosomes and performs protein synthesis revealed that the chloroplast is genetically semi-autonomous. (wikipedia.org)

Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. (wikipedia.org)
AgNCs are tightly embedded into the DNA scaffolds and exhibit effective anti-bacterial activity, while immunomodulatory M2EVs are encapsulated within the shape-variable DNA scaffolds and exhibit potent anti-inflammatory and osteogenic properties. (bvsalud.org)

However, the relationship between the two is barely understood, which limits the value of transcriptome data to understand the process of chloroplast development. (biomedcentral.com)

The chloroplast regions showed no significant variation within the genus. (bioone.org)
This dissertation examines interspecies relationships within Nama from a molecular phylogenetic perspective in order to evaluate historic morphology-based subgeneric classification systems of the genus and to examine the origins of facultative and obligate gypsophily within the genus. (utexas.edu)

The cells of the malaria parasite and many other apicomplexans contain compartments known as cryptic chloroplasts that produce molecules the parasites need to survive. (elifesciences.org)

Cadmium accumulation in the chloroplast of Euglena gracilis. (bio.net)

Fingerprinting Theobroma cacao germplasm trees (accessions) is done by extracting the genetic material (DNA) from the leaves of the cacao trees and assessing the DNA to obtain a genotype or genetic fingerprint. (uwi.edu)

Recently, DNA-based methods have been applied to these products because DNA is not changed by growth conditions unlike the chemical constituents of many active pharmaceutical agents. (thieme-connect.com)
In this review, we recount the history of DNA-based methods for identification of botanicals and discuss some of the difficulties in defining a specific bar code or codes to use. (thieme-connect.com)

Infrageneric relationships in Calligonum, due to the paucity of informative nucleotide sites in both DNA regions are not resolved. (ijbiotech.com)

Effects of chloroplast DNA content on the cell proliferation and aging in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. (bio.net)

In this study a new small molecular compound B7 based on tetrazolium substituted pyrazine was synthesized and its effect on the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) and its potential mechanism were investigated. (bvsalud.org)
In this study, by integrating silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) and M2 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles (M2EVs), a multifunctional DNA-based hydrogel, called Agevgel, is developed with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and osteogenic properties to promote DABD rebuilding. (bvsalud.org)

Anatomy10

Organisms27

Chemicals and Drugs44

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Phenomena and Processes31

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

Information Science4

Genomes11

Phylogeny12

Sequences8

Complete chloroplast1

CpDNA3

RbcL3

DNAs4

Nuclear ribosomal3

Biology5

Genes5

Mitochondrial1

Analyses1

Gene expression4

Phylogenetics1

Species6

Characterization2

Biogenesis3

Markers8

Evolution1

Genetics1

Plant15

Genomic DNA was isolated2

Methylation1

Lineages2

Commonly2

Photosynthetic3

Encodes2

Subfamily1

Taxonomic2

Leaf2

Plastid1

Protein synthesis1

Tightly2

Data1

Genus2

Molecules1

Accumulation1

Genetic material1

Methods2

Regions1

Cell1

Study2