Microtubules. Medical search. Frequent questions

One of the mechanisms involves the interaction of microtubules with its associated proteins. (nih.gov)
Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) may have either stabilizing or destabilizing effects on the microtubules. (nih.gov)
They are formed by the polymerization of a dimer of two globular proteins, alpha and beta tubulin into protofilaments that can then associate laterally to form a hollow tube, the microtubule. (wikipedia.org)
There are many proteins that bind to microtubules, including the motor proteins dynein and kinesin, microtubule-severing proteins like katanin, and other proteins important for regulating microtubule dynamics. (wikipedia.org)
In vitro assays for microtubule motor proteins such as dynein and kinesin are researched by fluorescently tagging a microtubule and fixing either the microtubule or motor proteins to a microscope slide, then visualizing the slide with video-enhanced microscopy to record the travel of the motor proteins. (wikipedia.org)
This allows the movement of the motor proteins along the microtubule or the microtubule moving across the motor proteins. (wikipedia.org)
The process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex. (mcw.edu)
The processes are regulated by microtubule-associated proteins such as CAMSAP3 that can stabilize the microtubules. (phys.org)
So, microtubule-binding proteins control the microtubule dynamics," says Shima. (phys.org)
Test binding activity of known or proteins or compounds to tubulin or microtubules. (cytoskeleton.com)
Test polymerization in the presence of microtubule / tubulin binding proteins. (cytoskeleton.com)
Not surprisingly, tubulin, the building block of the microtubule network is one of the most post-translationally modified proteins in the cell. (nih.gov)
Dr. Roll Mecak's laboratory combines biophysical and cell biological approaches to understand the interplay between microtubules and their regulators and how the chemical complexity of microtubules tunes the behavior of motors and microtubule associated proteins. (nih.gov)
Actin and microtubule filaments, with their auxiliary proteins, enable the cytoskeleton to perform vital processes in the cell by tuning the organizational, mechanical properties and dynamics of the network. (umass.edu)
First, I discuss active self-organization of semiflexible actin and rigid microtubule filaments in the 2D composite network while myosin II and kinesin-1 motor proteins propel actin and microtubule filaments, respectively. (umass.edu)
Finally, I worked on an active composite network of actin, microtubule, and myosin II motor proteins. (umass.edu)
Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are essential for the formation of cytoskeletal architecture. (go.jp)
However, they may have additional roles on the regulation of organelle transport by their interaction with motor proteins on the microtubules. (go.jp)
MTV proteins unveil ER- and microtubule-associated compartments in the plant vacuolar trafficking pathway. (csic.es)
Using a specialized microscope equipped with a time-lapse camera to image fluorescence-tagged proteins in real-time, an NIH-funded team has captured a critical step in the process of cell division, or mitosis: how filaments called microtubules (red) form new branches (green) and fan out to form mitotic spindles. (nih.gov)
In this animation, proteins called tubulin snap into place like Lego blocks to build a microtubule. (nih.gov)
Using high-powered microscopy, the scientists peered into the structure of a microtubule and found how a chemical reaction puts the stacking tubulin proteins under intense strain. (nih.gov)

Recently an actin-like protein has been found in the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, which forms a microtubule-like structure called a nanotubule, involved in plasmid segregation. (wikipedia.org)
This image shows microtubules (in red), which are long protein filaments which have been implicated in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. (nih.gov)
Microtubules grow from protein complexes that contain the protein pericentrin (shown in green). (nih.gov)
Additionally, SDF1 stabilizes the microtubule array in the leading process through activation of the microtubule-associated protein doublecortin (DCX). (jneurosci.org)
Orthologous to human MAP1LC3A (microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha). (nih.gov)
Kinetochores are protein complexes on the chromosomes, whose function as linkers between spindle microtubules and chromosomes is crucial for proper cell division. (nature.com)
Like poles support a tent, microtubules-hollow cylindrical structures made of tubulin protein-support eukaryotic cells. (phys.org)
CAMSAP3 is a recently found microtubule-binding protein. (phys.org)
A possible mechanism for how CAMSAP3 protein stabilizes microtubules: the D2-induced expansion of the microtubule structure inhibits depolymerization. (phys.org)
A CAMSAP3 molecule is first recruited to the microtubule end via an "end-detector" region in the protein, and then, D2 expands the microtubule. (phys.org)
The researchers also hope to reveal how D2 discriminates between expanded and compact microtubules at the atomic level , which may allow them to engineer a protein with an even greater ability to discriminate between them. (phys.org)
Such an engineered protein can be used as an anti-cancer drug to stabilize microtubules and stop cell division . (phys.org)
Kinesin is a cytoplasmic motor protein that moves along microtubules and can induce microtubule bundling and sliding in vitro. (nih.gov)
Under high microtubule concentrations, filaments are recruited via global contraction to the interface of high-density protein encapsulations before roughening into an actively rearranging foam. (aps.org)
The C-terminus binds axonal microtubules while the N-terminus binds neural plasma mbrane components, suggesting that tau functions as a linker protein between both. (joplink.net)
Cloning of a big tau microtubule-associated protein characteristic of the peripheral nervous system.Goedert M., Spillantini M.G., Crowther R.A.Proc. (joplink.net)
The C-terminus binds axonal microtubules while the N-terminus binds neural plasma membrane components, suggesting that tau functions as a linker protein between both. (joplink.net)
Furthermore, this drug treatment phosphorylated endogenous tau protein and thus reduced the affinity of tau to microtubules. (go.jp)
Local activation of protein kinase pathways in the axon might play an important role on the segregation of microtubules serving for either organelle transport or cytoskeletal architecture. (go.jp)
show that oligodendrocytes (OLs) get their branchy shape from a microtubule-assembling protein called CNP. (rupress.org)
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein, which stabilizes the microtubules and maintains neuronal structure as well as trafficking. (alliedacademies.org)
Electron microscopy was used to ensure that the dynein-like protein did not result from the solubilization of the dynein arms attached to the outer-doublet microtubules. (ku.edu)
Microtubules (MTs) are hollow cylindrical polymers of the protein tubulin and are important anti-cancer targets. (nih.gov)
Our data identify a critical role for the microtubule-severing protein katanin p60 in regulating neuronal progenitor proliferation in vivo during embryonic development and adult neurogenesis. (monash.edu)
Scholars@Duke publication: Phosphorylation of FEZ1 by Microtubule Affinity Regulating Kinases regulates its function in presynaptic protein trafficking. (duke.edu)
Phosphorylation of FEZ1 by Microtubule Affinity Regulating Kinases regulates its function in presynaptic protein trafficking. (duke.edu)
They tested the hypothesis that microtubule (MT)-binding drugs could be therapeutically beneficial in tauopathies by functionally substituting for the MT-binding protein tau, which is sequestered into inclusions of human tauopathies and transgenic mouse models thereof. (nih.gov)

Microtubules are nucleated and organized by microtubule-organizing centres, such as the centrosome found in the center of many animal cells or the basal bodies of cilia and flagella, or the spindle pole bodies found in most fungi. (wikipedia.org)
We show that kinetochores on homologous chromosomes move together, microtubules are dynamic and pivot around the spindle pole, and the average capture time is 3-4 minutes. (nature.com)
In order to distribute the genetic material equally, the cell forms a spindle, a precise micro-machine made of microtubules (MTs) to which all chromosomes have to be correctly targeted. (nature.com)
This class covers all attachments of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore, including the many incorrect attachments which initially form and are later corrected to stable attachments with the correct orientation for segregation to proceed (sister chromatid biorientation). (mcw.edu)
however, a similar transient peak has been reported upon repolymerization of spindle microtubules after pressure induced depolymerization. (rupress.org)
Microtubule targeting drugs like taxanes, vinca alkaloids, and epothilones are widely-used and effective chemotherapeutic agents that target the dynamic instability of microtubules and inhibit spindle functioning. (oncotarget.com)
We have discovered and characterized the Microtubins (Microtubule inhibitors), a novel class of small synthetic compounds, which target tubulin to inhibit microtubule polymerization, arrest cancer cells predominantly in mitosis, activate the spindle assembly checkpoint and trigger an apoptotic cell death. (oncotarget.com)
Analysis of the distribution of spindle microtubules in the diatom Fragilaria. (edu.au)
Activity of the sliding motor Eg5 and coordinated microtubule dynamics are both essential for mitotic spindle pole separation. (uni-konstanz.de)
Using a consistent live cell-imaging approach, we show that perturbation of microtubule dynamics can compensate inhibition of Eg5 through a spindle formation process reminiscent of meiosis: In Eg5-inhibited mammalian somatic cells, alteration of microtubule dynamics through depletion of TOGp or low doses of nocodazole induces the formation of multiple acentrosomal spindle poles which pass through an intermediate multipolar state followed by bipolarization. (uni-konstanz.de)
In 1993, an enzyme with an ATP-dependent microtubule- katanin's role in building the C. elegans meiotic spindle severing activity was purified from sea urchin eggs and named and established the importance of the microtubule-sever- katanin, after the Japanese word for sword. (nih.gov)
Unlike depolymerization in damage to the mitotic spindle and chromosome seg- from the microtubule ends, severing does not occur regation failure [13 ], underscoring that cellular context is spontaneously in solutions of pure tubulin. (nih.gov)
Cortical microtubules (the names for the C. elegans katanin catalytic and regu- in plants are arranged in a parallel array and are respon- latory subunits, respectively) as essential for the assembly sible for controlling the direction of cellulose deposition, of the acentriolar female meiotic spindle [ 8,9 ]. (nih.gov)
Although the function of γ-tubulin in nucleating cytoplasmic and mitotic microtubules from organizing centers such as the centrosome and spindle pole body is well documented [1, 2 and 3], its role in microtubule nucleation in the eukaryotic flagellum is unclear. (lancs.ac.uk)

Microtubules are polymers of tubulin that form part of the cytoskeleton and provide structure and shape to eukaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)
Microtubule cytoskeleton exists in various biochemical forms in different cells due to tubulin posttranslational modifications (PTMs). (ncbs.res.in)
Microtubules (MTs) are long cylindrical structures of the cytoskeleton that control cell division, vesicular transport, and the shape of cells. (sciforums.com)
Using high-resolution 3D imaging, simulations, and cell-shape and cytoskeleton manipulations, we show that planar divisions resulted from a length limitation in astral microtubules (MTs) which precludes them from interacting with basal polarity, and orient spindles from the local geometry of apical domains. (ijm.fr)
Recently AFM has been applied to investigations of cytoskeleton structure and microtubules. (nih.gov)
This action results in the remodeling of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. (nih.gov)

We have now mechanistically linked SDF1 modulation of leading process branching behavior to a dual regulation of both actin and microtubule organization. (jneurosci.org)
In a composite network where only actin filaments crosslinked using biotin-NeutrAvidin molecules, microtubule mobility is tuned by actin crosslinking and displays non-monotonic dependence on the amount of actin crosslinkers. (umass.edu)
Third, I included antiparallel microtubule crosslinkers, MAP65, as well as biotin-NeutrAvidin actin crosslinkers to reveal the different roles of these crosslinkers in the structure and mobility of the composite network. (umass.edu)
While actin crosslinkers dictated the mobility, microtubule crosslinkers control the co-localization of filaments. (umass.edu)
In cells, CNP rearranges both the microtubule and F-actin networks and induces the formation of processes, even in cells that normally do not express CNP. (rupress.org)
Our results support a microtubule-dependent signaling-based model for controlling traction forces through a motor-clutch mechanism, rather than microtubules directly relieving tension within F-actin and adhesions. (umn.edu)
They find that dynamic microtubules regulate actin-based protrusion dynamics that facilitate cell polarity and migration. (umn.edu)
Dynamic crosstalk of membrane, actin and microtubules are implicated in axon branch formation. (nih.gov)

To determine how kinesin mediates microtubule interactions, we determined the shapes and mass distributions of squid brain kinesin, taxol-stabilized microtubules (squid and bovine), and adenosine 5'-[beta, gamma-imido]triphosphate-stabilized kinesin-microtubule complexes by high-resolution metal replication and by low-temperature, low-dose dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy of unfixed, directly frozen preparations. (nih.gov)
We report on the morphological dynamics and far-from-equilibrium steady-state of one such suspension composed of microtubules and microtubule-tip-adhering kinesin-4 motors. (aps.org)
Here, we show that cargoes transported by the Kinesin-1 adapter FEZ1 are enriched for presynaptic components and identify that specific phosphorylation of FEZ1 at its serine 58 regulatory site is mediated by microtubule affinity-regulating kinases (MARK/PAR-1). (duke.edu)
The goal of the present study is to create mobile microscale biosensors by attaching molecular beacons to microtubules and using kinesin molecular motors to transport these functionalized microtubules across two-dimensional surfaces. (psu.edu)
Previous work has shown that microfluidic channels can be functionalized with kinesin motors such that microtubules can be transported and directed through these channels without the need for external power or pressure-driven pumping. (psu.edu)
The binding stoichiometry of kinesin to microtubules was determined using several biochemical and biophysical approaches (chemical crosslinking, binding assays, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), image reconstruction, and X-ray scattering). (uni-luebeck.de)

Typically, microtubules are formed by the parallel association of thirteen protofilaments, although microtubules composed of fewer or more protofilaments have been observed in various species as well as in vitro. (wikipedia.org)
MTs (microtubules) are long hollow cylindrical objects made up of 12 to 17 protofilaments under in vitro conditions, and typically of 13 protofilaments in vivo. (harvard.edu)
In vitro, CNP induces microtubule assembly and polymerizes along with the tubulin dimers. (rupress.org)
Microtubules can exhibit dynamic configurations that are subtly or significantly different from each other, both in vivo and in vitro, with or without interacting cofactors. (nih.gov)
Thus, katanin levels are stringently controlled upon the species catalyze ATP-dependent microtubule severing in transition from meiosis to mitosis via two parallel proteo- vitro, and fidgetin causes microtubule disassembly when lytic degradation pathways, the CUL-3 and MBK-2 path- overexpressed in vivo [7 ]. (nih.gov)

While microtubule elongation can occur at both the (+) and (−) ends, it is significantly more rapid at the (+) end. (wikipedia.org)
CNP (green) expression causes the elongation of processes filled with microtubules (red) in COS cells. (rupress.org)
The extremely rapid reassembly of microtubules that we observed, returning to near control levels within the first 5 min, supports microtubule elongation from a nucleus. (rupress.org)
So when elongation ends, the microtubule deconstructs. (nih.gov)

Electron microscopy of detergent-extracted cilia reveals that the cross-linked complex remains attached to the outer-doublet microtubules by a microtubule-membrane bridge. (ku.edu)
These results suggest that a dynein-like ATPase comprises the bridge which links the ciliary membrane to the outer-doublet microtubules and that this bridge is involved in the modulation of normal ciliary movement. (ku.edu)
Electron microscopy reveals that the paralyzed flagellum lacks central pair microtubules but that the outer doublet microtubules are formed correctly. (lancs.ac.uk)

Microtubules can also morph into other forms such as helical filaments, which are observed in protist organisms like foraminifera. (wikipedia.org)
In this real-time video, researchers set off some fluorescent fireworks under their microscope lens while making an important basic discovery about how microtubules, the hollow filaments that act as the supportive skeleton of the cell, dynamically assemble during cell division. (nih.gov)
The video starts with a few individual microtubule filaments (red) growing linearly at one end (green). (nih.gov)

In this review we cover recent progress in the chemistry and biology of these diverse microtubule stabilizers focusing on the wide range of organisms that produce these compounds, their mechanisms of inhibiting microtubule-dependent processes, mechanisms of drug resistance, and their interactions with tubulin including their distinct binding sites and modes. (rsc.org)

Using this sensor, we followed nocodazole-, colchicine-, and vincristine-induced depolymerization events of tyrosinated microtubules in real time and found each distinctly perturbs the microtubule polymer. (ncbs.res.in)
The dynamic instability of microtubules (MTs), which refers to their ability to switch between polymerization and depolymerization states, is crucial for their function. (nih.gov)
The tubulins-Lego bricks-constantly assemble and disassemble to make the microtubule-train track-longer and shorter in processes called polymerization and depolymerization. (phys.org)
Adding an excessive amount of D2 expanded the microtubule structure and slowed microtubule depolymerization by 18-fold. (phys.org)
For example, salt stress induces microtubules to undergo a process of depolymerization-repolymerization, which is necessary for Arabidopsis seedlings to survive under these conditions. (bvsalud.org)

Together, our work describes a novel tyrosination sensor and its potential applications to study the dynamics of microtubule and their PTM processes in living cells. (ncbs.res.in)

The results obtained in this study suggest that microtubule disorganization is the initiating event in caerulein-induced pancreatitis and that the inhibition of pancreatic digestive enzyme secretion by interfering with intracellular vesicular transport due to microtubule disorganization causes caerulein-induced pancreatitis. (jci.org)

The question is valid and I have been researching and reporting on the concept that microtubules are information processors and therefore must be related to the emergent phenomenon of conscious information processing. (sciforums.com)
When I did this research, the concept that microtubules may be responsible for consciousness was not yet published. (plioplys.com)

Anisotropic elastic properties of microtubules. (harvard.edu)
Here, we analyze the topography, configuration and mechanical properties of microtubules polymerized with the drugs Taxol (Tax) and Peloruside (Pel) by Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping (QNM) and other AFM techniques. (nih.gov)

Immunofluorescence studies revealed that taxol stabilized the arrangement of microtubules by the action of promoting tubulin polymerization and prevented inhibition of pancreatic digestive enzyme secretion. (jci.org)
After polymerization the microtubules can be used directly or stabilized with taxol before use, depending upon the needs of your experimental system. (cytoskeleton.com)
Combined, these data define the Microtubins as a novel class of compounds that inhibit cancer cell proliferation by perturbing microtubule polymerization and they could be used to develop novel cancer therapeutics. (oncotarget.com)

Each round of cellular transformations is driven by an important cytoskeletal component: the cell's microtubules. (kcl.ac.uk)
Axonal microtubules have two essential roles: providing the track for organelle transport and forming the cytoskeletal framework to maintain axonal morphology. (go.jp)
Microtubule severing regulates cytoskeletal rearrangement underlying various cellular functions. (monash.edu)

Microtubules play an important role in a number of cellular processes. (wikipedia.org)
Tubulin and microtubule-mediated processes, like cell locomotion, were seen by early microscopists, like Leeuwenhoek (1677). (wikipedia.org)
Consequently, some microtubule processes can be determined by kymograph. (wikipedia.org)
The findings further our understanding of various cellular processes involving microtubules. (phys.org)
Is consciousness to be found in quantum processes in microtubules? (sciforums.com)
Now we know that ing enzymes katanin, spastin, and fidgetin in additional katanin, spastin, and fidgetin form a family of closely related fundamental cellular processes such as mitosis, cilia bio- microtubule-severing enzymes that is widely distributed in genesis, deflagellation, and neurogenesis. (nih.gov)
These differences in microtubule nucleation mechanisms during flagellum growth provide insights into spatial and temporal regulation of γ-tubulin-dependent processes within cells and explanations for the organization and evolution of axonemal structures such as the 9 + 0 axonemes of sensory cells and primary cilia. (lancs.ac.uk)

Video shows microtubules labeled blue in a contracting heart muscle cell. (nih.gov)

Spatial organization of axonal microtubules. (rupress.org)
Several workers have found that axonal microtubules have a uniform polarity orientation. (rupress.org)

Katanin, a heterodimer, consisting of catalytic (p60) and regulatory (p80) subunits severs dynamic microtubules to modulate several stages of cell division. (monash.edu)

We suggest that stable microtubule fragments serve as nucleating elements for microtubule assembly and play a role in the spatial organization of neuronal microtubules. (rupress.org)
These studies revealed that neuronal microtubules are abnormally shaped-instead of being straight, they were more coiled and curved. (plioplys.com)

Microtubules have a distinct polarity that is critical for their biological function. (wikipedia.org)
The protofilaments bundle parallel to one another with the same polarity, so, in a microtubule, there is one end, the (+) end, with only β-subunits exposed, while the other end, the (−) end, has only α-subunits exposed. (wikipedia.org)
Promotes microtubule assbly and stability, and might be involved in the establishment and maintenance of neuronal polarity. (joplink.net)
Microtubules were allowed to repolymerize and the polarity orientation of the reassembled microtubules was determined. (rupress.org)
In fibers from four cats, a majority of reassembled microtubules returned with the original polarity orientation. (rupress.org)

Essentially we found that excess detyrosination promotes the interaction between microtubules and the sarcomere, increasing resistance to contraction, and so may contribute to reductions in cardiac function in certain disease states," Prosser explains. (nih.gov)
Tubulin PTMs are known to affect microtubule stability, dynamics, and interaction with MAPs and motors in a specific manner, widely known as tubulin code hypothesis. (ncbs.res.in)
Transfection of tau or MAP2C gene suppressed organelle movement almost completely in this cell type, hence interaction of axonal MAPs with microtubules interferes with organelle transports. (go.jp)
It is known that the phosphorylation of MAPs reduces their interaction with microtubules. (go.jp)

Microtubules (MTs) are a major component of this cellular support structure. (nih.gov)
CAMSAP3 plays a role in various cellular phenomena, such as cell-cell binding and the development of neurons and cancer cells, through its microtubule-stabilizing ability," says Shima. (phys.org)
Given the multifunctionality of microtubules, our findings provide a key concept to understanding how various cellular phenomena are controlled by tuning microtubule dynamics. (phys.org)
Is the microtubule more than just a structural strut, or a naive roadway for cellular components to transit along? (nih.gov)
Microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) are widely used chemotherapy drugs capable of disrupting microtubule-dependent cellular functions, such as division and migration. (umn.edu)
Microtubules are important in maintaining cellular shape and are responsible for intracellular transport of many elements. (plioplys.com)

The cells regulate the stability and dynamics of microtubules using a diverse array of mechanisms. (nih.gov)
The mechanisms that facilitate kinetochore capture by microtubules are still unclear. (nature.com)
MTAs influence microtubule dynamics and cell traction forces by nearly opposite mechanisms, the latter of which can be explained by a combination of changes in myosin motor and adhesion clutch number. (umn.edu)
These results provide a theoretical basis for the role of microtubules and mechanisms of MTAs in controlling cell migration. (umn.edu)
examine the mechanisms by which microtubule-targeting drugs inhibit glioma cell migration. (umn.edu)

So, this leads me to wonder if my electron microscopic observations of abnormal microtubule structure in Down Syndrome may affect consciousness, and thus affect cognitive functioning. (plioplys.com)

When Do Symptoms of Ciliary dyskinesia with transposition of ciliary microtubules Begin? (nih.gov)
Ciliary dyskinesia with transposition of ciliary microtubules is a genetic disease. (nih.gov)

Our theory describes paired kinetochores on homologous chromosomes as a single object, as well as angular movement of microtubules and their dynamics. (nature.com)
When cells divide, it's microtubule fibers that physically pull the chromosomes into each daughter cell. (nih.gov)

In C. elegans, persistence of katanin beyond meiosis results internal break in a microtubule. (nih.gov)
This control mechanism is conserved in mation about the in vivo functions of these enzymes, and mammals [ 15,16 ], however with a less dramatic outcome then discuss recent structural work on spastin and the than in C. elegans since katanin is still present in the mechanism of microtubule severing. (nih.gov)

Protective effect of a microtubule stabilizer taxol on caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rat. (jci.org)
The effect of taxol, which is a microtubule stabilizer, was examined in a model of acute edematous pancreatitis induced in rat by the administration of caerulein. (jci.org)
The team also learned that Taxol, a common cancer drug, relieves the pressure and allows microtubules to remain intact indefinitely. (nih.gov)

Microtubule-targeted agents (MTAs), widely used in chemotherapy, are molecules that are able to block cancer cell migration and division. (esaim-proc.org)

Tau, a neuronal MAP, promotes the assembly and bundling of microtubules and suppresses microtubule dynamics. (nih.gov)
The expanded microtubule region promotes further CAMSAP3 binding as D2 can both detect and attach to the expanded microtubules. (phys.org)

In eukaryotes, microtubules are long, hollow cylinders made up of polymerized α- and β-tubulin dimers. (wikipedia.org)

Our observations suggest that combination chemotherapy regimens involving microtubule-targeting drugs and Eg5 inhibitors might be less effective than expected. (uni-konstanz.de)

The most common form of a microtubule consists of 13 protofilaments in the tubular arrangement. (wikipedia.org)
Other bacterial microtubules have a ring of five protofilaments. (wikipedia.org)
These α/β-tubulin dimers polymerize end-to-end into linear protofilaments that associate laterally to form a single microtubule, which can then be extended by the addition of more α/β-tubulin dimers. (wikipedia.org)
There are two distinct types of interactions that can occur between the subunits of lateral protofilaments within the microtubule called the A-type and B-type lattices. (wikipedia.org)

As the expansion rate increases, the D2 region of CAMSAP3 shows a much higher affinity to microtubules, so the D2 region can identify the expanded microtubules. (phys.org)
It is amenable to various post-translational modifications (PTMs), which influence its microtubule binding affinity. (alliedacademies.org)

In this review, we focus on the effects of tau on neuronal microtubule stability and dynamics. (nih.gov)
The stability of the seeds is most likely influenced by microtubule-associated factors and this will likely be an interesting area of future investigation. (nih.gov)

A microtubule, part of the cell's skeleton, builds and deconstructs. (nih.gov)

Researchers determined that microtubules, a type of molecular "strut," play a key role in regulating contractile function in mouse and rat heart cells. (nih.gov)
The formation of microtubules within cells resembles how a child assembles a Lego train track. (phys.org)
In addition to providing structural support, microtubules form a complex and dynamic intracellular "highway" that delivers molecular cargo from one end of the cell to another - which in the case of neuronal cells can span several feet. (nih.gov)
This continuous branching is interesting because microtubules were generally thought to grow linearly in animal cells (although branching had been observed a few years earlier in fission yeast and plant cells). (nih.gov)
To connect the distal end of the nervous system to the central brain, cells are shaped in an extremely polarized fashion, with a long stem part, axon, shaped by microtubules. (nih.gov)

Direct evidence for the role of severing in microtubule elegans that identified two genes, MEI-1 and MEI-2 nucleation was uncovered in plants. (nih.gov)
γ-Tubulin Functions in the Nucleation of a Discrete Subset of Microtubules in the Eukaryotic Flagellum. (lancs.ac.uk)
Direct Induction of Microtubule Branching by Microtubule Nucleation Factor SSNA1. (nih.gov)

In specialized cell types such as neurons, microtubules maintain the integrity of axons by forming stable bundles and facilitate the transport of synaptic vesicles. (nih.gov)
Microtubules in a heart cell at rest (top) and compressed during contraction (bottom). (nih.gov)
Genetically encoded live-cell sensor for tyrosinated microtubules. (ncbs.res.in)
Extensive characterization validates the robustness and nonperturbing nature of our binder as tyrosination sensor, a live-cell tubulin nanobody specific towards tyrosinated microtubules. (ncbs.res.in)
Maintaining the proper length and distribution of microtubules in the cell is critical for survival. (phys.org)
How functional diversity is imparted to different microtubules is a central question in cell biology with important implications for human health. (nih.gov)
In this particular experimental system, the team led by Sabine Petry at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, studies the dynamics of microtubules in a cell-free extract of cytoplasm taken from the egg of an African clawed frog ( Xenopus laevis ). (nih.gov)
The researchers, led by Sabine Petry, now at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, showed for the first time that not only do new microtubules branch during cell division, but they do so very rapidly, going from a few branches to hundreds in a matter of minutes [1]. (nih.gov)
Changes in net microtubule assembly alter cell traction forces via signaling-based regulation of a motor-clutch system. (umn.edu)
Gregory M. Alushin, Gabriel C. Lander, Elizabeth H. Kellogg, Rui Zhang, David Baker, and Eva Nogales (2014) High resolution microtubule structures reveal the structural transitions in αβ-tubulin upon GTP hydrolysis Cell, 157(5)1117-29. (berkeley.edu)
And on some cell exteriors, microtubules form long, waving hairs that sweep mucus from the lungs or guide eggs toward the uterus. (nih.gov)
With microtubules frozen in place, a cancer cell cannot multiply and eventually dies. (nih.gov)

It specifically binds to one of the two tips of each microtubule and stabilizes the tip to prevent it from depolymerizing. (phys.org)

Once bipolar, spindles do not rely on altered microtubule dynamics to maintain their bipolarity anymore and are functional in chromosome segregation. (uni-konstanz.de)

DCX stabilizes the microtubule array by bundling microtubules within the leading process, reducing branching. (jneurosci.org)
A new study by Hanjin Liu and Tomohiro Shima of the University of Tokyo clarifies how CAMSAP3 stabilizes microtubules. (phys.org)

Microtubule-membrane interactions in cilia. (ku.edu)

This revealed that the parasite has microtubules which are evolved to undertake specific roles in each life cycle stage and have structures that are strikingly different from the well-studied canonical microtubules in vertebrates. (kcl.ac.uk)

To answer that, the researchers considered the structures of CAMSAPs and the microtubules. (phys.org)

Those are new microtubules branching off. (nih.gov)

However, in three of four fibers examined this initial assembly was followed by an equally rapid, but transient decline in microtubule number to a value that was significantly different than the initial peak. (rupress.org)

A new potential role for microtubule stabilizers in neurodegenerative diseases is reviewed. (rsc.org)
Our findings unveil a previously uncharacterized compartment of the plant vacuolar trafficking pathway and support a role for microtubules and kinesins in GARP-dependent transport of soluble vacuolar cargo in plants. (csic.es)
The microtubule (MT) network is a highly dynamic subcellular structure playing an important role in the growth and development of plants , and it is able to respond to biotic and abiotic environmental signals. (bvsalud.org)
Recent literature shows that microtubules play a key role in the tolerance of plants to salt stress . (bvsalud.org)
The application of such an image processing method can rapidly develop an appreciation of the role of microtubules in the salt stress response of plants . (bvsalud.org)

Microtubule alterations that impair contraction were found in diseased human hearts, suggesting that modifying microtubules may help restore heart function. (nih.gov)

Unlike rigid Lego bricks, the tubulins in a microtubule show flexibility in their alignment. (phys.org)

Anatomy36

Organisms18

Chemicals and Drugs56

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Phenomena and Processes35

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Information Science5

Health Care1

Proteins22

Protein27

Spindle14

Cytoskeleton6

Actin8

Kinesin6

Vitro5

Elongation4

Outer-doublet microtubules3

Filaments3

Inhibiting microtubule-dependent1

Depolymerization5

Dynamics of microtubule1

Suggest that microtubule1

Concept that microtubules2

Properties of microtubules2

Polymerization3

Cytoskeletal3

Processes7

Shows microtubules1

Axonal microtubules2

Dynamic microtubules1

Neuronal microtubules2

Polarity5

Interaction4

Cellular6

Mechanisms5

Abnormal1

Ciliary2

Chromosomes2

Katanin2

Taxol3

Molecules1

Promotes2

Eukaryotes1

Inhibitors1

Protofilaments4

Affinity2

Stability2

Cell's1

Cells5

Nucleation3

Cell12

Binds1

Segregation1

Stabilizes2

Cilia1

Vertebrates1

Structures1

Branching1

Fibers1

Role5

Contraction1

Rigid1