Microscopy biological membranes cell compartmentation. Medical search. Frequent questions

Indeed, the plasma membrane delimits the intracellular compartment from the extracellular environment and intracellular membranes. (utc.fr)
We found that GML potently altered order and disorder dynamics in the plasma membrane that resulted in reduced formation of LAT, PLC-γ, and AKT microclusters. (nature.com)
Considerable controversy arose over the concept that cholesterol/sphingolipid-rich rafts in the T cell plasma membrane serve as a platform for TCR signalling reactions. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we review new biophysical and biochemical data which provide an updated picture of the highly dynamic nanometer-sized cholesterol/sphingolipid-rich raft domains stabilised by protein-networks to form TCR signalling platforms in the T cell plasma membrane. (biomedcentral.com)
Early T cell signalling reactions are embedded in the complex and dynamic lipid bilayer matrix of the T cell plasma membrane and are critically defined by their lateral compartmentalisation in plasma membrane domains [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
We will here discuss recent data which provide a detailed picture of the membrane raft characteristics of the plasma membrane domains supporting active TCR signalling protein complexes. (biomedcentral.com)
The TCR signalling cascade is initiated by phosphorylation of critical tyrosines of the TCR/CD3 complex by the Src-family kinases Lck or Fyn which are anchored in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the T cell plasma membrane. (biomedcentral.com)
The cytosolic ZAP-70 tyrosine kinase is recruited to the T cell plasma membrane via binding to the tyrosine phosphorylated TCR-complex [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
These complexes assemble into submicron TCR signalling domains in the T cell plasma membrane which were first studied by confocal fluorescence microscopy at the contact zone of a T cell with TCR-activating glass coverslips. (biomedcentral.com)
Video microscopy technology resolving single molecule movement was employed to monitor the dynamic interaction of membrane-associated signalling proteins with TCR signalling clusters in plasma membrane domains. (biomedcentral.com)
These studies tracked the movement of Lck and LAT in the T cell plasma membrane and showed retention of these proteins in the submicron TCR signalling domains and their subsequent release. (biomedcentral.com)
However specific lipid-mediated interactions at the T cell plasma membrane bilayer are also a central functional element in early TCR signalling. (biomedcentral.com)
Numerous intracellular signalling proteins interact with plasma membrane lipids of the cytoplasmic leaflet via specific lipid headgroup-binding domains. (biomedcentral.com)
Confocal fluorescence microscopy was employed to monitor the distribution of TCR signalling plasma membrane sites and to relate their distribution to that of clustered raft markers which show resistance to Triton X 100 detergent solubilisation. (biomedcentral.com)
Our discoveries have led to a deep understanding of how secretory vesicles interact with the cortical actin network prior to fusing with the plasma membrane to release the neurotransmitter. (edu.au)
We have identified a critical role of the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate in coordinating the actin-mediated recruitment of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane. (edu.au)
This active mechanism allows secretory vesicles to dock with the plasma membrane prior to fusion and is controlled by the effector cdc42. (edu.au)
We demonstrated that the protein Munc18-1 was responsible for the transport of syntaxin-1 to the plasma membrane. (edu.au)
This novel trafficking/chaperoning pathway underpins neurotransmission, as secretory vesicles rely on the zippering of SNARE proteins such as syntaxin-1 to undergo fusion with the plasma membrane. (edu.au)
Following exocytosis, the process of endocytosis is required for neurons to replenish their pools of synaptic vesicles by pinching off vesicles from the plasma membrane. (edu.au)
We demonstrated that Munc18-1 and syntaxin-1A and are organised in nanodomains on the plasma membrane of neurons and neurosecretory cells that control SNARE-dependent neuroexocytosis through lateral trapping in these nanoclusters. (edu.au)

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. (lookformedical.com)
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. (lookformedical.com)
Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. (lookformedical.com)

Membranes host numerous proteins and are responsible for the exchange of molecules and ions, cell signaling, and cell compartmentation. (utc.fr)
A further six years of postdoctoral research at the University of Manchester allowed me to advance my research skills and to tackle fundamental questions about how proteins are organised within cells. (shu.ac.uk)
Our common theme is investigating how proteins and RNA are delivered to their correct destination within cells, a universal process that can result in disease when it malfunctions. (shu.ac.uk)
Membrane proteins in translational control: characterisation of membrane-bound protein complexes associated with eIF2B, which regulates protein synthesis, and is important in neurological disease. (shu.ac.uk)
Tail-anchored membrane proteins: investigating the targeting and membrane insertion mechanisms, which is important due to the wide range of core cellular functions performed by these proteins. (shu.ac.uk)
Endocytic/exocytic CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURES rich in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and lipid-anchored membrane proteins that function in ENDOCYTOSIS (potocytosis), transcytosis, and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. (lookformedical.com)
Other proteins have structural or mechanical functions, such as those that form the cytoskeleton, a system of scaffolding that maintains the cell shape. (wikipedia.org)
Proteins are also important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, active transport across membranes, and the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Engineered constructs were compared to human SAS and assessed for specific cell-cell interaction markers as well as for extracellular matrix proteins found in human meninges. (biomedcentral.com)
They stained positively for specific cell-cell interaction markers indicative of a functional meningeal tissue, as well as extracellular matrix proteins found in human meninges. (biomedcentral.com)
I am a plant cell biologist and protein biochemist at Oxford Brookes University with expertise in the structure and function of the plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER), membrane proteins and auxin biosynthesis using biochemical techniques as well as high-resolution live cell imaging. (brookes.ac.uk)
I further investigated membrane proteins and the targeting of tail-anchored proteins at Sheffield Hallam University. (brookes.ac.uk)

To analyse protein locations we use techniques such as protein expression, cellular fractionation, and confocal fluorescence microscopy. (shu.ac.uk)

Also, the prokaryotic flagellum which protrudes outside the cell, and its motor, as well as the largely extracellular pilus, are often spoken of as organelles. (wikipedia.org)
Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. (lookformedical.com)

It binds CHOLESTEROL and is involved in LIPIDS transport, membrane traffic, and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. (lookformedical.com)
Lipids are usually defined as hydrophobic or amphipathic biological molecules but will dissolve in organic solvents such as ethanol, benzene or chloroform. (wikipedia.org)

Biological membranes also play a major role in metabolism regulation and cellular physiology (e.g., mitochondrial membranes). (utc.fr)
GML treated T cells have decreased cellular proliferation when stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 12-acetate (PMA), concanavalin A (ConA), and Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1) 13 . (nature.com)
Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. (lookformedical.com)
Amino acids also contribute to cellular energy metabolism by providing a carbon source for entry into the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle), especially when a primary source of energy, such as glucose, is scarce, or when cells undergo metabolic stress. (wikipedia.org)
To overcome the lack of suitable in vitro models that faithfully recapitulate the intricate three-dimensional architecture, complex cellular interactions, and fluid dynamics within the SAS, we have developed a perfusion bioreactor-based 3D in vitro model using primary human meningothelial cells (MECs) to generate meningeal tissue constructs. (biomedcentral.com)
The SAS imposes a unique environment to its cellular component, the meningothelial cells (MECs) which are a key constituent of the dura mater and the leptomeninges (arachnoid and pia mater). (biomedcentral.com)
Develop a biological knowledge base common to contemporary biologists, encompassing microscopy, cell structure, cellular membranes, and nucleic acids biology. (uaeu.ac.ae)
Use a biological knowledge base common to contemporary biologists in cellular, sub-organismic, organismic, and systems levels of biological organization. (uaeu.ac.ae)

The word metabolism can also refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transportation of substances into and between different cells, in which case the above described set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary (or intermediate) metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
The metabolism of cancer cells is also different from the metabolism of normal cells, and these differences can be used to find targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer. (wikipedia.org)
We present here a theoretical meta-analysis that tests whether the brain's unique compartmentation of glycogen metabolism in the astrocyte and the requirement for neuronal glucose homeostasis lead to the observed stoichiometries. (marbilab.it)
For instance, the transformation of plants with a yeast-derived invertase targeted to different subcellular compartments has led to the elucidation of several key aspects of sugar metabolism, including phloem loading mechanisms, the regulation of photosynthesis by sugars, the importance of sugar-metabolism compartmentation with regards to sucrose biosynthesis, storage and distribution, as well as the role of cell-wall invertase in phloem unloading and sink strength. (sun.ac.za)

A membrane assay that indirectly measures the activity of efflux transporters. (atpasepathway.com)
Transgenic lines overproducing the yeast-derived invertase in either the vacuole (Vac-Inv) or apoplast (Apo-Inv) were utilised to analyse the effect of the altered sugar levels in sink and source organs on the expression of sugar transporters, as well as the endogenous cell wall invertase and inhibitors in these plants. (sun.ac.za)

Organelles are either separately enclosed within their own lipid bilayers (also called membrane-bound organelles) or are spatially distinct functional units without a surrounding lipid bilayer (non-membrane bound organelles). (wikipedia.org)

I am committed to interdisciplinary research, and an example of the successes gained from this approach is the project with Prof A Nabok (Engineering Sheffield Hallam University) using total internal reflection ellipsometry to quantify protein-membrane interactions on native plant membranes and human cell lines. (brookes.ac.uk)

Our lab focuses on the molecular events that govern vesicular trafficking within presynaptic nerve terminals and neurosecretory cells. (edu.au)
This has allowed us to probe the nanoscopic environment of neurons and neurosecretory cells undergoing communication. (edu.au)

This controversy was founded on the initial definition of rafts as detergent resistant membranes which later turned out to misrepresent many features of cell membrane organisation under physiological conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
their enzymatic repertoire is highly variable among species, individual cell types and under different physiological conditions. (biorxiv.org)

Biological membranes and their related molecular mechanisms are essential for all living organisms. (utc.fr)

These interactions and their essential functional consequences for cell surface receptor signalling reactions are excellently reviewed in [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Program access grant to the STFC Harwell Laser Facility 'The Plant Cell Initiative: Protein interactions in the higher plant secretory pathway' 2017-2021 (approximate value of £200K). (brookes.ac.uk)

While most cell biologists consider the term organelle to be synonymous with cell compartment, a space often bound by one or two lipid bilayers, some cell biologists choose to limit the term to include only those cell compartments that contain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), having originated from formerly autonomous microscopic organisms acquired via endosymbiosis. (wikipedia.org)

We have identified a novel mechanism by which dynamin and actin coordinate a series of membrane events that culminate in the formation of bulk endosomes from which new synaptic vesicles emanate at the neuromuscular junction. (edu.au)

Immunoelectron microscopy is used extensively in diagnostic virology as part of very sensitive immunoassays. (lookformedical.com)
Our most recent publications have used super-resolution microscopy extensively. (edu.au)

As these molecules are vital for life, metabolic reactions either focus on making these molecules during the construction of cells and tissues, or on breaking them down and using them to obtain energy, by their digestion. (wikipedia.org)
The major theme will be devoted to describe and analyze the molecules of life, light microscopy, fine cell structure and function, cell membranes structure and function, cell division and staining procedures. (uaeu.ac.ae)

Altered membrane events induced selective inhibition of TCR-induced phosphorylation of regulatory P85 subunit of PI3K and AKT as well as abrogated calcium influx. (nature.com)
Moreover, we identify a distinct, N-terminal, higher affinity interaction interface between LRRK2 phosphorylated Rab8 and Rab10 termed 'Site #2', that can retain LRRK2 on membranes in cells to catalyze multiple, subsequent phosphorylation events. (stanford.edu)

However, no studies have comprehensively examined the effects of TCR-mediated T cell activation or identified potential mechanisms for the effects of GML on TCR-mediated T cell activation. (nature.com)
membrane protein complexes: porosome, photosystem I, ATP synthase large DNA and protein complexes: nucleosome centriole and microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) cytoskeleton flagellum nucleolus stress granule germ cell granule neuronal transport granule The mechanisms by which such non-membrane bound organelles form and retain their spatial integrity have been likened to liquid-liquid phase separation. (wikipedia.org)
Viroid trafficking in plant cells: determining the mechanisms of RNA import into the chloroplast, which is a crucial step in the lifecycle of viroids. (shu.ac.uk)

There are many types of organelles, particularly in eukaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)
Eukaryotic cells are structurally complex, and by definition are organized, in part, by interior compartments that are themselves enclosed by lipid membranes that resemble the outermost cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (lookformedical.com)
Define the basis of eukaryotic cell biology. (uaeu.ac.ae)

In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit, usually within a cell, that has a specific function. (wikipedia.org)
2016 ( Journal of Cell Biology ) we found that the Munc18-1 domain 3a hinge-loop controls syntaxin-1A engagement into the SNARE complex during priming. (edu.au)
2016 Journal of Cell Biology ). (edu.au)

Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. (lookformedical.com)
A feed-forward pathway drives LRRK2 kinase membrane recruitment and activation. (stanford.edu)

Alterations of these biological processes may not only interfere with critical MEC functions impacting CSF and hence optic nerve homeostasis, but may likely alter SAS structure, thereby further impeding cerebrospinal fluid flow. (biomedcentral.com)

Primary human meningothelial cells (phMECs) were seeded and cultured on collagen scaffolds in a perfusion bioreactor to generate engineered meningeal tissue constructs. (biomedcentral.com)

In this study, we have mechanistically examined if GML affects the signaling and functional output of human primary T cells. (nature.com)
Although most organelles are functional units within cells, some function units that extend outside of cells are often termed organelles, such as cilia, the flagellum and archaellum, and the trichocyst. (wikipedia.org)
However, even by using this definition, some parts of the cell that have been shown to be distinct functional units do not qualify as organelles. (wikipedia.org)
The single membrane-bound peroxisomes exhibit great functional versatility. (biorxiv.org)

The transcriptome response of A. caldus to elevated NaCl concentrations included changes in carbon flux, elevated glutathione synthesis, alterations in cell wall and membrane composition, the down-regulation in genes involved in flagellar synthesis and rotation, the reduced energy generation through sulfur oxidation, and the up-regulation in genes involved in DNA and protein repair. (bvsalud.org)

Enzymes act as catalysts - they allow a reaction to proceed more rapidly - and they also allow the regulation of the rate of a metabolic reaction, for example in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells. (wikipedia.org)

and that the cumulus (dorsal organizer) arises from within the early deep layer by cell-cell interaction. (biomedcentral.com)
This is consistent with early specification of the cumulus and suggests that cell-cell interaction with other deep layer cells is not required for its function. (biomedcentral.com)

Our data reveal that the widely used anti-microbial agent GML also alters the lipid dynamics of human T cells, leading to their defective signaling and function. (nature.com)
Revisiting the Latency of Uridine Diphosphate-Glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs)-How Does the Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane Influence Their Function? (mdpi.com)
Is such compartmentalization necessary for optimal cell function? (biorxiv.org)

The name organelle comes from the idea that these structures are parts of cells, as organs are to the body, hence organelle, the suffix -elle being a diminutive. (wikipedia.org)
and there is also evidence of other membrane-bounded structures. (wikipedia.org)
The first, broader conception of organelles is that they are membrane-bound structures. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, the use of organelle to also refer to non-membrane bound structures such as ribosomes is common and accepted. (wikipedia.org)

Organelles are identified by microscopy, and can also be purified by cell fractionation. (wikipedia.org)
verification needed] This has led many texts to delineate between membrane-bound and non-membrane bound organelles. (wikipedia.org)
The non-membrane bound organelles, also called large biomolecular complexes, are large assemblies of macromolecules that carry out particular and specialized functions, but they lack membrane boundaries. (wikipedia.org)

To address these knowledge gaps, we treated human activated peripheral blood T cells (APBTs) with solubilized GML or ethanol vehicle control. (nature.com)

The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) provides the key signal for activation of T lymphocytes to perform their numerous effector functions in adaptive immune responses. (biomedcentral.com)

Their main structural uses are as part of biological membranes both internal and external, such as the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)

We show that there are two distinct regions of internalization: most cells enter the deep layer via the central blastopore but many additional cells ingress via an extra-blastoporal ring, either at the periphery of the germ disc ( Latrodectus spp. (biomedcentral.com)
b Blastoderm cells proliferate and migrate to one hemisphere to form a germ disc. (biomedcentral.com)
e Germ disc cells move away circumferentially from the cumulus endpoint. (biomedcentral.com)

Plan and conduct biological experiments. (uaeu.ac.ae)

The analysis of detergent-resistant T cell membranes had initiated the concept that early TCR signalling steps take place in cholesterol/sphingolipid-rich raft domains of T cell plasma membranes [ 10 ] (see Box for an overview of the current perception of raft domains in cell membranes). (biomedcentral.com)

Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components. (lookformedical.com)
A molecular understanding of membrane traffic has broad implications for our understanding of growth control in cancer, receptor trafficking errors in heart disease, regulation of insulin secretion in diabetes and synaptic vesicle biogenesis and transport in neurological disorders. (stanford.edu)

Uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are phase 2 conjugation enzymes mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the liver and many other tissues, and can be recovered in artificial ER membrane preparations (microsomes). (mdpi.com)

I lead a research group in the Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, funded by external agencies such as the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), and the Biochemical Society. (shu.ac.uk)

However, how GML treatment affects the full T cell activation response from signaling events to effector functions is not well understood. (nature.com)

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. (lookformedical.com)

These studies suggest that GML potentially alters T cell activation. (nature.com)
In addition, the mechanism behind how GML mediates suppressed T cell activation is completely unknown. (nature.com)
To directly address these questions, we mechanistically characterized how GML affects human primary T cell activation. (nature.com)

The elaboration of membrane based biomimetic systems allows us to reconstitute and investigate, in controlled conditions, biological events occurring at the membrane interface. (utc.fr)

Despite this abundance, Al is not considered an essential element and so far no experimental evidence has been put forward for a biological role. (frontiersin.org)

Our work thus demonstrates early, cell-autonomous behavior of the cumulus and variation in subsequent location and timing of cell internalization during gastrulation in spiders. (biomedcentral.com)

Hooke performed pioneering microscopy and biological studies but, in addition, he was also. (thesciencebreaker.org)

A whole variety of model membrane systems have been developed in the last few decades. (utc.fr)
Whether it is a question of physical, biological or even economic systems, this problem arises when all these systems are the location of matter and energy conversion. (preprints.org)

Anatomy39

Organisms15

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs90

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment40

Phenomena and Processes62

Disciplines and Occupations8

Technology, Industry, Agriculture11

Information Science9

Health Care1

Plasma membrane21

Intracellular3

Proteins12

Confocal1

Extracellular2

LIPIDS2

Cellular8

Metabolism4

Transporters2

Lipid bilayer1

Ellipsometry1

Neurosecretory cells2

Physiological conditions2

Living organisms1

Interactions2

Biologists1

ENDOSOMES1

Extensively2

Molecules2

Phosphorylation2

Mechanisms3

Eukaryotic4

Biology3

Pathway2

Processes1

Scaffolds1

Functional4

Alterations1

Metabolic1

Interaction2

Function3

Structures4

Organelles3

Peripheral1

Immune responses1

Main structural1

Germ3

Experiments1

CHOLESTEROL1

Transport2

Tissues1

Biotechnology1

Effector functions1

Vitro1

Activation3

Events1

Role1

Subsequent1

Studies1

Systems2