• The central role of employment-based health benefits and the very substantial discretion accorded employers rest, in considerable measure, on federal laws and regulations (in particular, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974) that did not explicitly plan or envision that structure. (nih.gov)
  • Respondent foundations for medical care were organized by respondent Maricopa County Medical Society and another medical society to promote fee-for-service medicine and to provide the community with a competitive alternative to existing health insurance plans. (justia.com)
  • In the United States, a health maintenance organization (HMO) is a medical insurance group that provides health services for a fixed annual fee. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is an organization that provides or arranges managed care for health insurance, self-funded health care benefit plans, individuals, and other entities, acting as a liaison with health care providers (hospitals, doctors, etc.) on a prepaid basis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 required employers with 25 or more employees to offer federally certified HMO options if the employer offers traditional healthcare options. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rather, it reflects a gradual accumulation of factors: innovations in health care finance and organization, conflicting political and social principles, coincidences of timing, market dynamics, programs stimulated by the findings of health services research, and spillover effects of tax and other policies aimed at different targets. (nih.gov)
  • This is a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) plan. (uhc.com)
  • Is the organization required to complete Schedule B, Schedule of Contributors? (nonprofitfacts.com)
  • aspects of health care organization and financing that affect cancer care. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Elsewhere in the federal government, the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research disseminates information about clinical practice guidelines to health providers and supports health services research aimed at understanding the links between the organization and delivery of health care and the resulting health outcomes (see Chapter 7 ). (nationalacademies.org)
  • Hospice" finds a early violation or numerical Anyone or country of either that exceeds apart trained in working progress to particularly such stresses and is enrolled by the miserable Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services as a context of action stagecoaches requiring true Others for Medicare and Medicaid programming and Medicare Conditions of Participation and means then taken by the Oregon Health Authority, Public Health Division. (firefox-gadget.de)
  • Read Carefully before Using The Public Health Service Act (Section 308 (d)) provides that the data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), may be used only for the purpose of health statistical reporting and analysis. (cdc.gov)
  • The NHAMCS was conducted by the Ambulatory Care Statistics Branch of the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • Like other chronic illnesses, efforts to diagnose and treat cancer are centered on individual physicians, health plans, and cancer care centers. (nationalacademies.org)
  • HMOs cover emergency care regardless of the health care provider's contracted status. (wikipedia.org)
  • HMOs often require members to select a primary care physician (PCP), a doctor who acts as a gatekeeper to direct access to medical services but this is not always the case. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some HMOs pay gatekeeper PCPs set fees for each defined medical procedure they provide to insured patients (fee-for-service) and then capitate specialists (that is, pay a set fee for each insured person's care, irrespective of which medical procedures the specialists performs to achieve that care), while others use the reverse arrangement. (wikipedia.org)
  • HMOs often provide preventive care for a lower copayment or for free, in order to keep members from developing a preventable condition that would require a great deal of medical services. (wikipedia.org)
  • When HMOs were coming into existence, indemnity plans often did not cover preventive services, such as immunizations, well-baby checkups, mammograms, or physicals. (wikipedia.org)
  • HMOs, prepaid health coverage, came along in 1973. (chalcedon.edu)
  • We also offer dual health plans for people with both Medicaid and Medicare. (uhc.com)
  • This dual health plan is for people who qualify for both Medicaid and Medicare Parts A & B (Original Medicare). (uhc.com)
  • Medicare Medicare, authorized under title XVIII of the Social Security Act, is a nationwide health insurance program for the aged and certain disabled persons. (hhs.gov)
  • The federal Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), as the nation's largest payer for health care, has established quality assurance programs targeting cancer care and is developing tools to more effectively monitor the quality of cancer care delivered to Medicare beneficiaries (see Chapter 6 ). (nationalacademies.org)
  • Therefore, the omission of hospital ambulatory care from the ambulatory medical care database leaves a significant gap in coverage and limits the utility of the current NAMCS data. (cdc.gov)
  • Some services, such as outpatient mental health care, are limited, and more costly forms of care, diagnosis, or treatment may not be covered. (wikipedia.org)
  • In discussion in the White House on February 17, 1971, Nixon expressed his support for the essential philosophy of the HMO, which John Ehrlichman explained thus: "All the incentives are toward less medical care, because the less care they give them, the more money they make. (wikipedia.org)
  • This chapter provides a rather detailed overview of some important bases for present public and private arrangements for insuring health care. (nih.gov)
  • Insuring medical care expenses is difficult for several reasons, and making private insurance workable for large numbers of workers and their families has taken considerable creativity, leadership, and some luck. (nih.gov)
  • Moreover, it is important to recognize the forces that have led people in this country and elsewhere to expect both more medical care and more protection against its rising cost. (nih.gov)
  • The United States has the highest per capita health care cost in the world, and Gunn asks, "Why is it so expensive? (chalcedon.edu)
  • The title of Colin Gunn's new film comes from a quip by humorist P. J. O'Rourke: "If you think health care is expensive now, wait until it's free. (chalcedon.edu)
  • By way of introduction, we meet two individuals who were almost ruined by health care costs. (chalcedon.edu)
  • Digging into history, Gunn finds that health care costs the average American family, just a generation ago, 5 percent of its yearly income. (chalcedon.edu)
  • And of course the climax, so far, came in 2010 with the passage of the grossly misnamed "Affordable Care Act," aka Obamacare-an 11 million-word legislative monstrosity with the goal, says Gunn, of creating "single-payer" health care: a euphemism for leaving the federal government as the only payer. (chalcedon.edu)
  • It was March 23, 2010 and the United States became one of the last countries in the developed world to establish a national health plan as President Obama signed into law the Affordable Care Act. (healthworldnet.com)
  • Many long time students of health care delivery still doubted if a rational, effective plan could ever work. (healthworldnet.com)
  • Joseph Califano, long-time student of health care and former secretary of the department of Health, Education and Welfare, had often been quoted as saying, "You can never have an effective, efficient health care system in this country. (healthworldnet.com)
  • Every president since Theodore Roosevelt had tried to get meaningful health care reform. (healthworldnet.com)
  • The history of health care reform and the early attempts to establish reform goes back many years before the first President Roosevelt and consisted of local, small scale plans, some of which would develop into regional plans and systems. (healthworldnet.com)
  • On a small scale this colonial America system illustrates a definition of a national health care system: Risk to any one person is diffused back to the group which funds itself through premiums. (healthworldnet.com)
  • Fourth, we establish a new system of comprehensive health insurance that makes high quality health care available to every American in a dignified manner and at a price he or she can afford. (ucsb.edu)
  • With an HMO plan, you must use network providers to get your medical care and services. (uhc.com)
  • c) That the judiciary has had little antitrust experience in the health care industry is insufficient reason for not applying the per se rule here. (justia.com)
  • Health Statistics (NCHS) has collected measures health care utilization across various types of providers. (cdc.gov)
  • Medical Care Survey (NAMCS). (cdc.gov)
  • Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) was part of the ambulatory component of the department visits for 1998. (cdc.gov)
  • Hospital, inaugurated in 1992 to gather and National Health Care Survey that clinic, patient, and visit characteristics disseminate information about the health measures health care utilization across are described. (cdc.gov)
  • NHAMCS are generally low (5 percent the Division of Health Care Statistics of item, hospital staff were asked to record or less). (cdc.gov)
  • Ambulatory medical care is the predominant method of providing health care services in the United States (reference 1). (cdc.gov)
  • Since 1973, data on ambulatory patient visits to physicians' offices have been collected through the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS). (cdc.gov)
  • However, visits to hospital emergency and outpatient departments, which represent a significant portion of total ambulatory medical care, are not included in the NAMCS (reference 2). (cdc.gov)
  • A complete description of the NHAMCS is contained in the publication entitled, 'Plan and Operation of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey' (reference 4). (cdc.gov)
  • The national estimates produced from these studies describe the utilization of hospital ambulatory medical care services in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • The authority to organize, coordinate, and improve cancer care services rests largely with service providers and insurers, although employers and other payers are increasingly holding providers accountable for quality, and consumers are calling for action by state and federal legislatures. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Nevertheless, there is a federal research and programmatic infrastructure that greatly affects the quality of cancer care obtained within the U.S. health care system. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Since the "War on Cancer" was launched in 1971, a large share of federal medical research funding has been invested at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to understand the underlying mechanisms of cancer, to evaluate progress against cancer through surveillance, to test promising diagnostic and treatment modalities, and to make information on how to prevent, treat, and live with cancer available to health care providers and to the public. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The National Cancer Program was not supposed to become the cancer care system, but it was supposed to interact enough with the system through planning and coordination to improve the delivery of patient care. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Although the main immediate cause of the dire strain the system is under is the Covid-19 pandemic, it is widely recognised that health care was under severe pressure before that. (marxistleftreview.org)
  • [2] Health and health care in any given society are shaped first and foremost by that society's economic system. (marxistleftreview.org)
  • In short, access to health care and medicines is only one of the factors that shape health. (marxistleftreview.org)
  • Within the capitalist framework, health care can be organised in different ways, with varying levels of public and private sector involvement. (marxistleftreview.org)
  • Drawing on health systems expert Gwendolyn Gray's outline of distinct types of systems, it is useful to distinguish between the financing and delivery of health care, and identify whether they are in private or public hands. (marxistleftreview.org)
  • By contrast, where private insurance predominates, both the delivery and financing of health care are in the hands of private operators. (marxistleftreview.org)
  • Private health insurance, in theory, provides a means for individuals or their employers to prepay the costs of health care. (marxistleftreview.org)
  • 1) The several counties of the state may cooperate with the Department of Health in the establishment and maintenance of full-time county health departments in such counties for the promotion of the public's health, the control and eradication of preventable diseases, and the provision of primary health care for special populations. (fl.us)
  • Primary health care services are provided at home, in group settings, or in clinics. (fl.us)
  • After the Civil War the federal government established a limited national health system, not just a plan, but a system called the Freedmen's Bureau which consisted of hospitals and 120 contracted doctors. (healthworldnet.com)
  • The effective implementation of essential primary health services through UHC has resulted in efficient healthcare utilisation, which is reflected in the health-seeking behaviour of the community. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although the implementation of UHC has improved utilisation of public health facilities, the presence of people who are not covered by health insurance is a potential problem that could threaten future improvements in healthcare access and utilisation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Medical tourism is another influential factor behind the competitive nature of the healthcare sector. (paperap.com)
  • While the economic system produces conditions detrimental to health, the healthcare system is supposed to prevent and cure illness and treat injury. (marxistleftreview.org)
  • The healthcare system is not expected to maximise good health, but rather to serve the interests of the ruling capitalist class. (marxistleftreview.org)
  • Dr. Elikem Tamaklo is the Managing Director of Nyaho Medical Centre, a leading healthcare provider in Ghana and the first private Group Medical Practice in the country. (aablawards.com)
  • It is this inclusion of services intended to maintain a member's health that gave the HMO its name. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1910, the Western Clinic in Tacoma, Washington offered lumber mill owners and their employees certain medical services from its providers for a premium of $0.50 per member per month. (wikipedia.org)
  • a system of private and public health coverage that has for most of the last 50 years increased financial access to these advances but placed few controls on medical price inflation or overuse of medical services. (nih.gov)
  • The foundations, by agreement of their member doctors, established the maximum fees the doctors may claim in full payment for health services provided to policyholders of specified insurance plans. (justia.com)
  • their members provide is enhanced by the price restraint, Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 421 U. S. 773 , and National Society of Professional Engineers v. United States, 435 U. S. 679 , distinguished, and their claim that the price restraint will make it easier for customers to pay does not distinguish the medical profession from any other provider of goods or services. (justia.com)
  • Due to high competition, medical facilities focus on the provision of quality and affordable medical services to attract patients from different locations. (paperap.com)
  • Step 4: After making your buy, Birch Gold Group requires you to pick out a custodian from the 4 third-celebration storage firms it companions with: Delaware Depository, Texas Valuable Metals Depository, International Depository Services and Brink's Global Options. (beauteecollagen.co.kr)
  • 1355, 55 L.Ed.2d 637, distinguished, and their claim that the price restraint will make it easier for customers to pay does not distinguish the medical profession from any other provider of goods or services. (openjurist.org)
  • [4] In a national health service system, both are publicly controlled: hospital and medical services are publicly financed and provided. (marxistleftreview.org)
  • Everyone can access the medical and hospital treatment they need, free of charge (or at a low cost), with services funded through tax revenue. (marxistleftreview.org)
  • It is the intent of the Legislature to promote, protect, maintain, and improve the health and safety of all citizens and visitors of this state through a system of coordinated county health department services. (fl.us)
  • a) "Environmental health services" are those services which are organized and operated to protect the health of the general public by monitoring and regulating activities in the environment which may contribute to the occurrence or transmission of disease. (fl.us)
  • Environmental health services shall be supported by available federal, state, and local funds and shall include those services mandated on a state or federal level. (fl.us)
  • b) "Communicable disease control services" are those services which protect the health of the general public through the detection, control, and eradication of diseases which are transmitted primarily by human beings. (fl.us)
  • These services are provided to benefit individuals, improve the collective health of the public, and prevent and control the spread of disease. (fl.us)
  • According to ICD-9-CM classification, 77.2 percent of characteristics and in medical aspects injury visits were unintentional. (cdc.gov)
  • For general information about the plans in your state, visit Florida's homepage . (uhc.com)
  • The Legislature also recognizes the importance of meeting the educational needs of Florida's public health professionals. (fl.us)
  • From the late nineteenth century in industrialised countries, construction of sewerage systems and provision of clean drinking water contributed to improved health among city dwellers. (marxistleftreview.org)
  • Difference in difference model and a logistic regression model for binary outcomes were used to estimate the effect of the implementation of UHC on the health-seeking behaviour. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Economic disadvantage is closely correlated with worse health outcomes. (marxistleftreview.org)
  • With these rudimentary concepts group insurance plans were offered by employers beginning in the mid-1800s a way to protect their workers with sick benefits, accident, and unemployment insurance, and medical insurance. (healthworldnet.com)
  • The standards this requires will vary depending on specific contexts and factors, including unemployment and profit rates, expectations of the population, the pressure the working class may bring to bear, and more. (marxistleftreview.org)
  • Although out-of-pocket costs are reduced for consumers, controlling for other factors, the plans do not affect total expenditures and payments by insurers. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most that can be said for having doctors fix the maximum prices is that doctors may be able to do it more efficiently than insurers, but there is no reason to believe any savings that might accrue from this arrangement would be sufficiently great to affect the competitiveness of these kinds of insurance plans. (justia.com)
  • When President Franklin Roosevelt froze wages during World War II, employers made it up to their employees by providing company-paid health insurance plans. (chalcedon.edu)
  • A constituency for broad access to health coverage has existed for nearly a century, pressuring both public and private sectors to find new and better ways of extending that access. (nih.gov)
  • Dorothea Dix 3 tried to get national health plan coverage for the mentally ill. (healthworldnet.com)
  • 5 He determined the premium rate for group health coverage should be 50 cents per person per month. (healthworldnet.com)
  • Before selecting a specific dual health plan, review the plan's full or partial Medicaid coverage requirements. (uhc.com)
  • And if you have insurance options through your employer, it's really up to you to decide between that coverage or the plans offered on the Exchange. (uhc.com)
  • The health insurance system in Indonesia was transformed in 2014 to achieve universal health coverage (UHC). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) is one of the targets set by countries when they adopted the sustainable development goals in 2015 [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The SSAH has several unique features, including standards for staff performance and expertise, coverage goals and health objectives, and payment systems [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • include providing cancer screening to low-income populations and monitoring the achievement of cancer-related public health goals (see Chapter 6 ). (nationalacademies.org)
  • We require your bank details in order to pay your wages during any temporary assignments. (major-recruitment.com)
  • In this case, Plaintiff, Jennifer Easter, on behalf of her son, B.E., brought suit against Defendants Cayuga Medical Center at Ithaca Prepaid Health Plan ("Plan"), Cayuga Medical Center ("CMC"), and Excellus Health Plan, Inc. ("Excellus") for violating ERISA by denying their claims for medical benefits and failing to provide requested information. (robertsdisability.com)
  • He was download Pro*C/C family systems in type at the UT Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, Texas and studies a female in football from the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore. (fossel.info)
  • However, levels of nonresponse the National Center for Health Statistics, the patient's ``complaint(s), symptom(s), can vary considerably in the survey. (cdc.gov)
  • Eventually, demographic accuracy for Census applications became a factor that required categorical diagnosis of mental disorders, and this was partially the motivation to develop further classification (Grob, 1991). (bvsalud.org)
  • require state agencies to create and implement for individuals with limited English proficiency. (michbar.org)
  • Among other things, Subpart C of the regulations requires railroads to see that blood and urine tests of covered employees are conducted following certain major train accidents or incidents, while Subpart D authorizes, but does not require, railroads to administer breath or urine tests or both to covered employees who violate certain safety rules. (casetext.com)
  • b) The collection and subsequent analysis of the biological samples required or authorized by the regulations constitute searches of the person subject to the Fourth Amendment. (casetext.com)
  • Utilisation of public health facilities increased significantly after implementation of UHC, from 34.9% to 65.4% among the respondents with acute episodes and 33.7% to 65.8% among those with chronic episodes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Five years after the implementation of UHC, we still found respondents who did not have health insurance (26 and 19 respondents among those with acute episode and chronic episode, respectively). (biomedcentral.com)
  • References herein to the " Term " shall refer both to the Initial Term and any successive term as the context requires. (justia.com)
  • Furthermore, hospital ambulatory patients are known to differ from office patients in their demographic characteristics and medical aspects (reference 3). (cdc.gov)
  • The current U.S. system of voluntary employment-based health benefits is not the consequence of an overarching and deliberate plan or policy. (nih.gov)
  • Many of the values, pressures, and conflicts that have shaped the evolution of employment-based health benefits persist and should be factored into evaluations of this system and proposals for restructuring it. (nih.gov)
  • Obamacare has forced doctors to convert their medical records to an all-electronic system-at an average cost of $50,000 per doctor. (chalcedon.edu)
  • This article does not analyse how the present situation arose, but aims to provide the reader with an historical perspective on the health system confronting this crisis, by examining the key battles that formed its structures in the twentieth century. (marxistleftreview.org)
  • 154.01 County health department delivery system. (fl.us)
  • The establishment of Blue Cross of Texas is often credited as being the first modern day group insurance plan to use state of the art, scientific actuarial methods to determine the amount of a group plan premium. (healthworldnet.com)
  • PPU covers every person who works for an employer by receiving a salary or wage, including civil servants, the army, the police, state officials, legislative members, non-civil servant government workers, private employees, and all other workers receiving a salary or wage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Legislature recognizes the unique partnership which necessarily exists between the state and its counties in meeting the public health needs of the state. (fl.us)
  • To strengthen this partnership, the Legislature intends that the public health needs of the several counties be provided through contractual arrangements between the state and each county. (fl.us)
  • On the standard of review, the Plan grants CMC discretionary authority, but the court found that the extent to which Excellus exercises discretion is unclear. (robertsdisability.com)
  • Justin Ford Kimball, a Latin teacher from Mineola Texas, used data from a sickness insurance plan his teacher group had established. (healthworldnet.com)
  • The debate about private versus public strategies for medical expense protection is longstanding and has, with the exception of programs for special populations, repeatedly been resolved in the United States in favor of private approaches. (nih.gov)
  • It consists of two parts: the hospital insurance (part A) program and the supplementary medical insurance (part B) program. (hhs.gov)
  • Hospital" uses a code been by the Public Health Division as a normal election that sleeps stars for evil in OHP under Title XVIII of the Social Security Act. (firefox-gadget.de)
  • Our study aimed to examine the changes in health-seeking behaviour before and after the implementation of UHC in Indonesia and to identify what factors determine these changes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since the struggle provides Finally on converting predictive detailed layers, Terra Incognita is concentrated rule-based factors in sectioning the multiple biomarkers of numerical employer. (fossel.info)
  • [3] Whether the health of any population - or for that matter, any individual - is generally good, average or poor is shaped by numerous factors. (marxistleftreview.org)
  • This article originally appeared in the March 1973 issue of the 'Social Security Bulletin. (ssa.gov)
  • Open-access and point-of-service (POS) products are a combination of an HMO and traditional indemnity plan. (wikipedia.org)
  • My Music access health might open up in your My Pictures screen, for vada. (nolanadams.com)
  • Although businesses pursued the HMO model for its alleged cost containment benefits, some research indicates that private HMO plans do not achieve any significant cost savings over non-HMO plans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Employment and Health Benefits: A Connection at Risk. (nih.gov)
  • Some members of the group may decide they want more benefits than those offered by the plan. (healthworldnet.com)
  • Others pursued health benefits for the country at large but only for specific conditions. (healthworldnet.com)
  • They would later include required with the government and crisis of Pierre Laporte. (frankponten.de)
  • Through some lean years Blue Cross survived and continued to operate their group plan. (healthworldnet.com)
  • Health systems close to that model operate, for example, in Sweden and Britain. (marxistleftreview.org)
  • These broader coordination and planning goals that should have extended the reach of the National Cancer Program beyond NCI to other federal and private parties could not be met, and when the 1971 act was recodified in 1978, the scope of the program was redefined to include only NCI (McGeary, 1997). (nationalacademies.org)
  • Where private insurance is the main means of health financing, a proportion of the population is uninsured - usually over 15 percent in industrialised countries - because they cannot afford the premiums, and a further proportion is under-insured. (marxistleftreview.org)
  • or (b) An employer-required drug screening test that has found the person to have non-psychoactive cannabis metabolites in their hair, blood, urine, or other bodily fluids. (stopthedrugwar.org)
  • Similarly, subjecting a person to the breath test authorized by Subpart D must be deemed a search, since it requires the production of "deep lung" breath and thereby implicates concerns about bodily integrity. (casetext.com)
  • A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. (nih.gov)
  • Instead, he shifts his focus to the United Kingdom, where the National Health Service (NHS), aka socialized medicine, reigns supreme. (chalcedon.edu)
  • Since 2014, the Indonesian government has been running a national health insurance scheme, Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional-Kartu Indonesia Sehat (JKN-KIS), aimed at achieving UHC for all citizens by 2019 [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The time has come to plan for the 1991 convention of the National Federation of the Blind. (nfb.org)
  • Will people with wealth have their own plans, will they fund the basic plan as well as their own. (healthworldnet.com)
  • People who do not work but are able to pay a health insurance premium are considered non-workers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • HR Planning and Recruitment Planning for Marigold HR planning (Management Study Guide 2012) HR planning which is also referred to as manpower planning includes putting the right number and right kind of people at the right place and time, doing the right things as suitable to achieve organizational goals. (paperap.com)
  • Make your plans now to be a part of the largest group of blind people to gather anywhere in 1991. (nfb.org)
  • It also needs most of the middle classes to be in good enough health to fulfil their specific roles (ranging from shop keepers to managers to doctors). (marxistleftreview.org)
  • Moreover, these essays are a great tool for improving one's writing and critical thinking skills as they require extensive research, analysis, and argumentation. (paperap.com)
  • The federal infrastructure is larger and more complex than that for other medical conditions. (nationalacademies.org)
  • We only require your sort code and account number confirming your name (so we know this bank account in genuinely yours! (major-recruitment.com)
  • From a perusal of the reasons recorded by the Respondent, the Court found that other than paraphrasing the requirement of Section 41 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 ( "Cr.P.C." ), no concrete incident has been mentioned therein recording any act of tampering of evidence by the Petitioner or threatening / inducing any witness besides not co-operating with the investigation, not to speak of fleeing from investigation. (simpletaxindia.net)