Mechanisms cell polarity. Medical search. Frequent questions

Chemotaxis--the directed movement of cells in a gradient of chemoattractant--is essential for neutrophils to crawl to sites of inflammation and infection and for Dictyostelium discoideum (D. discoideum) to aggregate during morphogenesis. (illinois.edu)
During morphogenesis, orientation of polarity is coordinated among cells in a tissue. (irbbarcelona.org)
The furry ( fry ) gene encodes an evolutionarily conserved protein with a wide variety of cellular functions, including cell polarization and morphogenesis in invertebrates. (nature.com)
The embryo of the frog Xenopus laevis is widely used as a model of cell polarization, migration, and morphogenesis due to its unique experimental advantages. (nature.com)
We illustrate where such mechanisms of pattern formation arise in biological systems from cellular to tissue scales, with an emphasis on morphogenesis. (mpi-cbg.de)
Polarised epithelial cell divisions represent a critical mechanism for correct partitioning of fate determinants and genomic material into the daughter cells during tissue homeostasis and morphogenesis, and their disruption can lead to severe developmental disorders and diseases such as cancer. (southampton.ac.uk)
Dr. Yue Wang's laboratory investigates the molecular mechanisms that control the growth transition, particularly how cells establish and maintain the highly polarized hyphal morphogenesis. (a-star.edu.sg)
183:1129-1143) provide new insights into how Cdc42 and Par proteins work together to modulate cell adhesion and polarity during embryonic morphogenesis by regulating the traffic of key cell junction proteins. (rupress.org)

Among these, the neoplastic tumor-suppressor genes (nTSGs) have been shown to fulfill two significant functions requisite for organ size control: first, establishing apicobasal cell polarity as a principle of epithelial tissue organization and appropriate timing of terminal differentiation and, second, exerting cell-proliferation control as a primary factor in tissue growth. (fsu.edu)
In summary, the three major areas of research in my lab are independent yet connected-proper differentiation of follicle cells is key to the establishment of oocyte polarity, and cell competition involves intercellular communication and regulation of cell proliferation. (fsu.edu)
Through the study of temporal and spatial regulation of important genes and pathways in our model systems, we will develop a more comprehensive picture of the molecular mechanisms orchestrating egg development and gain a deeper understanding of how basic cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, and growth are regulated in development. (fsu.edu)
These data indicate that there are multiple,genetically redundant mechanisms that act within the germline to downregulate Dpp signaling in the Cb and its descendants, and raise the possibility that a Cb and its descendants must become refractory to Dpp signaling in order for germline differentiation to occur. (biologists.com)
We are also interested in studying the mechanism of renal epithelial cell regeneration and differentiation during tubular repair/remodeling after tubular injury. (massgeneral.org)
Yet, the precise mechanisms coordinating cell polarity and correct mitotic spindle dynamics and chromosome segregation fidelity, to ensure proper epithelial integrity and differentiation remain ill defined. (southampton.ac.uk)
The framework will allow to label for up to 10 markers to visualize at the same time ANXA1, centrosomes, chromosomes, cell-cell adhesion molecules, differentiation markers, proliferation, and apoptosis. (southampton.ac.uk)
The ECM composed of hundred proteins is a dynamic network controlling the proliferation, adhesion, migration, polarity, differentiation, and apoptosis of the cells. (premiumbeautynews.com)
Recent advances in live imaging and genetics of mammalian division, movement and cell differentiation leading to development which integrate observations of biochemical tissue formation [14 ]. (lu.se)
The CCBE1 protein is involved in the maturation (differentiation) and movement (migration) of immature cells called lymphangioblasts that will eventually form the lining (epithelium) of lymphatic vessels. (medlineplus.gov)
Finally, there is a discussion about the mechanisms behind the self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells and the role of stem cells in renewal of the body's tissues. (lu.se)
miR-203 drives breast cancer cell differentiation. (medscape.com)
The wider question that we want to understand is how molecules of a cell govern such essential and complex functions like cell division, cell polarity, determination of cell shape, and cell differentiation. (lu.se)
Thus, these organisms are of a huge industrial and medical importance, and an improved understanding of their biology, growth habits, regulatory mechanisms, and cell differentiation will greatly facilitate the exploration of streptomycetes in various industrial and biotechnological applications. (lu.se)

The basolateral membrane refers to both the lateral membrane where cell-cell junctions connect neighboring cells and to the basal membrane where cells are attached to the basement membrane, a thin sheet of extracellular matrix proteins that separates the epithelial sheet from underlying cells and connective tissue. (wikipedia.org)
Spontaneous polarization still generates only a single bud site, which has been explained by positive feedback increasing polarity protein concentrations locally at the largest polarity patch while decreasing polarity proteins globally by depleting them. (wikipedia.org)
For polarity sites to form, Cdc42 must be present and capable of cycling GTP, a process regulated by its guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), Cdc24, and by its GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). (wikipedia.org)
Similar to the PCP pathway, Disheveled proteins localize asymmetrically on the cell cortex before divisions, while, similar to the canonical Wnt pathway, b-catenin nuclear localization is regulated by the pathway. (irbbarcelona.org)
1 All possess the same DNA code, but they differ from each other in terms of the parts of the code-genes-that are expressed in them, that is, which range of proteins are manufactured to build and run each cell. (hachettebookgroup.com)
Depending on the particular "melody" played on the genome, you end up with a different repertoire of proteins and a different kind of cell. (hachettebookgroup.com)
Genetic analysis has uncovered that genes necessary for epithelial polarity code for cytoskeletal proteins and their regulators, like the par-3 protein Bazooka ( Kuchinke, Grawe & Knust, 1998 ) or the EGF and laminin domains-containing protein Crumbs ( Tepass, Theres & Knust, 1990 ). (peerj.com)
During my postdoc, I characterize novel mechanisms and polarity proteins in the development of stomata, the major drivers of gas exchange and carbon fixation in the leaf epidermis of vascular plants. (oeaw.ac.at)
Polarity proteins orient divisions in stomatal precursor cells to determine stomatal fate and patterning. (oeaw.ac.at)
To understand the molecular role of polarity proteins in plant development, it is important to characterize their interactome, including their protein-protein interaction partners. (oeaw.ac.at)
I adapted the biotin ligase (BirA)-based proximity labeling method for polarity proteins in the stomatal lineage and identified the respective plasma membrane proteomes. (oeaw.ac.at)
We explore how molecular interactions between proteins and small molecules, defined at atomic resolution, govern biochemical output and in turn control cell behaviour. (southampton.ac.uk)
We will examine the role of proteins in achieving functional cell polarity compatible with efficient motility and response to directional cues, using unique techniques and analysis tools in the context of the living organism. (europa.eu)
The precise function of the identified proteins will be determined by combining mathematical tools aimed at quantitatively gauging the role of the molecules in conferring proper cell shape, biophysical methods aimed at measuring forces, rigidity and cytoplasm flow and determination of the effect on the organization of relevant structures using cryo electron tomography. (europa.eu)
Here, we test this prediction using budding yeast cells, and confirm that increasing the amount of key polarity proteins results in multiple polarity sites and simultaneous budding. (duke.edu)
Based on our mechanistic understanding of polarity establishment, we hypothesize how scaffold proteins, by introducing new connections in the existing network, can increase the redundancy of mechanisms and thus increase the evolvability of other network components. (biorxiv.org)
In its GTP-bound form, Cdc42 binds several effectors that help direct polarized cell growth: repolarizing actin and microtubules, directing polarized exocytosis via this reoriented cytoskeleton and by direct contact with exocytic machinery, and recruiting proteins such as septins that form a boundary restricting the region of cell growth. (rupress.org)
Par proteins, like Cdc42, play conserved roles in cell polarity in many contexts, from early embryos to epithelial apical-basal polarity ( Goldstein and Macara, 2007 ). (rupress.org)
Zou and his colleagues now believe this intercellular complex of PCP proteins is intrinsically asymmetric and provides the key directional signal to polarize cell-cell junctions. (crunchtime-records.com)
The CCBE1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that is found in the lattice of proteins and other molecules outside the cell (extracellular matrix). (medlineplus.gov)
Processes like these have evolved from common ancestors of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and it becomes increasingly clear that the bacterial versions of these basic cell functions use similar ancestral molecules, for example cytoskeletal proteins, as those used in animal and plant cells. (lu.se)
Water 2H and 17O spin relaxation is used to study water dynamics in the hydration layers of two small peptides, two globular proteins and in living cells of two microorganisms. (lu.se)
Membrane trafficking defects caused by mutation in OCRL may explain renal tubular defects observed in Lowe syndrome, including the inability of proximal tubular cells (PTC) to reabsorb low-molecular weight (LMW) proteins and other solutes such as phosphorus and bicarbonate from the glomerular filtrate. (medscape.com)

Most tumors originate in the epithelial tissue and loss of polarity is a common occurrence in tumor progression. (pasteur.fr)
The findings shed new light on mechanisms of regeneration of healthy myofibers after severe tissue injury and suggest interplay between these fibers and muscle satellite cells though mechanisms remain to be elucidated. (elifesciences.org)
Skeletal muscle, the most abundant tissue of the body, has remarkable regenerative capacity mainly due to its resident muscle stem cells, also known as satellite cells. (elifesciences.org)
The process of gastrulation is linked to determination of mesodermal cell fates, such that patterning of tissue fates and patterning of cell behavior are interconnected. (nature.com)
This polarity seems to help the free cancer cells return from the blood vessels into body tissue," explains Anna Lorentzen, who is the first author of the publication. (dkfz.de)
Subsequently, the pole is shifted to the side facing the attachment site and the tumor cell migrates through the endothelial layer into the tissue. (dkfz.de)
Neurodegeneration and neurodegenerative diseases (including the shared mechanisms of nerve cell death that contribute to many diseases), Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID), NINDS tissue/cell resources, basic invertebrate neuromuscular junction (NMJ). (nih.gov)
We are taking comprehensive approaches and applying multiple model systems, including in vitro 3D culture, in vivo live image technology, in vitro organ culture, in vivo live image technology, in vitro organ culture/tissue slice culture, isolated kidney perfusion, mouse models and zebrafish models to study protein trafficking/epithelial polarity/remodeling in various kidney disease contexts. (massgeneral.org)
Stem cell plasticity determines morphology and tissue composition. (oeaw.ac.at)
This is supported by studies in knockout mice showing development of soft-tissue sarcomas, ovarian stromal cell tumors and a high sensitivity to carcinogenic treatments. (cancerindex.org)
Most of our tissue and organs are composed of cells that adhere to each other to form epithelial sheets and tubes that act as a barriers between our insides and the outside world. (cam.ac.uk)
This is how PCP signaling introduces cell and tissue polarity. (crunchtime-records.com)
The plant hormone auxin and its directional intercellular transport play a major role in these processes because they provide positional information and link cell polarity With tissue patterning. (boku.ac.at)
of the most critical events which lead to tissue patterning involves mechanisms going beyond single cells. (lu.se)

Embryos with strongly disrupted apico-basal polarity do not develop, and result in lethal mutant phenotypes where only small pieces of cuticle are synthesized. (peerj.com)

One major line of research on the process of carcinogenesis lies in understanding the mechanisms underpinning the establishment of polarity. (pasteur.fr)
Thus, we examined epithelial polarity establishment during early Drosophila development. (rupress.org)
Thus, Baz acts upstream of AJs during epithelial polarity establishment. (rupress.org)
During neuronal development, the formation of the axon is the initial step in breaking cellular symmetry and the establishment of neuronal polarity. (uni-muenchen.de)
Furthermore, the course covers the most important processes in early embryo development, such as fertilisation, cell division, establishment of position information, polarity and asymmetries, and formation of body axes and gastrulation as preconditions for extremity development, regeneration and formation of the body's most important organs. (lu.se)
The course also includes how developmental biology knowledge can be utilised in the establishment of animal models for studies of human disease mechanisms. (lu.se)

Furthermore, cell polarity is important during many types of asymmetric cell division to set up functional asymmetries between daughter cells. (wikipedia.org)
Including discussions of the molecular basis of polarization mechanisms, asymmetric division of stem cells during development, the generation of left-right asymmetry of the body axis in mammals, and theoretical approaches to symmetry breaking, the volume is a vital reference for molecular, cell, and developmental biologists, as well as physical scientists interested in how and why symmetry breaking occurs in living systems. (cshlpress.com)
During development, most cells have polarity that is required for their proper functions, migration and asymmetric divisions. (irbbarcelona.org)
Cell polarization is essential during gastrulation, driving asymmetric cell division, cell movements, and cell shape changes. (nature.com)
A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell that can undergo an asymmetric self-renewal division to produce one descendant like itself and one descendant whose progeny ultimately differentiate into a defined cell type( Fuchs and Segre, 2000 ). (biologists.com)

In the mosaic Drosophila wing imaginal discs, mahj-/- or lgl-/- cells adjacent to wild-type cells undergo apoptosis, whereas mahj-/- or lgl-/- cells that are not adjacent to wild-type cells do not. (fsu.edu)
The nonautonomous apoptosis in these mutant cells is suppressed by inhibition of the JNK pathway. (fsu.edu)
Furthermore, overexpression of Mahj in lgl-/- mutant cells suppresses JNK activation and blocks apoptosis of lgl-/- mutant cells in the wild-type wing-disc epithelium. (fsu.edu)
G) Quantification of apoptotic cells in the mahj1 mosaic wing discs showing non-cell-autonomous apoptosis in mahj−/− cells. (fsu.edu)
JAM3 knockdown additionally inhibited trophoblast proliferation and increased the number of trophoblasts in the sub-G1 and G2/M phases, indicating cell-cycle disturbance and apoptosis. (bioone.org)
This phase involves the restitution of cell polarity and tight junction integrity in sublethally injured cells, removal of dead cells by apoptosis, removal of intratubular casts by reestablishment of tubular fluid flow, and regeneration of lost renal epithelial cells. (medscape.com)

At the core of AJs, cadherins mediate cell-cell adhesion through Ca 2+ -dependent homophilic interactions between their extracellular domains. (rupress.org)
Junctional adhesion molecule 3 (JAM3) is involved in epithelial cell junction, cell polarity, and motility. (bioone.org)
Rasipl null angioblasts fail to properly localize the polarity determinant Par3 and display defective cell polarity, resulting in mislocalized junctional complexes and loss of adhesion to extracellular matrix ( ECM ). (xenbase.org)
We found that disruption of ANXA1 function results in mitotic spindle misorientation and impaired cell-cell adhesion and genome instability, affecting the outcomes of cell division. (southampton.ac.uk)
Cell adhesion molecule-1 (CADM1) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that functions as a tumor suppressor of lung tumors. (cancerindex.org)
ANR PRCi CODAC (CO-Dynamics of cell Adhesion and Contraction) with P.-F. Lenne, Ed. Munroe, P. Recouvreux. (normalesup.org)

Thus, although epithelial polarity develops in the absence of AJs, AJs play specific roles in maintaining epithelial architecture and segregating basolateral cues. (rupress.org)
We previously showed that Wnts function as positional cues to orient polarity of cells that contact with Wnt expressing cells. (irbbarcelona.org)
Nearly twenty years ago Cdc42 was recognized as an essential link between polarity cues and the machinery that generates cell polarity ( Bender and Pringle, 1989 ). (rupress.org)

Epithelial cells also exhibit planar cell polarity, in which specialized structures are orientated within the plane of the epithelial sheet. (wikipedia.org)
Some examples of planar cell polarity include the scales of fish being oriented in the same direction and similarly the feathers of birds, the fur of mammals, and the cuticular projections (sensory hairs, etc.) on the bodies and appendages of flies and other insects. (wikipedia.org)
Postdoctoral Scholar Yue Ban, Professor Yimin Zou, and their colleagues provide promising new evidence Oct. 6 in the journal Science Advances that the 'planar cell polarity,' or PCP, a powerful signaling pathway that systematically polarizes cells and tissues along the plane of the tissues, is a widely used mechanism for the formation and maintenance of a large number of synapses. (crunchtime-records.com)
One main conclusion of this paper is that the planar cell polarity pathway is responsible for the formation and maintenance of a very large majority of glutamatergic synapses. (crunchtime-records.com)

Recently, genetic analyses in Drosophila have revealed various genes that regulate the competitive behavior of cells. (fsu.edu)
Loss of Mahj function induces cell competition in Drosophila wing disc epithelium. (fsu.edu)
Here, we reconstructed Par-dependent polarity using non-polarized Drosophila S2 cells expressing all three components endogenously in the cytoplasm. (elifesciences.org)
We used Drosophila Schneider cells (S2 cells) of mesodermal origin, as host cells for cell-autonomous reconstruction of cell polarity ( Schneider, 1972 ). (elifesciences.org)
Adherens junctions (AJs) are thought to be key landmarks for establishing epithelial cell polarity, but the origin of epithelial polarity in Drosophila remains unclear. (rupress.org)
We found apical accumulation of both Drosophila E-Cadherin (DE-Cad) and the apical cue Bazooka (Baz) as cells first form. (rupress.org)
The available experimental data support the hypothesis that the cap cells(CpCs) at the anterior tip of the germarium form an environmental niche for germline stem cells (GSCs) of the Drosophila ovary. (biologists.com)

The proposed research is aimed at investigating the molecular basis for cell motility and the associated polarization of the cell. (europa.eu)
The fact that molecules facilitating the motility of zebrafish PGCs are evolutionary conserved and the finding that the cells are directed by chemokines, molecules that control a wide range of cell trafficking events in vertebrates, make this in vivo study of particular importance. (europa.eu)
Cdc42-dependent actin polymerization can drive cell shape change, formation of filopodia, or organelle motility. (rupress.org)

By manipulating specific regulators of neuronal polarity, SAD kinases and GSK-3beta, I analyzed a possible relation between a polarization of microtubule stability and neuronal polarity. (uni-muenchen.de)

Epithelial cells adhere to one another through tight junctions, desmosomes and adherens junctions, forming sheets of cells that line the surface of the animal body and internal cavities (e.g., digestive tract and circulatory system). (wikipedia.org)
EMT is an embryologically conserved genetic program by which epithelial cells down regulate intercellular tight junctions, loose polarity, express mesenchymal markers, and manifest a migratory phenotype [ 1 ]. (intechopen.com)

I found that a loss of polarity correlated with a loss of polarized microtubule stability in neurons defective for SAD A and SAD B kinases. (uni-muenchen.de)

All cells - including those in our body - possess some degree of asymmetry or 'polarity', which is key to their healthy function and if disrupted can lead to serious cellular malfunctions like those found in cancer. (imperial.ac.uk)
In C. elegans, most somatic cells divide asymmetrically through the function of Wnt signaling called Wnt Wnt/b-catenin asymmetry pathway. (irbbarcelona.org)

The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a model system for eukaryotic biology in which many of the fundamental elements of polarity development have been elucidated. (wikipedia.org)
1) Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Lab, Cell Biology and Infection Department, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France. (pasteur.fr)
Our work will lay the foundation for a more ambitious, collaborative project bringing together expertise in cell and molecular biology, cancer biology, physics, and mathematics, to investigate the causal relationship between ANXA1-mediated defects in cell divisions and tumour heterogeneity, and the underlying mechanisms. (southampton.ac.uk)
Now there's a whole new field of people who are working on bacterial cell biology using the same sorts of approaches used to study eukaryotes. (the-scientist.com)
To make progress in answering these basic questions of evolutionary cell biology, we analyze, as a concrete example, the cell polarity machinery of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . (biorxiv.org)
On completion of the course, the students shall be able to · reflect on societal opportunities and consequences arising from developmental biology research and knowledge, and discuss these with individuals in the same education cycle · reflect on current scientific challenges and ethical issues in developmental and stem cell biology research and how this influences society in general. (lu.se)
The whole course is based on five week-long modules on selected subjects related to issues concerning developmental biology and stem cells. (lu.se)
1994-1996 at Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas in Madrid where I worked on bacterial cell division, and 1996-1998 at the John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK, working on Streptomyces developmental biology. (lu.se)
The main focus of my research is on cell and developmental biology of bacteria. (lu.se)
For a researcher armed with the powerful tools of genetics and molecular biology, the simple bacterial cells provide great experimental systems for investigating fundamental functions of a living cell. (lu.se)

Using genetic tools and confocal microscopy, I study the role and protein dynamics of this novel polarity domain in stomatal development (and beyond). (oeaw.ac.at)
centrosome dynamics), and tumour cell fate, behaviour and heterogeneity. (southampton.ac.uk)
Cdc42 also affects other aspects of cell polarity, including microtubule dynamics, centrosome positioning, and Golgi reorientation. (rupress.org)
This plant-specific mechanism of transport-dependent auxin gradients depends on subcellular dynamics of auxin transport components, in particular on endocytic recycling and polar targeting. (boku.ac.at)
There is no significant difference in cell water dynamics between mesophilic and halophilic organisms, despite the high K+ and Na+ concentrations in the latter. (lu.se)

Collectively, our experiments suggest that the IRE1α-mediated signaling promotes muscle regeneration through augmenting the proliferation of satellite cells in a cell non-autonomous manner. (elifesciences.org)
The coordination of cell proliferation and cell fate determination is critical during development but the mechanisms through which this is accomplished are unclear. (cipsm.de)

We determined the detailed network topology and the functional hierarchy among polarity regulators in this species and incorporated these results into a mathematical model that captures the polarity pattern changes throughout the cell cycle of fission yeast cells. (imperial.ac.uk)
Further, we elucidate a novel design principle whereby cells can switch from competition to equalization among polarity sites. (duke.edu)

Polarization is a fundamental cellular property that plays a vital role in various biological processes in multi-cellular as well as single-cell organisms. (elifesciences.org)
Cell polarization involving the Par-complex in situ is linked to various other processes. (elifesciences.org)
Because of such association between Par-dependent polarization and other processes, the Par-complex exhibits different behavioral characteristics in an individual context, making it difficult to determine general features of the dynamic process taking place during cell polarization by the Par-complex. (elifesciences.org)
To understand the general and dynamic characteristics of the cell polarization process induced by the Par-complex, we attempted to reconstruct Par-complex-dependent cell polarization system in a cell-autonomous manner using non-polar cells. (elifesciences.org)
Loss of Fry function drastically affects the movement and morphological polarization of cells during gastrulation and disrupts dorsal mesoderm convergent extension, responsible for head-to-tail elongation. (nature.com)
As a cross-check, the researchers used a cell-biological trick to block polarization of the circulating cells. (dkfz.de)
Some key findings illustrated by the mutations isolated are the importance of epithelia, epithelial polarization and movement, and changes in cell shape ( Knust, 2003 ). (peerj.com)
Although a number of polarity regulators involved in this process have been identified, our understanding of the intracellular mechanisms underlying neuronal polarization still remains fragmentary. (uni-muenchen.de)
Using a combination of modeling, conceptual theory, and experiments, we show that multiple, redundant self-organization mechanisms coexist within the protein network underlying cell polarization and are responsible for the module's resilience and adaptability. (biorxiv.org)

JAM3 expression in cell-cell junctions decreased with the formation of syncytiotrophoblasts. (bioone.org)
Involution follows bottle cell contraction and spreads laterally and ventrally leading to the formation of the blastopore, a ring of involuting cells that encircles the yolky vegetal endoderm cells. (nature.com)
It is unclear to what extent each mechanism can drive tube formation on its own. (ku.dk)
When working in parallel, the two mechanisms increase the robustness of the tube formation. (ku.dk)
With this discovery, the DKFZ researchers have not only found a new mechanism promoting the formation of metastatic sites. (dkfz.de)
Cardiovascular function depends on patent blood vessel formation by endothelial cells (ECs). (xenbase.org)
Our goal is to convey a picture of pattern formation that draws attention to the principles rather than solely to specific molecular mechanisms. (mpi-cbg.de)
While collaborating in the lab of Liam Dolan, I am exploring cell fate and cell polarity mechanisms beyond stomatal formation, using the non-vascular plant Marchantia polymorpha . (oeaw.ac.at)
The regulation of cell migration is central in pattern formation, homeostasis and disease. (europa.eu)
C. albicans hyphal growth starts with the formation of a thin cell surface protrusion called germ tube. (a-star.edu.sg)
Assessing posttranslational modifications of tubulin which serve as markers of microtubule turnover I found that microtubule stability is increased in a single neurite already before axon formation and in the axon of morphologically polarized cells. (uni-muenchen.de)
Work over the past 20 years has defined a conserved set of polarity factors that define the apical and basolateral domains of epithelial cells, but how these are related to cancer formation is currently unknown. (cam.ac.uk)
The formation of dendritic structures is proposed to follow a two-step mechanism: (1) pseudo-spherical particles are pre-nucleated through a diffusion-limited aggregation process, pre-defining the dendritic geometry, and (2) such pre-nucleated structures coalesce by incorporating conformationally restrained CRENKA molecules from the solution to their surfaces, forming a continuous dendritic structure. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
These mutations provide valuable inroads to further dissect the mechanisms of synapse formation and maintenance. (crunchtime-records.com)

Yeast cells share many features of cell polarity with other organisms, but feature fewer protein components. (wikipedia.org)
Studies may be either hypothesis-generating (unbiased discovery) or hypothesis-testing in design and may utilize in vivo, in situ or in vitro experimental paradigms, e.g., model organisms or human cell-based assays. (nih.gov)
They are required for cell division, development, and movement in all organisms from single-celled species to human beings. (cshlpress.com)
Moreover, in multicellular organisms, symmetry breaking allows the generation of cells with different fates and underpins the complex arrangement of tissues and organs achieved during embryogenesis. (cshlpress.com)
Similar structures are found in many cell types in diverse organisms, such as dendritic protrusions of neurons, root hairs and pollen tubes. (a-star.edu.sg)
When cell cultures are coinfected readily bring about regeneration of perfectly fit with retroviruses that contain genetic markers at organisms from less than perfectly fit parents (7). (cdc.gov)
We are also applying advanced microscopy, which in recent years has revolutionized the understanding of prokaryotic cells and visualized the remarkable degree of three-dimensional organization, complexity, and beauty of these deceivingly simple organisms. (lu.se)
The model organisms that we use, Gram-positive bacteria of the genus Streptomyces , provide unique possibilities to study some of these fundamental functions, and show several intriguing parallels to the corresponding processes in eukaryotic cells. (lu.se)

These cells have an apical-basal polarity defined by the apical membrane facing the outside surface of the body, or the lumen of internal cavities, and the basolateral membrane oriented away from the lumen. (wikipedia.org)
To use the proper terminology, they are organized with an apical pole and basolateral pole ('apical-basal' polarity). (pasteur.fr)
Using a 3D in vitro polarity model, scientists have demonstrated full polarity inversion in renal cells deprived of Rab35, whereby the apical domain switches places with the basolateral domain. (pasteur.fr)
These structures maintain apical Baz, accumulate apical Crumbs, and organize polarized cytoskeletons, but display abnormal cell morphology and fail to segregate the basolateral cue Discs large from the apical domain. (rupress.org)
AJs localize to the boundary between the apical and basolateral domains, and are thought to be critical landmarks for establishing epithelial polarity ( Nelson, 2003 ). (rupress.org)

Myofiber-specific ablation of IRE1α or XBP1 in mice diminishes skeletal muscle regeneration that is accompanied with reduced number of satellite cells. (elifesciences.org)
Finally, targeted ablation of IRE1α also reduces Notch signaling, abundance of satellite cells, and skeletal muscle regeneration in the mdx mice, a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. (elifesciences.org)
However, the mechanisms of muscle regeneration are not yet fully understood. (elifesciences.org)
Another area of our research relates to understanding the principles of cellular signaling that drives neural polarity during development and regeneration. (yale.edu)
and stem cell regeneration. (lu.se)

In yeast, polarity is biased to form at an inherited landmark, a patch of the protein Rsr1 in the case of budding, or a patch of Rax1 in mating projections. (wikipedia.org)
The master regulator of polarity in yeast is Cdc42, which is a member of the eukaryotic Ras-homologous Rho-family of GTPases, and a member of the super-family of small GTPases, which include Rop GTPases in plants and small GTPases in prokaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
We have reconstructed with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution the molecular networks that regulate cell polarity using an interdisciplinary strategy - combining genetics, microscopy and computational approaches - and focusing on the polarity machinery of the archetypal model organism Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast). (imperial.ac.uk)
The GTPase Cdc42 was among the original genes identified with roles in cell polarity, and interest in its cellular roles from yeast to humans remains high. (rupress.org)
This is illustrated by its role in polarized cell growth in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . (rupress.org)
Cell polarity: models and mechanisms from yeast, worms and flies. (bvsalud.org)

During gastrulation the absence of AJs results in widespread cell dissociation and depolarization. (rupress.org)
The morphogenetic movements of gastrulation rearrange the three germ layers precursors, positioning mesodermal cells between outer ectodermal and inner endodermal cells to shape the head-to-tail body axis. (nature.com)
At the beginning of Xenopus gastrulation, the presumptive anterior mesoderm cells located at the dorsal marginal zone (DMZ) roll inward at the midline of the blastopore lip in a process called involution. (nature.com)
Gastrulation movements are orchestrated by a small, heterogeneous group of cells with inductive and morphogenetic properties located in the dorsal lip of the blastopore (DBL) of the amphibian gastrula known as the Spemann-Mangold organizer or dorsal organizer. (nature.com)

In the past few years, this lab has identified a number of central components of the polarity machinery as direct substrates of the Hgc1-Cdc28 kinase, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms that control polarized morphogensis in C. albicans. (a-star.edu.sg)

Cell polarity refers to spatial differences in shape, structure, and function within a cell. (wikipedia.org)
In order to break the initial "egg shape" of the embryo, cells need to polarize in a precise and coordinated manner. (nature.com)
Cell polarity controls orientated cell division, cell shape changes, as well as cell movement. (nature.com)
Evolution of organ shape is fueled by variation in expression patterns of regulatory genes causing changes in anisotropic cell expansion and division patterns [3-5]. (jic.ac.uk)
Epithelial cells that undergo concerted movements and changes in shape become polarized first ( Müller, 2003 ). (peerj.com)
Mutations in genes with less extreme phenotypes may result in impaired cell movement and cell shape changes, hampering or preventing embryonic dorsal closure and head involution ( Rios-Barrera & Riesgo-Escovar, 2013 ). (peerj.com)
Christine Jacobs-Wagner's studies of a bacterial species have changed how scientists think about cell shape and polarity. (the-scientist.com)
Her pioneering studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying cell shape and cell polarity in Caulobacter crescentus , says Errington, "have helped change the way people think about bacteria. (the-scientist.com)
We find a previously unreported rhombile cell shape motif. (normalesup.org)
Lowering the cell-cell tension, we find that the cell shape undergoes a first order transition with a vanishing low extensile activity. (normalesup.org)

How dysregulation in these mechanisms contributes to malignant transformation and tumour heterogeneity also remains an open question in cancer research. (southampton.ac.uk)
Despite this undoubted impact, responses remain variable and their mechanisms of action and of tumour resistance are controversial. (southampton.ac.uk)
More than 80% of tumours arise from epithelial tissues and one of their hallmarks is that the tumour cells lose their apical-basal polarity. (cam.ac.uk)

While brain cells "play" one particular repertoire of the twenty thousand genes, cells in the gut use another range of genes from this master set, and so on and so forth. (hachettebookgroup.com)
chem mutations genetically interact with mutations in cytoskeletal genes ( arm ) and with mutations in the epithelial polarity genes coracle, crumbs, and yurt . (peerj.com)
In addition, we show that these alleles genetically interact with epithelial polarity genes, and have epithelial polarity defects. (peerj.com)
To understand the mechanisms underlying this, we have isolated the genes for some of the ion channels that determine the way that a neuron responds to its synaptic inputs. (yale.edu)

The resulting paradigms, component pathways, and biological processes should be disseminated with sufficient detail to enrich common and/or federated data resources (e.g., those contributing to the Gene Ontology, Synaptic Gene Ontology, FAIR Data Informatics) in order to bridge the gap between disease risk factors, biological mechanism and therapeutic target identification. (nih.gov)
Our research focuses on the mechanism of transport and its regulation by drugs and signaling pathways. (yale.edu)

Barbara Ehrlich My laboratory is interested in how cells regulate their intracellular calcium concentration. (yale.edu)

For circulating cancer cells to be able to invade tissues and settle at other sites in the body, they have to exhibit a specific polarity. (dkfz.de)
But when examined from the viewpoint of the gene and the cell, there are many paths that development can follow, along with the creation of tissues and organs that escalate in form and complexity so rapidly that, paradoxically, while trying to discern the origins of a human life, one can find oneself staring into what seems to be a pathless future. (hachettebookgroup.com)
Mechanochemical Principles of Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Cells and Tissues. (mpi-cbg.de)
Patterns are ubiquitous in living systems and underlie the dynamic organization of cells, tissues, and embryos. (mpi-cbg.de)
I aim to understand how cell fate decisions are regulated in plants to form differentiated tissues of a specific function. (oeaw.ac.at)
In epithelial tissues, the bulk of cells can also exert anisotropic stresses on top of pressure. (normalesup.org)
Plant development is characterized by a profound phenotypic plasticity that often involves redefining of the developmental fate and polar, of cells within (differentiated tissues. (boku.ac.at)

How do flat sheets of cells form gut and neural tubes? (ku.dk)
I want to talk to someone about my research proposal (basic research, neural mechanisms, or disease mechanisms). (nih.gov)

Recent technological advances are beginning to reveal many fascinating details of the intracellular signaling components that spatially direct the cytoskeleton of neutrophils and D. discoideum and the complementary mechanisms that make the cell's front distinct from its back. (illinois.edu)
While behavioral paradigms and outcome measures can be incorporated into the research design to facilitate the characterization of intracellular, transcellular, and circuit mechanisms, these are neither required nor expected. (nih.gov)

In The Dance of Life , developmental and stem-cell biologist Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz takes us to the front lines of efforts to understand the creation of a human life. (hachettebookgroup.com)
I discovered a novel polarity protein in Arabidopsis thaliana that polarizes at distinct developmental stages in stomatal precursors. (oeaw.ac.at)
So in December 1996, she joined the lab of Lucy Shapiro at Stanford University, where she spent four productive years exploring how Caulobacter coordinates its developmental program with cell-cycle progression. (the-scientist.com)

They also discovered that the location of the apical domain is dependent on a direct link between Rab35 and another apical protein, Podocalyxin, which is already known to control polarity and is involved in tumor progression. (pasteur.fr)
By revealing the role of Rab35 in polarity, they have demonstrated how this GTPase could be involved in the tumor process, explaining the oncogenic effect of Rab35 mutations recently detected in some patients. (pasteur.fr)
Indeed, loss of epithelial cell polarity is associated with tumor development and metastasis. (rupress.org)
Metastatic tumors, the dreaded "daughter tumors", form when cancer cells break away from a tumor and migrate via the lymph and the bloodstream in order to finally settle at some distant site in the body. (dkfz.de)
Some patients display high quantities of circulating tumor cells and have no or only a few metastatic sites while in others who suffer from many metastases, hardly any migrating tumor cells can be found," said Mathias Heikenw lder from the German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ) in Heidelberg. (dkfz.de)
Furthermore, the scientists also found that the number of freely circulating tumor cells exhibiting this special polarity correlates with the risk of developing metastasis, both in human tumor cell lines and in mice. (dkfz.de)
Cancer cells depart their normal microenvironment from the primary tumor site through complicated and multistep processes disseminate and colonize distant organs [ 1 ]. (intechopen.com)

Working with experts in protein chemistry, genetics, beta-lactamase biochemistry, cell wall synthesis, and medical microbiology - in Belgium, France, the United States, and Sweden - Jacobs-Wagner discovered a regulatory protein that can sense the peptidoglycans that accumulate when antibiotics disrupt cell wall synthesis, and then activate transcription of beta-lactamase, the enzyme that disarms the drugs. (the-scientist.com)

what the role of differential phosphorylation of AQP2 in regulated and constitutive recycling of AQP2, how polarity and extracellular matrix (ECM) affects the trafficking of AQP2. (massgeneral.org)

We recently used a proteomic-based screen to identify a novel mitotic complex including the membrane-associated Annexin A1 (ANXA1) protein that interacts with and regulates cortical recruitment of the LGN spindle orientation complex in mitotic mammary epithelial cells. (southampton.ac.uk)
We show that cortical stress fluctuations affect the position distribution of the cell nucleus and cell polarity [see publications 12-13 ]. (normalesup.org)

Many cell types are capable of migration, such as leukocytes and fibroblasts, and in order for these cells to move in one direction, they must have a defined front and rear. (wikipedia.org)
Here, actin polymerization in the direction of migration allows cells to extend the leading edge of the cell and to attach to the surface. (wikipedia.org)
Without this front-rear polarity, cells would be unable to coordinate directed migration. (wikipedia.org)
In view of the dynamic nature of these processes, we have chosen to utilize the migration of Primoridal Germ Cells (PGCs) in zebrafish - a model that offers unique experimental advantages for imaging and experimental manipulations. (europa.eu)
Together, this approach would provide a non-conventional understanding of cell migration by correlating structural, morphological and dynamic cellular properties with the ability of cells to effectively migrate towards their target. (europa.eu)
Studies in zebrafish demonstrated defects in cell migration, cell spreading, and primary cilia assembly in the presence of mutant OCRL1. (medscape.com)

While the biochemical details may vary, some of the core principles such as negative and/or positive feedback between different molecules are common and essential to many known polarity systems. (wikipedia.org)
This "renowned" matrix plays one of the essential roles of the physical and biomechanical properties of the dermis with this intricate network of extracellular macromolecules providing cells structural, bioactive molecules and biochemical support. (premiumbeautynews.com)

The diversity of cell morphologies arises, in part, through regulation of cell polarity by Rho-family GTPases. (duke.edu)

Almost all cell types exhibit some form of polarity, which enables them to carry out specialized functions. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to promoting polarity, Cdc42 has acquired additional functions in animal cells ( Etienne-Manneville, 2004 ). (rupress.org)
The knowledge about essential cell functions in bacteria and the experimental systems that we develop can be used to find new targets for antibiotics and to screen for molecules that can work as antibiotics. (lu.se)

Classical examples of polarized cells are described below, including epithelial cells with apical-basal polarity, neurons in which signals propagate in one direction from dendrites to axons, and migrating cells. (wikipedia.org)
The polarity of the neuron thus facilitates the directional flow of information, which is required for communication between neurons and effector cells. (wikipedia.org)
Neurons are highly polarized cells with two structurally and functionally distinct compartments, axons and dendrites. (uni-muenchen.de)
The axon of polarized neurons and a single neurite in morphologically unpolarized cells showed increased microtubule stability. (uni-muenchen.de)
Within the brain and other parts of the nervous system, synapses are key junctional points in between neurons (the nerve cells) where critical signals are transmitted. (crunchtime-records.com)
Dr. Nairn has established, together with Ken Williams, the Yale/NIDA Neuroproteomics Center, a NIDA-funded center that supports the work of investigators at Yale University and other institutions who use proteomic approaches to study the regulation of signaling mechanisms in neurons. (yale.edu)

Theoretical analyses predicted that competition would slow dramatically as GTPase concentrations at different polarity sites increase toward a 'saturation point', allowing polarity sites to coexist. (duke.edu)

They can change their character, they can differentiate from parent cells-known as stem cells-into bone, muscle, brain, and other kinds of cells. (hachettebookgroup.com)
The course aims to prepare students for work in a field that includes regenerative medicine and stem cells. (lu.se)

In particular, epithelial cell polarity is critical for the development, remodeling, and maintenance of epithelial structure. (rupress.org)
defining the role of oriented cell division in development and disease. (unm.edu)
She has spent two decades unraveling the mysteries of development, as a simple fertilized egg becomes a complex human being of forty trillion cells. (hachettebookgroup.com)
Over the past 10 years that success has played out in a handful of papers in Cell, Science, and other high-impact journals, where Jacobs-Wagner, now at Yale University, has showcased her award-winning work on bacterial physiology and development. (the-scientist.com)
A longstanding missing piece of the synapse puzzle has been an explanation for how glutamatergic synapses are assembled and maintained, leading to further questions about whether a common development mechanism or pathway, even exists for the large numbers and many types of glutamatergic synapses. (crunchtime-records.com)

For example, in metazoan cells, the PAR-3/PAR-6/aPKC complex plays a fundamental role in cell polarity. (wikipedia.org)
A poorly understood but fundamental question concerns the regulatory mechanisms by which different cells generate different numbers of polarity sites. (duke.edu)

Thus, in addition to molecules, cells use mechanical means to compete. (nature.com)

Both in culture and in mice, the manipulated cells were no longer able to attach efficiently to endothelial cells. (dkfz.de)

and the link between endocytosis, cell polarity, and cell fate specification. (boku.ac.at)

The protein encoded by this gene is a putative serine/threonine kinase that localizes to the mitotic apparatus and complexes with cell cycle controller CDC2 kinase in early mitosis. (cancerindex.org)

Not only the number of migrating cancer cells determines the risk for metastasis but also their characteristics, scientists from the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) have now reported. (dkfz.de)
Recently, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programs have become the focus of the mechanism of metastasis [ 1 , 17 - 20 ]. (intechopen.com)

J Cell Biol (2004) 167 (1): 135-147. (rupress.org)
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol , Art. (mpi-cbg.de)
J Cell Biol (2008) 183 (6): 971-974. (rupress.org)

Anatomy39

Organisms15

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs71

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Phenomena and Processes38

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Morphogenesis8

Differentiation14

Proteins23

Tissue14

Apico-basal polarity1

Establishment6

Asymmetric5

Apoptosis6

Adhesion6

Cues3

Planar cell pol4

Drosophila7

Motility3

Neuronal Polarity1

Tight junctions2

Loss of polarity1

Asymmetry2

Biology10

Dynamics5

Proliferation2

Among polarity2

Polarization9

Formation14

Organisms8

Basolateral5

Regeneration5

Yeast6

Gastrulation4

Machinery1

Shape10

Tumour3

Genes4

Pathways2

Regulate1

Tissues7

Neural2

Intracellular2

Developmental3

Tumor7

Genetics1

Extracellular matrix1

Cortical2

Migration6

Biochemical2

Regulation of cell1

Functions3

Neurons6

Coexist1

Stem2

Development5

Fundamental2

Molecules1

Endothelial cells1

Endocytosis1

Mitotic1

Metastasis2

Biol3