Mechanism phosphorylation. Medical search. Frequent questions

The mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation. (eurekamag.com)
Oxidative phosphorylation is the energy-yielding metabolic process of aerobic organisms. (microbeonline.com)
NADH (nicotinamide adenosine diphosphate hydrogen) and FADH 2 (flavin adenosine dinucleotide hydrogen), both are electron carriers and help in the generation of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. (microbeonline.com)
The mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation is based on chemiosmotic theory , which states that the difference in proton concentration between the membranes of mitochondria acts as the reservoir for the energy generated from biological oxidation reactions. (microbeonline.com)
A series of events occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, broadly classified under electron transport chain and ATP synthesis. (microbeonline.com)
Oxidative phosphorylation (UK /ɒkˈsɪd.ə.tɪv/, US /ˈɑːk.sɪˌdeɪ.tɪv/ ) or electron transport-linked phosphorylation or terminal oxidation is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing chemical energy in order to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (wikipedia.org)
Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. (wikipedia.org)
Oxidative phosphorylation uses these molecules and O2 to produce ATP, which is used throughout the cell whenever energy is needed. (wikipedia.org)
During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from the electron donors to a series of electron acceptors in a series of redox reactions ending in oxygen, whose reaction releases half of the total energy. (wikipedia.org)
Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging and senescence. (wikipedia.org)
Oxidative phosphorylation works by using energy-releasing chemical reactions to drive energy-requiring reactions. (wikipedia.org)
The amount of energy released by oxidative phosphorylation is high, compared with the amount produced by anaerobic fermentation. (wikipedia.org)
Glycolysis produces only 2 ATP molecules, but somewhere between 30 and 36 ATPs are produced by the oxidative phosphorylation of the 10 NADH and 2 succinate molecules made by converting one molecule of glucose to carbon dioxide and water, while each cycle of beta oxidation of a fatty acid yields about 14 ATPs. (wikipedia.org)
Gilkerson, R. W., Selker, J. M. L. & Capaldi, R. A. The cristal membrane of mitochondria is the principal site of oxidative phosphorylation. (nature.com)
However, the underlying mechanism of the oxidative stress on TM is as yet unclear. (molvis.org)
Increased GSIS after PPM1E silencing was associated with decreased oxidative stress, elevated cytosolic Ca 2+ levels and ATP to ADP ratio, increased hyperpo-larization of the inner mitochondrial membrane, and phosphorylation of CaMKII, AMPK, and acetyl-CoA car-boxylase. (lu.se)
Cyanides and hydrogen sulfides both enter mitochondria, where they inactivate cytochrome oxidase, an enzyme needed for oxidative phosphorylation (cellular respiration). (msdmanuals.com)
Suppression of oxidative phosphorylation leads to cellular anoxia, with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, inability to extract oxygen from blood delivered to tissues, and lactic acidosis resulting from the body's attempts to generate energy nonoxidatively. (msdmanuals.com)

Mechanism of insulin receptor kinase inhibition in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. (jci.org)
The tyrosine kinase activity of insulin receptor isolated from the skeletal muscle of NIDDM patients has previously been found to be decreased compared with the activity of receptor from nondiabetic subjects but the mechanism underlying this defect is unknown. (jci.org)
Phosphorylation of receptor serine/threonine residues has been proposed to exert an inhibitory influence on receptor tyrosine kinase activity and Ser 1327 and Thr 1348 have been identified as specific sites of phosphorylation in the insulin receptor COOH terminal domain. (jci.org)
Moreover, within each group there was no correlation between the level of tyrosine kinase activity and the extent of serine/threonine phosphorylation. (jci.org)
It is concluded that the stoichiometry of serine/threonine phosphorylation of insulin receptor in vivo is low, and that increased phosphorylation of Ser 1327 or Thr 1348 is not responsible for the decreased insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity observed in the skeletal muscle of NIDDM patients. (jci.org)
Control of beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation by a dual-kinase mechanism. (bioseek.eu)
beta-catenin degradation is initiated upon amino-terminal serine/threonine phosphorylation, which is believed to be performed by glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) in complex with tumor suppressor proteins Axin and adnomatous polyposis coli (APC). (bioseek.eu)
Here we describe another Axin-associated kinase, whose phosphorylation of beta-catenin precedes and is required for subsequent GSK-3 phosphorylation of beta-catenin. (bioseek.eu)
This has led to the development of a range of ERK1/2 inhibitors (ERKi) that either inhibit kinase catalytic activity (catERKi) or additionally prevent the activating pT-E-pY dual phosphorylation of ERK1/2 by MEK1/2 (dual-mechanism or dmERKi). (babraham.ac.uk)
Glutamate inputs activate Cdk5, which inhibits postsynaptic dopamine D1 receptor (D1R)-mediated signaling by phosphorylating DARPP-32 at Thr75 (Thr75-DARPP-32) in the striatum, since DARPP-32 with Thr75 phosphorylation (DARPP-32-pThr75) functions as an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA). (frontiersin.org)
One of the regulatory mechanisms that modulate the Cdk5 kinase activity is phosphorylation of conserved residues ( Dhavan and Tsai, 2001 ). (frontiersin.org)
A prominent example for the decisive impact of lipid rafts on signaling is LRP6, whose localization to the same lipid rafts domain as the kinase CK1γ is crucial for its successful phosphorylation and the subsequent activation of the signalosome, hence WNT/β-catenin signaling. (frontiersin.org)
Comment: Mechanism: Competition for thymidine kinase for conversion to active form. (medscape.com)
For instance, it can be activated by oncogenic mutations of PTEN, VHL, the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. (spandidos-publications.com)
Testis-specific serine kinase 3 (Tssk3) is a conserved gene, but TSSK3 kinase functions and phosphorylation substrates of TSSK3 are not known. (cdc.gov)

Mechanism of SNARE protein binding and regulation of Cav2 channels by phosphorylation of the synaptic protein interaction site. (bvsalud.org)
In addition the regulation of these receptors by phosphorylation and the consequences this may have for Ca2+ signaling are also being studied. (rochester.edu)
Regulation of protein phosphorylation in β-cells has been extensively investigated, but less is known about protein dephosphorylation. (lu.se)
The regulation of HIF-1α occurs at the posttranslational level involving modifications of hydroxylation, acetylation and phosphorylation ( 3 - 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Given the functional relation between KIT and the transcription factor MITF, we are investigating the molecular mechanisms behind the KIT-mediated regulation of MITF. (lu.se)
In this dissertation thesis, I describe and elucidate intracellular signalling mechanisms that are involved in regulation of spontaneous and Fas-induced apoptosis in human neutrophils. (lu.se)

Phosphorylation plays a very important role in regulating protein function and transmitting various signals throughout the human body cell. (vedantu.com)
It has been observed at some point in time, one-third of the protein present in the human proteome are substrates of phosphorylation. (vedantu.com)
From the above reactions, it is evident that phosphorylation is predominant in the post-translational modification that regulates protein functions in the body. (vedantu.com)
Here we show that methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) phosphorylation at Ser421 (pMeCP2) is essential for the sustained, but not the rapid, antidepressant effects of ketamine and scopolamine in mice. (nature.com)
Furthermore, all the PICs increased cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation in superficial dorsal horn neurons and produced heat hyperalgesia after spinal injection. (jneurosci.org)
The subcellular localization and function of this protein are modulated by post-translational modifications, including sumoylation, phosphorylation and polyubiquitination. (wikipedia.org)
The observation that anesthesia did not induce global hyperphosphorylation of brain proteins, but instead specific hyperphosphorylation of tau protein at the AD-related abnormal hyperphosphorylation sites suggests that tau hyperphosphorylation might be the mechanism that links anesthesia and the risk of cognitive impairment and/or AD. (sciencedaily.com)
Thus, protein de-phosphorylation via PPM1E abrogates GSIS. (lu.se)
The chemotaxis system in prokaryotes is composed of membrane-embedded receptor proteins that, upon signal reception, trigger a cascade resulting in the phosphorylation of a protein termed CheY. (esrf.fr)
The phosphorylation of CheY leads to small conformational changes within the protein that increase its affinity towards a switch complex on the cytoplasmic face of the flagellum. (esrf.fr)
In parallel, the roles of protein phosphorylation and cell signaling in eliciting neuroinflammation are evolving. (cdc.gov)
Further, this review recapitulates the recent advancement related to the characterization of the molecular mechanisms comprising protein phosphorylation and cell signaling, culminating in neuroinflammation. (cdc.gov)
The results in this dissertation also demonstrate that the protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A) can directly and independently decrease the phosphorylation levels of both p38 and caspase 3. (lu.se)

Indeed, we found that rapsyn associated with CD4-β loop chimeras in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, and that agrin increased the ratio of rapsyn binding to wild type AChR but not to AChR-β 3F/3F , which lacks β loop tyrosine phosphorylation sites. (jneurosci.org)

The mechanisms of cellular energy sensing and AMPK-mediated mTORC1 inhibition are not fully delineated. (medscape.com)
Comment: Mechanism: inhibition of phosphorylation process. (medscape.com)
The activation of signaling molecules has biological significance, including the promotion or inhibition of disease mechanisms. (cdc.gov)

The molecular mechanisms underlying the maintenance of these antidepressant effects are unknown. (nature.com)
These adaptive molecular and structural mechanisms increase respiration to maintain basic processes specific to cell types and tissues. (nature.com)
This study helps elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these associations. (sciencedaily.com)
Further work is now needed to investigate the exact molecular mechanisms behind the activation of p63. (elifesciences.org)
However, insights into the molecular details of CheY-P binding to the archaellum and the mechanism of how rotational switching is achieved in the archaellum were still critically lacking. (esrf.fr)
Molecular mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation elicited by occupational injuries and toxicants. (cdc.gov)
Neutrophil apoptosis can be modulated by several factors in the local environment, such as the Fas ligand (FasL), but the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. (lu.se)

The sequence contains a conserved tyrosine (Y390) whose phosphorylation is induced by agrin and whose mutation abolished clustering of β loop chimeras and their ability to inhibit agrin-induced clustering of the endogenous AChR. (jneurosci.org)

The phosphorylation of MLC primarily regulates the force production and maintenance in the smooth muscle [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Our results support a bipartite model for the synprint site in which each SNARE -binding microdomain is controlled by a separate PKC and CaMKII phosphorylation site that regulates channel modulation by SNARE proteins . (bvsalud.org)
The mechanism by which MuSK signaling regulates the interaction of the AChR with scaffolding proteins that localize it in the postsynaptic membrane, however, remain unknown. (jneurosci.org)
Here, we show that in the mouse striatum, dopamine receptor stimulation negatively regulates phosphorylation of Tyr15-Cdk5 most likely through a D2R-mediated mechanism. (frontiersin.org)
These findings have important implications for understanding the mechanisms by which the Cdk5/DAPP-32-Thr75 signaling regulates the striatal functions. (frontiersin.org)

The aberrant cell-cycle progression of HIV-1-infected kidney cells plays a major role in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated nephropathy, however the mechanisms whereby HIV-1 induces infected glomerular podocytes or infected tubular epithelium to exit quiescence are largely unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
HIV-1 expression induces cyclin D 1 and phospho-pRb (Ser780) expression in infected podocytes, suggesting that HIV-1 activates cyclin D1-dependent cell-cycle mechanisms to promote proliferation of infected renal epithelium. (biomedcentral.com)
Scientists report that anesthesia induces phosphorylation of tau. (sciencedaily.com)
Scientists from The New York State Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities' (OMRDD) New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities (IBR) report in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease that anesthesia induces phosphorylation of tau. (sciencedaily.com)

The phosphorylation reaction that takes place in the cell is reversible in nature where catalysts such as kinases are used for the addition of the phosphoryl group and phosphatases catalyzes the removal of the phosphoryl group. (vedantu.com)
Reversible phosphorylation is an important regulatory mechanism. (lu.se)

To analyze whether and how the quantitative ratio between receptor and rafts affects LRP6 phosphorylation and WNT/β-catenin pathway activation, we present a computational modeling study, that for the first time employs realistic raft numbers in a compartment-based pathway model. (frontiersin.org)
Our simulation experiments indicate, that for receptor/raft ratios smaller than 1, i.e., when the number of raft compartments clearly exceeds the number of pathway specific membrane proteins, we observe significant decrease in LRP6 phosphorylation and downstream pathway activity. (frontiersin.org)
Our results suggest that pathway specific targeting and sorting mechanism are required to significantly narrow down the receptor/raft ratio and to enable the formation of the LRP6 signalosome, hence signaling. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we apply computational modeling to analyze whether and how the quantitative ratio between receptor and rafts affects LRP6 phosphorylation and WNT/β-catenin pathway activation. (frontiersin.org)
Although much has been known about the TGF-β signaling pathway since the discovery of Smads 15 years ago, remarkable progress has been made in revealing details of different regulatory mechanisms that afford a full range of control of the biological functions of these factors in the TGF-β family. (biomedcentral.com)

Here we identify two separate microdomains that each bind syntaxin 1A and SNAP-25 in vitro and are regulated by PKC phosphorylation at serines 774 and 898 and CaMKII phosphorylation at serines 784 and 896. (bvsalud.org)

To address the potential negative regulatory role of phosphorylation of these residues in vivo, we assessed the extent of phosphorylation of each site in insulin receptor isolated from the skeletal muscle of 12 NIDDM patients and 13 nondiabetic, control subjects. (jci.org)
In vitro and in vivo studies showed fruquintinib inhibited VEGF-induced VEGFR-2 phosphorylation. (centerwatch.com)

The compounds can inhibit ERK phosphorylation at higher concentrations by engaging a feedback mechanism. (rcsb.org)

Electron transport chain (ETC) and its mechanism. (amrita.edu)

RIPK1 mediates between AMPK and TSC2 and causes TSC2 phosphorylation at Ser1387. (medscape.com)

Factor B produces several-fold stimulation of ATP-driven Nad reduction, and of net phosphorylation coupled to Nadh or succinate oxidation in ammonia particles. (eurekamag.com)
Other than this, phosphorylation helps in conserving much of the energy in food by the process of oxidation and makes it available to the cell. (vedantu.com)

Depletion of CKIalpha inhibits beta-catenin phosphorylation and degradation and causes abnormal embryogenesis associated with excessive Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. (bioseek.eu)

However, phosphorylation of the FK linker appears to be an important regulatory determinant of FKBP52-mediated potentiation of steroid receptor activity. (unboundmedicine.com)
The level of myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation is an important determinant of smooth muscle contraction. (hindawi.com)

Precisely the process of glycolysis is carried out in ten steps and phosphorylation plays a major part in attaining the main end product. (vedantu.com)
Phosphorylation initiates the first step of the preparatory stage, that is, half glycolysis and the last step of the payoff phase , that is, second glycolysis. (vedantu.com)
Now when the phosphorylation of glucose happens in the first stage of glycolysis, glucose gets converted into glucose-6-phosphate which is relatively a bigger molecule than glucose. (vedantu.com)
In the third phase of glycolysis, phosphorylation takes place and it converts fructose-6-phosphate into fructose-6- bisphosphate. (vedantu.com)

Innate or acquired resistance to small molecule BRAF or MEK1/2 inhibitors (BRAFi or MEKi) typically arises through mechanisms that sustain or reinstate ERK1/2 activation. (babraham.ac.uk)
These resistance mechanisms frequently involve reinstatement of ERK1/2 signalling and BRAFi are now deployed in combination with one of three approved MEK1/2 inhibitors (MEKi) to provide more durable, but still transient, clinical responses. (babraham.ac.uk)

Surprisingly, soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) produced initial decrease of sEPSCs, followed by increase of sEPSCs and CREB phosphorylation. (jneurosci.org)

In comparison to the two general alternative mechanisms utilized by known transforming viruses to promote cell-cycle progression, namely, by activating or bypassing endogenous D-type cyclins (herein, referred to as "cyclin D"), it has not been established whether HIV-1 gene products trigger either cyclin D-dependent or cyclin D-independent proliferation in non-lymphoid tissues [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Mutations and gene amplifications that confer drug resistance emerge frequently during chemotherapy, but their mechanism and timing are poorly understood. (babraham.ac.uk)

Phosphorylation of Ser 1327 and Thr 1348 was determined using antibodies that specifically recognize insulin receptor phosphorylated at these sites. (jci.org)
At an intermediate level, amino acids and insulin stimulate the phosphorylation of Thr36, Thr45, and Thr69 via mTOR-dependent processes that function independently of other sites in PHAS-I. At the third level, the extent of phosphorylation of one site modulates the phosphorylation of another. (umn.edu)

The ATP synthase uses the energy to transform adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into adenosine triphosphate, in a phosphorylation reaction. (wikipedia.org)

Chimeric Ca(V)2.1a channels containing the synprint site of Ca(v)2.2 gain modulation by syntaxin 1A , which is blocked by PKC phosphorylation at the sites identified above. (bvsalud.org)
Here, we define a phosphorylation-dependent binding site on the receptor that mediates agrin-induced clustering. (jneurosci.org)
Indeed, we have shown previously that mutation of a tyrosine phosphorylation site in the long cytoplasmic loop of the β subunit impairs agrin-induced cytoskeletal anchoring and aggregation of mutant AChR in muscle cells ( Borges and Ferns, 2001 ). (jneurosci.org)
Interestingly, the C-terminal carboxyl-moiety of CheF reaches into the phosphorylation site of CheY and therefore might be directly involved in the dephosphorylation of CheY-P. Rapid dephosphorylation of CheY-P is essential to ensure a fast response and avoid having the rotary motor locked in one rotational direction. (esrf.fr)
Right: Close-up of the interaction interface between CheF and CheY-P showing that the C-terminus of CheF reaches into the phosphorylation site at CheY. (esrf.fr)

Phosphorylation of Thr45 or Ser64 results in the most dramatic decreases in eIF4E binding in vitro. (umn.edu)
However, each of the sites influences mRNA translation, either directly by modulating the binding affinity of PHAS-I and eIF4E or indirectly by affecting the phosphorylation of other sites. (umn.edu)

Phosphorylation occurs at the end chain of three amino acids, tyrosine and threonine. (vedantu.com)

Together, these findings suggest that agrin-induced phosphorylation of the β subunit motif increases the stoichiometry of rapsyn binding to the AChR, thereby helping to stably cluster the receptor and anchor it at high density in the postsynaptic membrane. (jneurosci.org)

The data suggest a scavenging mechanism of metronidazole on reactive oxygen species generated by PMN. (who.int)

Categorize Biological Membranes And Various Mechanisms Of Transport Of Molecules Through Membranes. (uaeu.ac.ae)
Although MORs have been related to neuroinflammation their biological mechanism remains unclear. (researchgate.net)

The researchers found that in test animals, anesthesia for short periods (30 seconds to 5 minutes) induced tau phosphorylation at some selective phosphorylation sites to a small but significant extent. (sciencedaily.com)

However, the exact mechanism of action for H3pT11 is poorly understood. (nih.gov)
however, the mechanism for this increased permeability is poorly defined. (nih.gov)

Out of all the post-translational modification of proteins that happen, phosphorylation is the most important and is found almost everywhere. (vedantu.com)
Of all the proteins that are available in the cell cytosol, 10% of them undergo phosphorylation. (vedantu.com)
Phosphorylation reaction is one of the most widespread reactions that happen in human cells to phosphorylate the proteins that are present in the human proteome. (vedantu.com)
Control of the translational repressor, PHAS-I, was investigated by expressing proteins with Ser/Thr → Ala mutations in the five (S/T)P phosphorylation sites. (umn.edu)
By a broad mass spectrometry based approach on whole cells we are in the process of identifying additional such proteins and their phosphorylation status. (lu.se)

We here report that Cdk5 with Tyr15 phosphorylation (Cdk5-pTyr15) is enriched in the mouse striatum, where dopaminergic stimulation inhibited phosphorylation of Tyr15-Cdk5 by acting through the D2 class dopamine receptors. (frontiersin.org)

Our data suggested that celastrol is an effective inhibitor of HIF-1 and provide new perspectives into the mechanism of its anticancer activity. (spandidos-publications.com)

Fig. 4: Post-translational mechanisms governing respiratory control and the role of mitochondrial membrane dynamics. (nature.com)

In this reaction, ATP has the main function as it works as a phosphoryl donor or the phosphorylation reaction and acts as a reagent for hydrolysis of phosphoryl group in the dephosphorylation reaction. (vedantu.com)

Significance Recent research has shown that intracellular proteinaceous condensates (membraneless organelles [MLOs]) are involved in various processes, ranging from Alzheimer's disease to RNA processing, and here we demonstrate that this phenomenon governs a mechanism of anhydrobiosis. (researchgate.net)

Fig. 6: Pirenzepine upregulates MeCP2 phosphorylation and increases release probability. (nature.com)

It is suggested that the phosphorylation of MLC catalyzed by Ca 2+ -calmodulin- (CAM-) dependent MLCK and dephosphorylation catalyzed by MLCP help regulate the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle [ 8 , 9 ]. (hindawi.com)

A small molecule that can easily get into cells, arsenic can cause cell injury and death by multiple mechanisms. (cdc.gov)
Research in this laboratory focuses on gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms which underlie these signaling patterns with a primary goal of relating this knowledge to the physiology and pathophysiology of exocrine cells. (rochester.edu)
This type of swelling may provide cells with a mechanism for destroying mitochondrial substance. (rupress.org)
Germ cells - from which egg cells and sperm cells develop - are particularly vulnerable as they contain sensitive quality control mechanisms that kill any cell that contain damaged DNA. (elifesciences.org)

This transport mechanism is phosphorylation dependent. (wikipedia.org)

Another mechanism involves substitution of As (V) for phosphorus in many biochemical reactions. (cdc.gov)

Consequently, PP2A can increase the activity of caspase 3 by dual mechanisms and thereby promote the apoptotic response in human neutrophils. (lu.se)

Thus, p120 promotes A431 cell invasion in a phosphorylation-independent manner. (gla.ac.uk)
Yet, the mechanisms are largely unknown whereby HIV-1 subverts the cell-cycle controls that normally maintain renal epithelial in G 0 . (biomedcentral.com)
Further study on the mechanisms of p38MAPK in human TM cell apoptosis may help to illuminate the pathogenesis of POAG. (molvis.org)

This control is represented by Ser64 phosphorylation, which depends on the phosphorylation of all three TP sites. (umn.edu)
Anesthesia for a longer time (1 hour) induced much more dramatic phosphorylation at the same sites, possibly as a result of anesthesia-induced hypothermia. (sciencedaily.com)

In addition, a phosphotyrosine-specific antibody was used to monitor receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. (jci.org)

In other words, phosphorylation meaning in chemistry is depicted as an organic process that involves the addition of a phosphorous group with an organic compound. (vedantu.com)
Another mechanism for exogenous Daxx import involves CRM1. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy25

Organisms9

Chemicals and Drugs159

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment14

Phenomena and Processes45

Information Science3

Oxidative18

Kinase15

Regulation6

Protein13

Tyrosine phosphorylation sites1

Inhibition3

Molecular7

Whose phosphorylation1

Regulates5

Induces4

Reversible2

Pathway5

CaMKII1

Vivo2

Inhibit1

Electron1

AMPK1

Oxidation2

Inhibits1

Determinant2

Glycolysis4

ERK12

Decrease1

Endogenous1

Timing are poorly understood1

Insulin2

Adenosine diphosphate1

Site5

EIF4E2

Amino acids1

Stoichiometry1

Reactive oxygen1

Biological2

Extent1

Poorly2

Proteins5

Stimulation1

Anticancer1

Membrane1

Reaction1

Intracellular1

Increases1

Regulate1

Cells4

Dependent1

Reactions1

Activity1

Cell3

Sites2

Receptor1

Involves2