• however, tumors can originate from any cell of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation system and, therefore, produce several intestinal hormones. (medscape.com)
  • 1,2,3] They originate in amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) cells of the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system and in adrenal or extra-adrenal neurogenic sites. (medscape.com)
  • The detailed study of neuroendocrine cells by Pearse ( 3 , 4 ) led to the development of the concept of amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • In 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) applied the term carcinoid to all tumors of the diffuse endocrine system (synonymous with amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation [APUD] and neuroendocrine cell system). (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors and related syndromes may be a part of multiple endocrine neoplasia . (medscape.com)
  • 8] Approximately 5% of VIPomas are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1 syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Neoplasms of glomus cells are known as paraganglioma, among other names, they are generally non-malignant. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cells and neoplasms of the neuroendocrine and paracrine systems make up the DNS. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The principal cells and neoplasms that form the DNS are listed in Table 11.1 . (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms . (lookformedical.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors arise from neuroendocrine cells, which are widespread in the human body, especially in the organs derived from the primitive intestine (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoids do not produce the malignant carcinoid syndrome until they are no longer confined to the small bowel or mesentery, perhaps because the liver breaks down the secretory products of tumors restricted to those locations. (medscape.com)
  • The current neuroendocrine classification of cells and tumors uses immunohistochemical (IHC), ultrastructural, and molecular biologic features to define members of the DNS ( 6 , 7 and 8 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The name was chosen to separate these tumors from ordinary malignancies (carcinomas), but by the 1950s, the fact that carcinoids could be malignant was obvious, thanks to Erspamer and Asero (1952), who identified serotonin production by carcinoid tumors. (medscape.com)
  • In 1914, Gosset and Masson demonstrated that carcinoid tumors might arise from enterochromaffin cells (Kulchitsky cell) within glands of Lieberkühn using silver impregnation techniques. (medscape.com)
  • In 1928, Masson established characterization of carcinoids as argentaffin cell tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA). (lookformedical.com)
  • It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (lookformedical.com)
  • Malignant carcinoid syndrome occurs in fewer than 10% of patients with a carcinoid tumor. (medscape.com)
  • The steroid-producing endocrine cells of the adrenal cortex, ovary, and testis, as well as the thyroid hormone-producing follicular cells in the thyroid gland, do not form part of the DNS. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Glomus type I cells are peripheral chemoreceptors which sense the oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH levels of the blood. (wikipedia.org)
  • The DNS consists of a wide variety of cells that are present in the central and peripheral nervous system and in many classic endocrine organs ( Table 11.1 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Feyrter ( 2 ) considered the clear cells of the gastrointestinal tract to be peripheral endocrine or paracrine cells. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The production of somatostatin by the pancreatic islets, which regulates insulin and glucagon production in neighboring islet cells, is an example of paracrine regulation. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Glomus type I cells are embryonically derived from the neural crest. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neural crest cells are precursors of APUDoma and neurogenic cells. (medscape.com)
  • Although the APUD concept provided a unifying theory for explaining some endocrine diseases and ectopic hormone productions, the hypothesis that the cells were all of neural crest origin, as postulated by Pearse, was later disproved by the experiments of LeDouarin ( 5 ) and others. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Glomus cells are the cell type mainly located in the carotid bodies and aortic bodies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glomus type II cells are sustentacular cells having a similar supportive function to glial cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glomus type I cells are chemoreceptors which monitor arterial blood for the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and pH. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glomus type I cells are secretory sensory neurons that release neurotransmitters in response to hypoxemia (low pO2), hypercapnia (high pCO2) or acidosis (low pH). (wikipedia.org)
  • The glomus type I cells of the carotid body are innervated by the sensory neurons found in the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • Centrally the axons of neurons which innervate glomus type I cells synapse in the caudal portion of the solitary nucleus in the medulla. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glomus type II cells are not innervated. (wikipedia.org)
  • Approximately 60-80% of VIPomas are malignant and have metastasized at the time of diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • Paracrine regulation refers to the production of amines and hormones by cells that exert a local effect on the target cells by diffusion through the extracellular space. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • These cells share the ability to produce many biologically active amines, peptides, and other substances. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Nodules are composed of irregularly large cells and sparse colloid. (teknon.es)
  • The glomus cells have a high metabolic rate and good blood perfusion and thus are sensitive to changes in arterial blood gas tension. (wikipedia.org)
  • High risk of acute pulmonary toxicity with both myeloablative and non-myeloablative total body irradiation-based conditioning for allogeneic stem cell transplantation. (dukecancerinstitute.org)
  • List of distinct cell types in the adult human body Lahiri S, Semenza G, Prabhakar NR, eds. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pancreatic non-beta-cell hyperplasia is rare but has been reported in children. (medscape.com)
  • Vasopressin has been found to inhibit the response of glomus cells to hypoxia, presumably because the usual response to hypoxia is vasodilation, which in case of hypovolemia should be avoided. (wikipedia.org)
  • An apudoma is any endocrine tumor that arises from an APUD cell (APUD, meaning amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation) properties. (illnessopedia.org)
  • Gastrinoma (PanNETs) arise from the endocrine pancreas Pancreas The pancreas lies mostly posterior to the stomach and extends across the posterior abdominal wall from the duodenum on the right to the spleen on the left. (lecturio.com)
  • These cells were originally described by Pearse in the 1960s, to arise from the neural crest. (statpearls.com)
  • These neoplasias are often benign but can be malignant. (bvsalud.org)
  • 2. Malignant acanthosis nigricans--a para-endocrine syndrome? (nih.gov)
  • These cells, which are derived from neural crest cells, are from structures such as the prostate, pancreas and ampulla of Vater. (illnessopedia.org)
  • Measurement of these granules in the blood is used to determine the degree of differentiation of NETs, such as only chromogranins and synaptophysin are present in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas, while chromogranin, synaptophysin, and CD56 (neural cell adhesion molecule) are present in the lung NETs. (statpearls.com)
  • Furthermore, neuroendocrine cells typically have neurosecretory granules. (statpearls.com)
  • This organ has both exocrine and endocrine tissue. (lecturio.com)
  • Glomus type I cells are secretory sensory neurons that release neurotransmitters in response to hypoxemia (low pO2), hypercapnia (high pCO2) or acidosis (low pH). (wikipedia.org)
  • Secretory responses of intact glomus cells in thin slices of rat carotid body to hypoxia and tetraethylammonium" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
  • [2] This was then disproven by the concept of the origin of APUD cells from multipotent stem cells before being implanted in different body organs, hence the diffuse endocrine system. (statpearls.com)
  • They are classified by the endocrine glands involved and the degree of aggressiveness. (bvsalud.org)
  • The autotransplantation of glomus cells of the carotid body into the striatum - a nucleus in the forebrain, has been investigated as a cell-based therapy for people with Parkinson's disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • List of distinct cell types in the adult human body Lahiri S, Semenza G, Prabhakar NR, eds. (wikipedia.org)
  • disruptive ProstateProstate case is to instead all cells as the body. (reconcile-int.org)
  • The glomus cells have a high metabolic rate and good blood perfusion and thus are sensitive to changes in arterial blood gas tension. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anemia is the disorder that results in having lesser red blood cells than normal, which are needed to function properly. (illnessopedia.org)
  • platelets, white blood cells and red blood cells. (illnessopedia.org)
  • 8. [A case of long surviving gastric cancer with an malignant acanthosis nigricans]. (nih.gov)
  • 12. Malignant acanthosis nigricans and tripe palms in a patient with endometrial adenocarcinoma--a case report and review of literature. (nih.gov)
  • Vasopressin has been found to inhibit the response of glomus cells to hypoxia, presumably because the usual response to hypoxia is vasodilation, which in case of hypovolemia should be avoided. (wikipedia.org)
  • Well-differentiated NETs are composed of small cells organized in islets, gyriform, and trabeculae, with finely granular cytoplasm, commonly referred to as "salt and pepper" chromatin pattern. (statpearls.com)