Localization cell polarity. Medical search. Frequent questions

It is not known whether the proteins that affect cell polarity also affect cell fate and how membrane polarity information may be transmitted to the nucleus. (bath.ac.uk)
183:1129-1143) provide new insights into how Cdc42 and Par proteins work together to modulate cell adhesion and polarity during embryonic morphogenesis by regulating the traffic of key cell junction proteins. (rupress.org)
In its GTP-bound form, Cdc42 binds several effectors that help direct polarized cell growth: repolarizing actin and microtubules, directing polarized exocytosis via this reoriented cytoskeleton and by direct contact with exocytic machinery, and recruiting proteins such as septins that form a boundary restricting the region of cell growth. (rupress.org)
Par proteins, like Cdc42, play conserved roles in cell polarity in many contexts, from early embryos to epithelial apical-basal polarity ( Goldstein and Macara, 2007 ). (rupress.org)
In addition to the PAR proteins, other proteins are required for polarity in many metazoans. (biologists.com)
In metazoans, cell polarity is mediated in part by a conserved set of regulatory proteins, known collectively as the PAR (partitioning-defective) proteins. (biologists.com)
Similar to the PCP pathway, Disheveled proteins localize asymmetrically on the cell cortex before divisions, while, similar to the canonical Wnt pathway, b-catenin nuclear localization is regulated by the pathway. (irbbarcelona.org)
Membrane-spanning proteins often function as receptors involved in recognition and cell adhesion, whereas nuclear proteins frequently play a role in regulating gene expression and transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
But it is becoming increasingly clear that protein subcellular localization can be extremely dynamic, allowing key proteins to play different roles in different compartments. (biomedcentral.com)
During this highly polarized growth, micro-tubules are responsible for the placement of the cell-end marker proteins, the Teal-Tea4/Wsh3 complex, which recruits the Pom1 DYRK-family protein kinase. (escholarship.org)
The cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic network of filamentous proteins that enables the active transport of cellular cargo, transduces force, and when assembled into higher-order structures, forms the basis for motile cellular structures that promote cell movement. (mechanobio.info)
Interestingly, the organization of a cell, and its various regions, do play a role in directing the recruitment of proteins to a given site. (mechanobio.info)
Post-translational modification by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) is an essential cellular regulatory mechanism, allowing rapid and reversible control of a target protein's function by altering its half-life, sub-cellular localization, enzymatic activity, protein-protein interactions, or other properties. (enzolifesciences.com)
The Ubl SUMO regulates a growing number of recognized proteins involved in the cell cycle, DNA repair, the stress response, nuclear transport, transcription, and signal transduction. (enzolifesciences.com)
Polarity influences embryonic development and tissue homeostasis in many ways, including the regulation and partitioning of cytoplasmic determinants, the positioning of organelles including nuclei, cilia, hairs and cell processes, the arrangement of the cytoskeleton and the regulation of both intracellular and extracellular trafficking of proteins. (silverchair.com)
This manuscript characterizes the localization and function of two proteins promoting division asymmetry in developing stomata of the grass Brachypodium distachyon. (sciety.org)
The authors demonstrate that the opposing polarity domains of these proteins are linked to cell division orientation. (sciety.org)
While both proteins have been studied previously in other systems, there was no prior evidence of cooperative functions in a single cell type, as shown here. (sciety.org)
We observed localization of Bbs and Ift proteins to filamentous action as well as microtubules. (elsevierpure.com)
During early oogenesis, one of the 16 germline cells is selected to become the oocyte and the other 15 cells develop as nurse cells, providing the oocyte with mRNAs and proteins essential for its growth and patterning (for a review, see Riechmann and Ephrussi, 2001 ). (silverchair.com)
Par4, a homologue of human LKB1, has been found to control Caenorhabditis elegans embryonic polarity by regulating activities of anillin family scaffold proteins [ 8 ],[ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The primary barriers for invading respiratory pathogens are the respiratory tract epithelial cells and antimicrobial proteins generated by these cells. (cdc.gov)

loss of epithelial cell polarity by Lgl2 overexpression changes the position of the cells and is permissive for a change in cell fate. (bath.ac.uk)
In this study, we tried to prove that loss of LKB1 disrupts breast epithelial cell polarity and causes tumor metastasis and invasion. (biomedcentral.com)
Finally, the non-transformed human breast cell line MCF-10A was cultured in three dimensions to further reveal the role of LKB1 in breast epithelial cell polarity maintenance. (biomedcentral.com)

Involved in protein localization to plasma membrane. (nih.gov)

Apicobasal polarity is critical to the specialized functions of these epithelia. (hindawi.com)
Here we review evidence showing that apicobasal polarity regulates the inflammatory response: various polarized epithelia asymmetrically secrete chemotactic mediators and polarize adhesion receptors that dictate the route of leukocyte migration within the parenchyma. (hindawi.com)
We also discuss recent findings showing that the loss of apicobasal polarity increases leukocyte adhesion to epithelial cells and the consequences that this could have for the inflammatory response towards damaged, infected or transformed epithelial cells. (hindawi.com)
Using mosaic analysis and RNAi in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, we show that Dystroglycan is required cell-autonomously for cellular polarity in two different cell types, the epithelial cells (apicobasal polarity) and the oocyte (anteroposterior polarity). (lu.se)

Mouse naive embryonic stem cells have recently been shown to give rise to embryonic and extra-embryonic stem cells capable of self-assembling into post-gastrulation structured stem-cell-based embryo models with spatially organized morphogenesis (called SEMs) 3 . (nature.com)
Much of this process relies on the morphogenesis of the extra-embryonic tissues and the effect this has on the organization of embryonic cells. (nature.com)
These results suggest a critical role for erbin in regulating dendritic morphogenesis by maintaining appropriate localization of δ-catenin. (jneurosci.org)
During morphogenesis, orientation of polarity is coordinated among cells in a tissue. (irbbarcelona.org)
The property of `cell polarity' is fundamental to the differentiation, proliferation and morphogenesis of multicellular organisms, and abnormal cell polarity is a feature of cancer cells. (silverchair.com)

Disrupting Pins polarity via overexpression of a myristoylated version of Pins caused randomized division angles. (elifesciences.org)
STK11 is a tumor suppressor gene, in that its overexpression can induce a growth arrest of a cell at the G1 phase of the cell cycle and that somatic inactivation of the unaffected allele of STK11 is often observed in polyps and cancers from patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. (medscape.com)
Loss of Dystroglycan function in follicle and disc epithelia results in expansion of apical markers to the basal side of cells and overexpression results in a reduced apical localization of these same markers. (lu.se)
Vice versa, p114RhoGEF overexpression increases Myosin II junctional localization and its planar polarity there. (biologists.com)
In vitro analysis revealed that loss of LKB1 expression enhanced migration, invasion and the acquisition of mesenchymal phenotype, while LKB1 overexpression in MDA-MB-435 s cells, which have a low basal level of LKB1 expression, promoted the acquisition of epithelial phenotype. (biomedcentral.com)

Cilia are microtubule -based structures that either transmit information into the cell or move fluid outside of the cell. (xenbase.org)
Planar cell polarity enables posterior localization of nodal cilia and left-right axis determination during mouse and Xenopus embryogenesis. (xenbase.org)
Non-motile primary cilia are solitary sensor organelles playing a critical role in cell cycle control, proliferation, polarity and differentiation, particularly of ciliated cells possessing motile cilia [ 3 , 4 ]. (ersjournals.com)
Primary cilia are assembled on different types of human cells depending on their state and activities in response to cellular quiescence where they relay extracellular signals and retract upon cell cycle re-entry [ 5 ]. (ersjournals.com)
Primary cilia may be crucial in determining outcomes during airway epithelial cell differentiation thus we hypothesised that primary cilia are present in adult epithelial cells and may play a key role in airway plasticity. (ersjournals.com)
First, we investigated the presence and localisation of primary cilia in the bronchial epithelium. (ersjournals.com)
Primary cilia have been implicated in the generation of planar cell polarity (PCP). (elsevierpure.com)
However, variations in the severity of polarity defects in different cilia mutants, coupled with recent demonstrations of non-cilia-related actions of some cilia genes, make it difficult to determine the basis of these polarity defects. (elsevierpure.com)
Results indicated notable PCP defects, including mis-oriented hair cell stereociliary bundles, in Bbs8 and Ift20 single mutants that are more severe than in other cilia gene knockouts. (elsevierpure.com)

We report that a membrane-tethered form of aPKC (aPKC-CAAX) suppresses primary neurogenesis and promotes cell proliferation. (bath.ac.uk)
A constitutively active aPKC fused to a nuclear localisation signal has the same phenotypic effect as aPKC-CAAX in that it suppresses neurogenesis and enhances proliferation. (bath.ac.uk)
Wnt signaling regulates cell proliferation, cell polarity and cell-fate determination. (biomedcentral.com)

Cdc42-dependent actin polymerization can drive cell shape change, formation of filopodia, or organelle motility. (rupress.org)
CRIB (Cdc42/Rac interactive binding)-GFP microscopy has revealed that GTP-bound, active Cdc42 is concentrated to growing cell ends accompanied by developed F-actin structures, where the Rga4 GAP is excluded. (escholarship.org)
Because of the established role of Cdc42 in F-actin formation, these observations provide a new insight into how the microtubule system achieves localized formation of F-actin to generate cell polarity. (escholarship.org)
In Dystroglycan germline clones early oocyte polarity markers fail to be localized to the posterior, and oocyte cortical F-actin organization is abnormal. (lu.se)
Dystroglycan is also required non-cell-autonomously to organize the planar polarity of basal actin in follicle cells, possibly by organizing the Laminin ECM. (lu.se)
The follicular epithelial cells of the Drosophila egg chamber have become a premier model to study how cells globally orient their actin-based machinery for collective migration. (bvsalud.org)

citation needed] Gavis makes use of Drosophila as a model organism to study Messenger RNA (mRNA) localisation, translation, stability and degradation. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we identify Pins-mediated planar cell polarized divisions in several of the mitotic domains of the early Drosophila embryo. (elifesciences.org)
In Drosophila and mammals, Lgl contributes to the maintenance of cell polarity and plays a role in asymmetric cell division. (biologists.com)
A striking example is the Drosophila oocyte, where microtubule-dependent processes govern the asymmetric positioning of the nucleus and the localization to distinct cortical domains of mRNAs that function as cytoplasmic determinants. (dundee.ac.uk)
Dystroglycan is required for polarizing the epithelial cells and the oocyte in Drosophila. (lu.se)
Based on their previous work and that of others, this process is driven by cell intercalation that depends on medio-apical Myosin II pulsing activity and the planar polarized vertical junctional Myosin II pool, resulting in a shrinkage of vertical junctions, cell shape changes and in subsequent Drosophila embryo elongation. (biologists.com)
To find out where is localized the active Rho1 in the Drosophila ectoderm, the authors elegantly employed a Rho1-GFP biosensor that binds active Rho1-GTP, revealing that active Rho1 localizes medio-apically and in a polarized manner at junctions in ectodermal cells. (biologists.com)
Inspired by the work from the Drosophila mesoderm, the authors find that Gα12/13/Cta is required to localize RhoGEF2 and that it does so by releasing RhoGEF2 from microtubule plus ends in order to recruit it medio-apically and at cell junctions. (biologists.com)
This preprints identifies two independent Rho1 signaling pathways that regulate actomyosin contractility in two different cell compartments, medio-apically and at cell junction in the Drosophila ectoderm. (biologists.com)
During Drosophila oogenesis, Par-1 is required for several polarisation events, including localisation of the anterior determinant bicoid . (silverchair.com)
The follicular epithelial cells of Drosophila melanogaster have two signaling modules at their leading-trailing interfaces - one composed of the atypical cadherin Fat2 (also known as Kugelei) and the receptor tyrosine phosphatase Lar, and one composed of Semaphorin5c and its receptor Plexin A. Here, we show that these modules form one interface signaling system with Fat2 at its core. (bvsalud.org)
Dlkb1, another homologue of LKB1 in Drosophila melanogaster , is required for early anterior-posterior polarity and apical-basal polarity. (biomedcentral.com)

For example, in epithelial cells, which are polarized, protein composition at the apical membrane is very different from that at the basolateral membrane. (mechanobio.info)
The Xenopus oocyte contains components of both the planar cell polarity and apical-basal polarity pathways, but their roles are not known. (silverchair.com)
Here, we examine the distribution, interactions and functions of the maternal planar cell polarity core protein Vangl2 and the apical-basal complex component aPKC. (silverchair.com)
Here the authors provide further evidence that RhoGEF2 activity is polarized and regulates medio-apical Rho1 activity but not the Rho1 activity at cell junction. (biologists.com)

The cytoskeleton and associated motors play an important role in the establishment of intracellular polarity. (dundee.ac.uk)
This study demonstrates the interaction and interdependence of Vangl2, VAMP1, aPKC and the stable microtubule cytoskeleton in the oocyte, shows that maternal Vangl2 and aPKC are required for specific oocyte asymmetries and vertebrate embryonic patterning, and points to the usefulness of the oocyte as a model to study the polarity problem. (silverchair.com)

Asymmetric cell divisions, in which cellular components, such as existing adherens junctions, are distributed unequally to daughter cells can result in one daughter cell leaving the epithelium. (elifesciences.org)
In contrast, symmetric divisions in epithelia divide cellular components equally, and usually results in both daughter cells remaining in the tissue. (elifesciences.org)
The GTPase Cdc42 was among the original genes identified with roles in cell polarity, and interest in its cellular roles from yeast to humans remains high. (rupress.org)
Leukocyte recruitment into the inflamed parenchyma requires successive interactions with cellular and stromal barriers that establish mechanical, chemotactic and haptotactic gradients to guide immune cells towards the inflammatory focus. (hindawi.com)
Whats more, ascidian embryos develop with a fixed cellular lineage based on few and large cells allowing cellular resolution of cell fate identity. (uibk.ac.at)
The biologic function of LKB1 includes the regulation of downstream kinases, including adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the related kinases (microtube affinity-regulating kinase [MARK] 1 through MARK4 and brain-specific kinase/synapses of the amphid-defective kinase [Brsk/SAD]), which are involved in cellular metabolic regulation-stress response and cellular polarity, the latter through tubulin stabilization, tight junction formation, and E-cadherin localization. (medscape.com)
During growth, development and disease, extracellular signals are communicated, or transduced, into the cell and in such a way as to elicit a particular cellular response. (biomedcentral.com)
In higher eukaryotes, the cellular localization of RanGAP1 is regulated by SUMOylation of its C-terminal domain. (enzolifesciences.com)
Stomata are cellular pores on the leaf epidermis that Grass stomata recruit lateral subsidiary cells (SCs), which are key to the unique stomatal morphology and the efficient plant-atmosphere gas exchange in grasses. (sciety.org)
In many cell types polarized cellular architecture is dictated by the movement of the centrosome (also called Xanthone (Genicide) the microtubule-organizing center or MTOC) to one side of the cell. (tam-receptor.com)
The tumor suppressor gene LKB1, also known as serine/threonine protein kinase 11 (STK11 ), encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase that has multiple cellular functions, including tumor suppression, cell cycle regulation, and promotion of apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)

LKB1 also plays crucial roles in establishment and maintenance of cell polarity. (biomedcentral.com)

Wireless/p114RhoGEF is required for the junctional Rho1 signaling (green) in order to regulate Myosin II planar polarized localization (wires-like pattern). (biologists.com)

The common eumetazoan ancestor may thus have exhibited embryonic patterning based on maternal mRNA localisation acting upstream of regionlised Wnt signalling. (cam.ac.uk)
Among the targets identified in this screen was Exuperantia (Exu), a mediator of bicoid mRNA localisation. (silverchair.com)
We identify two motifs in Exu that are phosphorylated by Par-1, and show that their mutation abolishes bicoid mRNA localisation during mid-oogenesis. (silverchair.com)
Interestingly, exu mutants in which Exu phosphorylation is specifically affected can to some extent recover from these bicoid mRNA localisation defects during late oogenesis. (silverchair.com)
These results demonstrate that Par-1 establishes polarity in the oocyte by activating a mediator of bicoid mRNA localisation. (silverchair.com)
Furthermore, our analysis reveals two phases of Exu-dependent bicoid mRNA localisation: an early phase that is strictly dependent on Exu phosphorylation and a late phase that is less phosphorylation dependent. (silverchair.com)

implying that this complex has functional roles that extend beyond its ability to regulate cell adhesion. (jneurosci.org)
Structure-function analysis of the Dishevelled (Dsh) protein in frog embryos has defined sequences that regulate Dsh nuclear localization, which proves critical for Wnt signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
Frizzled receptors can also initiate an independent ' non-canonical ' Wnt pathway that diverges to regulate complex developmental events involved in planar cell polarity and convergent extension movements during embryo development, via small GTPases and the JNK kinase. (biomedcentral.com)
For example, NEDD8 activates SCF and related ubiquitin ligases, ISG15/UCRP is induced during in the antiviral interferon response, Apg12p and Apg8p regulate the autophagy pathway, and Hub1p modifies cell polarity factors. (enzolifesciences.com)
Together, Gβ13F/Gγ1 and p114RhoGEF/Wireless quantitatively tune Rho1 activity in order to regulate Myosin II only at cell junctions. (biologists.com)

Finally, it was found for the first time that endogenous LKB1 knockdown resulted in abnormal cell polarity in acini formed by non-transformed breast epithelial cells grown in 3D culture. (biomedcentral.com)

The first step in the Wnt signal occurs when extracellular Wnt ligand binds Frizzled receptors on the cell surface, leading to the activation of several distinct transduction pathways (see Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, LKB1 regulates multiple biological pathways involved in cell growth and metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) integrated with PCR array data showed that the JAK1/STAT3 pathway was significantly altered in cells overexpressing DEFB1, suggesting this to be one of the pathways by which defensin regulates IAV replication in HBEpCs. (cdc.gov)

Although it has been shown that the lateral SC contributes to rapid stomatal opening and closing, little is known about how the SC is generated from the subsidiary mother cell (SMC) and how the SMC acquires its intracellular polarity. (sciety.org)

Subcellular localization of MLDP in nitrogen-starved cells. (liveconscience.com)
First, the authors investigated Wireless subcellular localization and found that Wireless-GFP exclusively localizes at cell junctions in the ectoderm. (biologists.com)

Cdc42 also affects other aspects of cell polarity, including microtubule dynamics, centrosome positioning, and Golgi reorientation. (rupress.org)
This event brings the Golgi apparatus secretory lysosomes and other vesicular compartments associated with the MTOC into close apposition with the synaptic membrane thereby allowing the directional secretion of soluble elements toward the prospective cell. (tam-receptor.com)

Here, we show that cell geometry and polarity domains cooperate, rather than compete, in positioning the cleavage plane during UCDs in early ascidian embryos. (elifesciences.org)
or embryos ( Minc and Piel, 2012 ) and is the result of spindle alignment with the longest axis of the cell. (elifesciences.org)
Patterns are ubiquitous in living systems and underlie the dynamic organization of cells, tissues, and embryos. (mpi-cbg.de)
We used this method to measure microtubule polarity throughout the first mitotic spindle in C. elegans embryos. (harvard.edu)

Development and Patterning of the Cochlea: From Convergent Extension to Planar Polarity. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)

The finding that gastrulation-induced forces are required for asymmetric localization of an important and evolutionarily conserved spindle orientation factor, Pins, will be of broad interest to cell and developmental biologists. (elifesciences.org)
Microtubule-based transport is required in many cell types for the asymmetric localization of mRNAs and organelles. (dundee.ac.uk)

In the earliest stages of development, the physical properties of the microenvironment can direct cell differentiation, and initiate the coordinated movement of groups of cells to establish the patterns that will define how the body is arranged. (mechanobio.info)
Recent advances in live imaging and genetics of mammalian division, movement and cell differentiation leading to development which integrate observations of biochemical tissue formation [14 ]. (lu.se)

The nuclear localization signal is one such example. (mechanobio.info)

Their findings provide a new perspective on the roles of cell polarity and shape in the control of spindle positioning, and are of broad interest to cell and developmental biologists. (elifesciences.org)
Both polarity domains are required for the formative SC division yet exhibit distinct roles in regulating pre-mitotic nuclear migration and SMC division plane orientation, respectively. (sciety.org)
mice have suggested that the two enzymes play partially redundant roles in the attenuation of DAG signaling during T cell activation (8-11). (tam-receptor.com)
However, little work has been done on the roles of LKB1 in cell polarity and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
The roles of LKB1 in cell polarity and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer were determined by using immunofluorescence, western blot assay, and cell migration and invasive assays. (biomedcentral.com)

Background: In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, cell growth takes place exclusively at both ends of the cylindrical cell. (escholarship.org)

MARV assembles and buds from the host cell plasma where MARV matrix protein (mVP40) dimers associate with anionic lipids at the plasma membrane inner leaflet and undergo a dynamic and extensive self-oligomerization into the structural matrix layer. (uci.edu)

These include embryonic disc and bilaminar disc formation, epiblast lumenogenesis, polarized amniogenesis, anterior-posterior symmetry breaking, primordial germ-cell specification, polarized yolk sac with visceral and parietal endoderm formation, extra-embryonic mesoderm expansion that defines a chorionic cavity and a connecting stalk, and a trophoblast-surrounding compartment demonstrating syncytium and lacunae formation. (nature.com)
It localizes asymmetrically to the posterior of the early embryo in a PKC-3-dependent manner, and functions redundantly with PAR-2 to maintain polarity. (biologists.com)
LGL-1 negatively regulates the accumulation of myosin (NMY-2) on the posterior cortex, representing a possible mechanism by which LGL-1 might contribute to polarity maintenance. (biologists.com)
At this stage par-1 is required for polarisation of the oocyte microtubule network, and for localisation of oskar mRNA, which encodes the posterior determinant of the fly. (silverchair.com)

The one-cell C. elegans embryo serves as a model for studying the establishment and maintenance of polarity. (biologists.com)

Particular attention has been paid to elucidating how leukocytes can migrate through the stroma, the way these cells remodel their morphology and sense cues that guide them towards dysfunctional tissue areas. (hindawi.com)

This gene, which encodes a member of the serine/threonine kinase family, regulates cell polarity and functions as a tumor suppressor. (cancerindex.org)
Conclusions: Pom1 kinase recruited to cell ends by the Tea1-Tea4/Wsh3 complex is essential for proper localization of a GAP for Cdc42, Rga4, which ensures bipolar localization of GTP-bound, active Cdc42. (escholarship.org)
The Ser/Thr kinase Par-1 is required for cell polarisation in diverse organisms such as yeast, worms, flies and mammals. (silverchair.com)
LKB1, also known as STK11 , is a master kinase that serves as an energy metabolic sensor and is involved in cell polarity regulation. (biomedcentral.com)

Nearly twenty years ago Cdc42 was recognized as an essential link between polarity cues and the machinery that generates cell polarity ( Bender and Pringle, 1989 ). (rupress.org)
We previously showed that Wnts function as positional cues to orient polarity of cells that contact with Wnt expressing cells. (irbbarcelona.org)

To unravel fundamental genetic mechanisms that control cell fate choice in vivo , we study embryonic development in a simple marine invertebrate, the ascidian Ciona intestinalis , belonging to the vertebrate sister group, the tunicates. (uibk.ac.at)
The characteristic oral-aboral polarity of cnidarian larvae was long thought to emerge progressively during embryonic development, rather than to be directed by localised maternal determinants as is commonly the case for axis specification in bilaterian animals. (cam.ac.uk)

Using the early embryonic divisions of the ascidian Phallusia mammillata as a model to investigate mechanisms of unequal cell division, this study convincingly demonstrates that cell shape and cortical domains are cooperating, rather than competing, in order to establish cell size asymmetry, a significant conceptual advance for the field. (elifesciences.org)

The authors find that its knock-down affects active Rho1 levels, Myosin II and E-cadherin specifically at cell junctions. (biologists.com)

Although Wnt signaling, PCP signaling in particular, is pivotal in cell polarity regulation, how Wnts control cell polarity remains elusive. (irbbarcelona.org)
I will show you our previous and recent findings and discuss mystery of polarity regulation. (irbbarcelona.org)
In that regard enzymes that metabolize DAG or convert it to another species represent intriguing candidates for the regulation of T cell polarity. (tam-receptor.com)

Cell division orientation is thought to result from a competition between cell geometry and polarity domains controlling the position of the mitotic spindle during mitosis. (elifesciences.org)
Yet, whether and how cell geometry and polarity domains compete with each other not only to determine the orientation but also the centering of the mitotic spindle leading to equal or unequal cell divisions (UCDs) remains unclear. (elifesciences.org)
In vertebrates a requisite for the formation of this gradient is the localization of sumoylated RanGAP1 in complex with RanBP2 at the mitotic spindle and with the kinetochores. (enzolifesciences.com)

Compared to the endothelium, the molecular mechanisms involved in the interaction of infiltrated or tissue-resident immune cells with parenchymal barriers have not been so extensively studied. (hindawi.com)
Are there any other mechanisms that orient polarity in the whole animal? (irbbarcelona.org)
Mechanisms regulating cardiomyocyte cell cycle arrest are of great interest partly because reversing this process could provide a way to stimulate cardiac regeneration after injury [ 17 ]. (springer.com)
These results reveal a previously unappreciated function of DGK-α and provide insight into the mechanisms of lymphocyte polarity. (tam-receptor.com)
of the most critical events which lead to tissue patterning involves mechanisms going beyond single cells. (lu.se)

Molecular Biology of the Cell, Vol. 27, Núm. (usal.es)

Acts upstream of with a negative effect on epithelial cell apoptotic process. (nih.gov)
Acts upstream of or within establishment of planar polarity and non-motile cilium assembly. (nih.gov)
In addition, deletion of either Bbs8 or Ift20 results in disruptions in asymmetric accumulation of the core PCP molecule Vangl2 in cochlear cells, suggesting a role for Bbs8 and/or Ift20, possibly upstream of core PCP asymmetry. (elsevierpure.com)

Pom1 is required for proper positioning of growth sites, and the Delta pom1 mutation brings about monopolar cell growth. (escholarship.org)

We have found that the C. elegans homolog of Lgl, LGL-1, has a role in polarity but is not essential. (biologists.com)
In C. elegans, most somatic cells divide asymmetrically through the function of Wnt signaling called Wnt Wnt/b-catenin asymmetry pathway. (irbbarcelona.org)

Although cell shape often predicts spindle orientation, there are numerous examples where this is not the case in somatic cells ( Finegan and Bergstralh, 2019 ). (elifesciences.org)
A (one somatic cell). (liveconscience.com)

such studies have defined the molecules that ensure signals initiated at the cell surface are efficiently transmitted to the cell nucleus, where they often result in the induction of a specific gene-expression program. (biomedcentral.com)

Mechanochemical Principles of Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Cells and Tissues. (mpi-cbg.de)
To dissect the mechanism, understanding the spatial organization of microtubule polarity and its interplay with protein localization are thought to be crucial, but the mechanism remains poorly understood, in part due to the difficulty of measuring microtubule polarity in spindles. (harvard.edu)
This localization is required to help create and maintain the spatial gradient of the GTP-bound versus GDP-bound forms of Ran across the nuclear envelope necessary to drive nucleocytoplasmic transport. (enzolifesciences.com)

On the other hand, these barriers contain damaged or infected cells that are part of the inflammatory focus and the endpoint of the leukocyte migratory journey, so some sort of footprint, which is not completely understood, must exist in these cells to promote a preferential adhesion with infiltrated leukocytes. (hindawi.com)
The LAP [leucine-rich and postsynaptic density-95/Discs large/zona occludens-1 (PDZ)] protein erbin and δ-catenin, a component of the cadherin-catenin cell adhesion complex, are highly expressed in neurons and associate through PDZ-mediated interaction, but have incompletely characterized neuronal functions. (jneurosci.org)

By adding rich functional dimensions to the already powerful super-resolution microscopy, we thus open up new ways to reveal fascinating local heterogeneities in both live cells and chemical systems. (cam.ac.uk)
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of and cells revealed that the LDs were similar to those in seeds in having a homogeneous matrix surrounded by an electron-dense layer that appeared to represent one-half of a double-layer PL membrane (Supplemental Fig. S1). (liveconscience.com)

In addition to promoting polarity, Cdc42 has acquired additional functions in animal cells ( Etienne-Manneville, 2004 ). (rupress.org)
At cell membranes, Cdc42 recruits and stimulates activators of the Arp2/3 complex. (rupress.org)
Cdc42 can influence polarity through the Par complex. (rupress.org)
These interactions or localization of the complex may be regulated by Cdc42. (rupress.org)
The monopolar Delta pom1 mutant fails to eliminate Rga4 from the nongrowing cell end, resulting in monopolar distribution of GTP-Cdc42 to the growing cell end. (escholarship.org)
However, mutational inactivation of Rga4 allows Cdc42 to be active at both ends of Delta pom1 cells, suggesting that mislocalization of Rga4 in the Delta pom1 mutant contributes to its monopolar phenotype. (escholarship.org)

Yet apart from a proximal polarity module that includes PANGLOSS1 (PAN1) and guides nuclear migration, little is known regarding the developmental processes that form SCs. (sciety.org)
This study reveals a unique developmental process of grass stomata, where two opposing polarity factors form domains in the SMC and ensure asymmetric cell division and SC generation. (sciety.org)

These observations suggest that aPKC has a function in the nucleus that is important for cell fate specification during primary neurogenesis. (bath.ac.uk)
When PSTVd enters the plant cell, a specific signal seems to direct it into the nucleus. (degruyter.com)
The mature viroid then exits the nucleus into the cytoplasm and moves to neighboring cells through the plasmodesmata (9) and to distant parts of the plant through the phloem (10). (degruyter.com)
Upon inoculation, mature Pospiviroidae RNA molecules enter the plant cell nucleus. (degruyter.com)
The degradation machinery is inhibited by Dsh, leading to the accumulation of β-catenin, which in turn translocates to the nucleus and initiates a gene expression program by interacting with transcription factors such as T-cell-specific transcription factor (TCF) . (biomedcentral.com)

Polarized epithelial cells compartmentalize tissue cavities and are often exposed to inflammatory challenges such as toxics or infections in non-lymphoid tissues. (hindawi.com)

Its single-stranded, positive-polarity RNA genome of 6.6-7.3 kb harbors 3 major open reading frames (ORFs) flanked by a capped 5′ end and a poly A at the 3′ end. (cdc.gov)
Genome structure and localization of putative open reading frames (ORFs) and functional domains in ORF1 of hepatitis E virus (HEV) sequences from Norway rats nos. (cdc.gov)

We therefore propose that the spindle position during UCD is set by the combined activities of cell geometry and polarity domains, where cell geometry modulates the effect of cortical polarity domain(s). (elifesciences.org)

We also demonstrate that aPKC and Vangl2 are required for the cell membrane asymmetry that is established during oocyte maturation, and for the asymmetrical distribution of maternal transcripts for the germ layer and dorsal/ventral determinants VegT and Wnt11. (silverchair.com)

Anatomy54

Organisms20

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs96

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes59

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Proteins22

Epithelial cell polarity3

Protein localization to plasma membrane1

Apicobasal polarity4

Morphogenesis5

Overexpression5

Cilia9

Proliferation3

Actin6

Drosophila12

Apical4

Cytoskeleton2

Cellular11

Maintenance of cell polarity1

Planar polarized1

MRNA localisation6

Regulate5

Abnormal cell polarity1

Pathways3

Intracellular polarity1

Subcellular localization2

Golgi2

Embryos4

Convergent extension1

Asymmetric localization2

Differentiation2

Nuclear localization1

Roles5

Fission yeast1

Plasma membrane1

Posterior4

Establishment and maintenance1

Morphology1

Kinase4

Cues2

Embryonic development2

Cortical domains1

Myosin1

Regulation3

Mitotic spindle3

Mechanisms5

Molecular Biol1

Upstream3

Mutation1

Elegans2

Somatic2

Signals1

Spatial3

Adhesion2

Microscopy2

Cdc426

Developmental2

Nucleus5

Tissues1

Genome2

Geometry1

Maternal1