AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
Glucose OxidaseAdipose TissueFatty AcidsGlucoseFatty Acids, NonesterifiedDietary FatsDietTriglyceridesStreptococcus mutansCulture MediaFatty Acids, Omega-3Fatty Acids, UnsaturatedAdipose Tissue, BrownBlood GlucoseLiverFish OilsFatty Acids, Omega-6Adipose Tissue, WhiteSafflower OilDocosahexaenoic AcidsInsulinLinoleic AcidGlucose Tolerance TestGlucose Transporter Type 4LipidsPlant OilsAdipocytesDietary Fats, UnsaturatedGlucose Transporter Type 1Animal FeedDeoxyglucoseFatty Acid SynthasesPhospholipidsGlucose IntoleranceMonosaccharide Transport ProteinsObesityFatty LiverMuscle, SkeletalSubcutaneous FatLipid MetabolismBiological TransportLipolysisInsulin ResistanceGlycogen3T3-L1 CellsLiver DiseasesFatty Acid DesaturasesGlycerolFatty Acids, EssentialEnergy MetabolismIntra-Abdominal FatBody WeightFastingKineticsHypoglycemic AgentsRNA, MessengerLactic AcidLeptinDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2LactatesLiver NeoplasmsFatty Acids, MonounsaturatedMice, ObeseGlycolysisLiver TransplantationRats, WistarGlucose Transporter Type 2Time FactorsGlucose Transporter Type 3Palmitic AcidCells, CulturedOleic AcidGlucagonAdipogenesisOleic AcidsRats, Sprague-DawleyMice, Inbred C57BLLiver CirrhosisPalmitatesDiet, High-FatRats, Inbred StrainsAdiponectinGene Expression RegulationPalmitic AcidsGlucose Clamp TechniqueSubcutaneous Fat, AbdominalMicrosomes, LiverHexokinaseChromatography, GasHyperinsulinismThermogenesisAMP-Activated Protein KinasesGluconeogenesisBody CompositionLipoprotein LipaseCarbon IsotopesGlucose-6-PhosphatePhlorhizinFatty Acids, VolatileMice, Knockout
MetabolismTriglycerideFree fattyLipidSkeletal muscleRole of adipose tissueMetabolicObesityVisceralOxidationGluconeogenesisLipolysisHepatic glucose productionGlycogenAdipocytesCellsWhite adiposAmino acidHomeostasisAccumulationGlucagonBloodstreamDepositionMuscleTrans fattyPancreasType 2 diabetEndogenous glucoseCholesterolOrgansNAFLDHigh blood glucose levelsAdipocyteLevelsInflammationPrimarilyConversion of glucoseHypertriglyceridemiaPathwayProductionRegulationTransportersHyperinsulinemiaPeripheral tissuesObesePancreaticProteinPostprandialInversely
Metabolism16
  • While the physiological role of adipose tissue in cholesterol and oxLDL metabolism remains to be established, the induction of OLR1 is a potential means by which PPARγ ligands regulate lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. (jci.org)
  • The present article discusses how accumulation of triacylglycerol in adipocytes can lead to deterioration of the responsiveness of glucose metabolism in other tissues. (cambridge.org)
  • 2010). Senp2 also regulates fatty acid metabolism in skeletal Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jmcb/article-abstract/10/3/258/4763638 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 26 June 2018 Senp2 regulates adipose lipid storage by de-SUMOylation of Setdb1 j 259 muscle (Koo et al. (deepdyve.com)
  • In the study, glucose is shown to stimulate the activity of the Liver X Receptors (LXR) a and b, The LXRs act as sensors of dietary components, orchestrating the body's response to nutrients such as oxysterols (short-lived derivatives of cholesterol) and controlling gene expression linked to cholesterol and fat metabolism. (scripps.edu)
  • HIF-P4H-2 inhibition enhances intestinal fructose metabolism protecting the liver. (springer.com)
  • Its pathophysiology is likely to involve insulin resistance at the level of both skeletal muscle and visceral adipose tissue and altered fluxes of metabolic substrates between these tissues that in turn impair liver metabolism. (erudit.org)
  • The adiponectin's glucose metabolism effect is mediated through its receptors, adiponectin receptor 1 (adipoR1) and adiponectin receptor 2 (adipoR2). (healthvoice360.com)
  • Accumulated evidence from genetic animal models suggests that the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, has a key role in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
  • The brain modulates various aspects of metabolism, such as food intake, energy expenditure, insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production and glucose/fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. (nature.com)
  • Here we comprehensively review the above topics, discussing the main findings related to the role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
  • Fatty acid metabolism plays a central role in energy homeostasis and related disorders such as the metabolic syndrome, obesity or type-II diabetes. (123dok.net)
  • The worldwide epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes has focused attention on adipocyte biology and the role of adipose tissue in the integration of systemic metabolism ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Answered Jan 30, 2019 Author has 300 answers and 174.4k answer views Growth hormone (GH) counteracts, in general, the effects of insulin on glucose and lipid metabolism but shares protein anabolic properties with insulin. (diabetestalk.net)
  • Growth hormone (GH) counteracts, in general, the effects of insulin on glucose and lipid metabolism but shares protein anabolic properties with insulin. (diabetestalk.net)
  • Effects of Growth Hormone on Glucose Metabolism Mller N. Jrgensen J.O.L. Abildgrd N. rskov L. Schmitz O. Christiansen J.S. I have read the Karger Terms and Conditions and agree. (diabetestalk.net)
  • The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of metabolic risk factors (including hypertension, dyslipidaemia, abdominal obesity and impaired glucose metabolism), which is associated with a twofold increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) (Ford, 2005), and an even higher risk of T2DM (Grundy, 2008). (bhma.org)
Triglyceride7
  • The expression of both adipoR1 and adipoR2 increased fatty acid oxidation, improved insulin resistance, and decreased hepatic triglyceride content. (healthvoice360.com)
  • A fat tolerance test evidenced delayed plasma triglyceride clearance and greater transient availability of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) during the post-prandial state in the apoCIII mice plasma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Testosterone has been found to inhibit triglyceride uptake and lipoprotein lipase activity and cause a rapid turnover of triglycerides in abdominal adipose tissue (Martin et al, 1996). (bhma.org)
  • In order it would play out as follows: Glucose/Insulin to Liver to Triglyceride then convert to body fat. (mountaindogdiet.com)
  • Excess glucose is either stored as an energy reserve in the liver and skeletal muscles as the complex polymer glycogen, or it is converted into fat (triglyceride) in adipose cells (adipocytes). (openstax.org)
  • Participants were designated as having metabolic syndrome if they met criteria for 3 of 5 variables: 1) high blood pressure, 2) low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, 3) high fasting blood glucose level, 4) high waist circumference, and 5) high triglyceride level. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinical diagnosis is made on the basis of the presence of 3 of 5 conditions: 1) high triglyceride level, 2) low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level, 3) high fasting blood glucose level, 4) presence of central obesity (ie, high waist circumference), and 5) high blood pressure ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Free fatty6
Lipid15
  • The adipocyte is the major site of fatty acid storage in the body and plays a critical role in maintaining normal glucose and lipid homeostasis. (jci.org)
  • Thus, in the postprandial period especially, there is an excess flux of circulating lipid metabolites that would normally have been 'absorbed' by adipose tissue. (cambridge.org)
  • Insuf﫿cient adipose lipid storage is asso- ciated with many pathological conditions including hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. (deepdyve.com)
  • Adipocyte Senp2 de﫿ciency resulted in less adipose lipid storage accompanied by an ectopic fat accumulation and insulin resistance under high-fat diet feed- ing. (deepdyve.com)
  • These results revealed the crucial role of Senp2-Setdb1 axis in controlling adipose lipid storage. (deepdyve.com)
  • Excess or insuf﫿cient lipid storage in generation of the intermediate species of diacylglycerol (DAG) adipose tissues would impair nutrient homeostasis, which is and monoacylglycerol (MAG) (Young and Zechner, 2013). (deepdyve.com)
  • Under physiological conditions, the main- PPARγ mutation has been shown to link to familial partial lipody- tenance of normal adipose tissue mass is mainly the result of a strophy, a clinical disorder characterized by the loss of adipose balance of lipid storage and lipolysis (Bouchard et al. (deepdyve.com)
  • 2003). Selective Cellular uptake of fatty acids and following storage in the form of disruption of Pparγ2 or adipocyte-speci﫿c Pparγ knockout leads TGs in adipocytes are key steps in lipid storage. (deepdyve.com)
  • Although less fat stor- adqcKO pose lipid storage in adipocyte-speci﫿c Senp2 knockout mice fed age was shown in Senp2 adipose tissues, the increased with high-fat diets (HFD). (deepdyve.com)
  • Aniamls fed GW-501516 along with a calorie-dense diet showed reducded obesity and improved insulin resistance, effects that were accompanied by enhanced metabolic rate and fatty acid β-oxidation, proliferation of mitochondria (the powerhouses of cells), and a significant reduction of lipid fat droplets in skeletal muscles. (umbrellalabs.is)
  • Notoginsenosides can treat obesity by reducing lipid synthesis, inhibiting adipogenesis, promoting white adipose tissue browning, increasing energy consumption, and improving insulin sensitivity. (frontiersin.org)
  • There is however evidence that GH acutely decreases glucose oxidation (secondary to an increase in lipid oxidation) and suppresses muscle uptake of glucose, suggesting that GH redistributes glucose fluxes into a non-oxidative pathway, which could be a build up of glycogen depots through gluconeogenesis. (diabetestalk.net)
  • Lipogenesis rates were similar, while exogenous lipid retention was increased in perigonadal (2-fold) and brown adipose tissues (40 %) of apoCIII mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, apoCIII overexpression resulted in increased NEFA availability to adipose uptake and decreased adipocyte lipolysis, favoring lipid enlargement of adipose depots. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, citric acid cycle intermedi- ates are not used for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and are shuttled out of the mitochondria, providing precursors for nucleotide, amino acid, and lipid synthesis path- ways for the dividing cell [13]. (who.int)
Skeletal muscle3
  • For example, lipin-1 is the major PAP in adipose tissue, and cardiac and skeletal muscle since lipin-1-deficient mice had little if any detectable PAP activity [2]. (aocs.org)
  • Analysis of rat L6 myotubes (skeletal muscle cells) treated with the PPARδ activator, GW-501516, by gene expression studies revealed that PPARδ controls fatty acid oxidation by regulating genes involved in fatty acid transport, β-oxidation, and mitochondrial respiration. (umbrellalabs.is)
  • These results strongly suggest that PPARδ activated by GW-501516 is pivotal to control the program for fatty acid oxidation in the skeletal muscle, thereby protecting against body fat increases and insulin resistance. (umbrellalabs.is)
Role of adipose tissue1
Metabolic14
  • Excess FFA increase the OXYGEN DEMANDS of ischemic heart muscle and reduce the use of glucose as a metabolic fuel by the heart. (thepmc.org)
  • A pharmacological pan-HIF-P4H inhibitor protected WT mice on both diets against obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and liver damage. (springer.com)
  • LBS-009, developed by Belite Bio™, a subsidiary company of Lin BioScience, is a first-in-class anti-RBP4 oral therapy targeting liver disease and type 2 diabetes, two age-related metabolic diseases. (linbioscience.com)
  • RBP4 has been identified as a pro-inflammatory cytokine in preclinical models of insulin resistance and liver disease and is currently being investigated as a clinical biomarker for human metabolic diseases. (linbioscience.com)
  • Normal metabolic balance is maintained by a complex homeostatic system involving multiple tissues and organs. (erudit.org)
  • Research has shed light on obesity and adipose tissue association with multiple metabolic disorders in the last decades. (healthvoice360.com)
  • Highly coordinated interactions between the brain and peripheral metabolic organs are critical for the maintenance of energy and glucose homeostasis. (nature.com)
  • The brain integrates metabolic signals from peripheral tissues such as the liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, gut and muscle. (nature.com)
  • The neurological, metabolic and hormonal (glucagon, amino acids, and gastrointestinal hormone) factors mentioned above can also have an impact on the amount of insulin released. (elisakits.co.uk)
  • Cortisol, cortisone, and 4-methoxyphenylacetic acid (4-Me) are metabolic biomarker group with high specificity and sensitivity for the diagnosis of non-small cells lung cancer (NSCLC), and the development of their simultaneous determination method is desired. (bvsalud.org)
  • While the metabolic pathways involved in fatty acid homeostasis are quite well understood and referenced, the genetic regulations are much less accurately described. (123dok.net)
  • Individualize and titrate the dose of LEVEMIR based on the patient's metabolic needs, blood glucose monitoring results, and glycemic control goal ( 2.2 ). (nih.gov)
  • Waist circumference was a better predictor of metabolic syndrome than was BMI in our study sample of predominantly African American female adolescents living in an urban area. (cdc.gov)
  • Because Katzmarzyk et al did not determine whether these cutpoints identified metabolic syndrome, we attempted to do so in a sample of predominantly African American adolescent girls who attended high school and who lived in an urban area. (cdc.gov)
Obesity15
  • Visceral fat also produces excess steroid DEHYDROGENASE which then converts inactive cortisone to the biochemically active CORTISOL affecting fat distribution causing central obesity which, again, increases insulin resistance. (thepmc.org)
  • OLR1 expression in white adipose tissue is increased in obesity and is further induced by PPARγ ligand treatment in vivo. (jci.org)
  • chronic obesity leads to increased insulin resistance that can develop into type 2 diabetes, most likely because adipose tissue (especially that in the abdomen around internal organs) is a source of several chemical signals, hormones and cytokines, to other tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • Adipose tissue in obesity becomes refractory to suppression of fat mobilization by insulin, and also to the normal acute stimulatory effect of insulin on activation of lipoprotein lipase (involved in fat storage). (cambridge.org)
  • In this study, we observed the overexpression of SUMO-speci﫿c protease 2 (Senp2) in adipose tissues during obesity. (deepdyve.com)
  • This dual action makes the sensor, Liver X Receptor, a potential target for new therapies aimed at obesity and diabetes. (scripps.edu)
  • The fact that our study demonstrates that LXR does both-it binds to glucose and it induces fatty acid synthesis-is significant and makes LXR a potential target for diabetes and obesity treatments. (scripps.edu)
  • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) parallels the global obesity epidemic with unmet therapeutic needs. (springer.com)
  • In response to the impaired glucose uptake associated with obesity, fat cells will increase their production and release of RBP4. (linbioscience.com)
  • In comparing the factors that contribute to the buildup of excess calories in obesity, an imbalance of energy homeostasis can be considered as the basis. (wjgnet.com)
  • Abnormal deposition of fat in the adipose tissue due to chronic over nutrition or reduced physical activity or hereditary reasons is called as obesity [1]. (oatext.com)
  • Moreover, I3C exerts anti-obesity effects by reducing body weight and fat accumulation in epididymal adipose tissue in HFD-induced obese mice and thereby improves hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia [126]. (researchgate.net)
  • Sinha S, Haque M (September 04, 2022) Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, and Vascular Impediment as Consequences of Excess Processed Food Consumption. (diabeets.com)
  • Obesity is a condition in which excess body fat accumulates and may adversely affect one's health. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We previously hypothesized that apoCIII overexpression would compromise fatty acid delivery to adipose tissues and would thus contribute to resistance to diet-induced obesity, similarly to what was described for overexpression of apoCI [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Visceral3
  • Visceral fat, which is found around organs such as the intestines and liver, releases signalling molecules directly into blood heading into the liver where glucose is absorbed and processed, while subcutaneous fat under the skin is much less metabolically active. (wikipedia.org)
  • This polarization and proliferation of CD4 T cells further amplifies inflammation, primarily in visceral adipose tissue, and is currently thought to be the driving force in RBP4-mediated insulin resistance. (linbioscience.com)
  • Consequently, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) due to its secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-a, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, and resistin has positioned adipose tissue as a functional organ instead of an energy storage tissue. (healthvoice360.com)
Oxidation19
  • Lipins also act in the nucleus as transcriptional co-activators with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α to regulate target genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. (aocs.org)
  • PGC-1α and PPARα are both master regulators of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation, respectively [reviewed in 6]. (aocs.org)
  • The functions of the lipins in co-regulating the effects of PGC-1α and PPARα and also acting as a PAP demonstrate the unique abilities of lipins to regulate both glycerolipid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation. (aocs.org)
  • Accordingly, GW-501516 treatment caused fatty acid β-oxidation in L6 myotubes as well as in skeletal muscles. (umbrellalabs.is)
  • Among the peripheral signals that are generated to regulate the uptake of food, signals from adipose tissue are of major relevance and involve the maintenance of energy homeostasis through processes such as lipogenesis, lipolysis, and oxidation of fatty acids. (wjgnet.com)
  • Leptin and adiponectin can augment the oxidation of fatty acid in liver by activating the nuclear receptor super-family of transcription factors, namely peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α. (wjgnet.com)
  • This supporting argument is the relationship between protein and glucose oxidation (the use of glucose as fuel). (ketotic.org)
  • The amount of glucose oxidation matters, because the benefits we expect to gain from a keto diet are probably a result of using ketones for fuel instead of glucose whenever we can. (ketotic.org)
  • There appears to be an inverse relationship between ketone levels and glucose oxidation. (ketotic.org)
  • Therefore, increasing protein probably increases glucose oxidation. (ketotic.org)
  • Eating more protein would reduce the benefits of a ketogenic diet, by making it less ketogenic, and increasing glucose oxidation. (ketotic.org)
  • If protein inhibits ketogenesis, then the following argument can be made that protein increases glucose oxidation. (ketotic.org)
  • It would make intuitive sense that higher blood ketone concentrations would correspond to lower levels of glucose oxidation, since ketones can usually replace glucose for fuel. (ketotic.org)
  • In fact, in some studies, an inverse relationship has been shown to hold between glucose oxidation and serum ketone levels in people fasting for short periods ⁶ , and in epileptic children ⁷ . (ketotic.org)
  • Therefore, if protein inhibits ketogenesis, it very likely increases glucose oxidation. (ketotic.org)
  • Can we determine the effect of protein on glucose oxidation directly? (ketotic.org)
  • Scientists do have ways to measure glucose oxidation, for example through indirect calorimetry . (ketotic.org)
  • Observations that would indicate more glucose oxidation include: higher energy expenditure at the same RQ, or higher RQ at the same energy expenditure. (ketotic.org)
  • I.e., how much extra glucose oxidation would be expected from a certain amount of excess protein? (ketotic.org)
Gluconeogenesis3
Lipolysis1
Hepatic glucose production1
Glycogen3
  • After the hormone's effects are complete, it is then removed from the body by producing glycogen molecules in liver and muscle tissue to store excess sugar in the form of storage molecules. (elisakits.co.uk)
  • On the contrary if you train later on in the day then your body will store this glucose into either "Muscle or Liver Glycogen Stores. (mountaindogdiet.com)
  • They take the form of either complex carbohydrates, polysaccharides like starch and glycogen, or simple sugars (monosaccharides) like glucose and fructose. (openstax.org)
Adipocytes7
Cells22
  • Enlarged fat cells also become resistant to insulin and the excess fat that is available is then stored in muscle, liver, and pancreatic beta cells = "lipo-toxicity" that damages beta cells, magnifying insulin deficiency. (thepmc.org)
  • This glucose serves as the primary source of energy for our cells and is obtained from the carbohydrates we consume. (diabetescompass.com)
  • Gene expression promoted by a diet of fat and glucose, as well as high levels of inflammation related cytokines found in the obese, can result in cells that "produce fewer and smaller mitochondria than is normal," and are thus prone to insulin resistance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most cells in the human body use glucose as their major source of energy such as red blood cells and muscle cells. (myprojectwriters.com)
  • Glucose molecules are hydrolysed within cells in order to produce ATP, which stimulates numerous cellular processes within the body. (myprojectwriters.com)
  • Glucose molecules are delivered to cells by the circulating blood and therefore, to ensure a constant supply of glucose to the cells, it is important that blood glucose levels be maintained at relatively constant levels. (myprojectwriters.com)
  • The major factor that can increase the blood glucose levels and the production of new glucose molecules is the liver cells. (myprojectwriters.com)
  • The major factor that can decrease the blood glucose levels including the transport of glucose into cells and the loss of glucose is through urine. (myprojectwriters.com)
  • If blood glucose levels rise after the digestion of food then the beta-insulin cells of the pancreas respond by secreting insulin. (myprojectwriters.com)
  • Elevated concentrations of RBP4 in adipose tissue have been shown to activate antigen presenting cells (APC), resulting in an influx of immune cells. (linbioscience.com)
  • Insulin stimulates glucose-6-phosphatase which moves glucose into cells. (elisakits.co.uk)
  • It also allows cells to uptake glucose that enters the bloodstream and uses it for energy. (elisakits.co.uk)
  • The hormone decreases blood sugar levels by moving sugar into cells using a cell membrane transporter called GLUT2, which is an acronym for "glucose transporter protein 2. (elisakits.co.uk)
  • T2DM is a heterogeneous disorder most commonly characterized by insulin resistance, a state of reduced insulin-mediated glucose uptake, in the presence of incapacity of the pancreatic beta cells to produce and provide sufficient insulin to meet the required needs [4]. (oatext.com)
  • A history of 2-3 years of T2DM does not produce irreversible damages to the beta cells, but as long as the energy overload persists through years, irreversible impairment of the beta cells occurs, and insulin is required in order to control plasma glucose [5]. (oatext.com)
  • Previous studies have found that DIM can improve type 2 diabetes by enhancing glucose uptake through the activation of insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 cells, and by lowering the plasma glucose levels in high-fat-diet-fed obese mice [13, 14]. (researchgate.net)
  • DIM, a major metabolite of indole-3-carbinol, which is naturally produced in broccoli and cabbage, enhances glucose uptake through the improvement of insulin sensitivity in 3T3-L1 cells [13] . (researchgate.net)
  • Saxenda â attaches to the GLP-1 receptor in the body to increase insulin production to push glucose into the cells for energy. (aopa.org)
  • Insulin is a hormone that facilitates the transport of glucose from blood into cells, thereby reducing blood glucose (blood sugar). (wikipedia.org)
  • When taken as a supplement, alpha lipoic acid (ALA) increases the production of gluthathione which helps dissolve toxic substances in the liver by neutralizing free radicals produced in our bodies and protecting cells. (ironmagazine.com)
  • ATP, the energy currency of cells, can be used immediately to power molecular machines that support cell, tissue, and organ function. (openstax.org)
  • Among the monosaccharides, glucose is the most common fuel for ATP production in cells, and as such, there are a number of endocrine control mechanisms to regulate glucose concentration in the bloodstream. (openstax.org)
White adipos1
  • On both diets, the Hif-p4h-2 gt/gt mice gained less weight and had less white adipose tissue (WAT) and its inflammation, lower serum cholesterol levels, and lighter livers with less steatosis and lower serum ALT levels than the wild type (WT). (springer.com)
Amino acid4
  • Improvements have been noted with tumor resection and normalization of the glucagon levels, as well as with amino acid therapy and zinc supplementation. (medscape.com)
  • Which of the following is a feature of an essential amino acid? (easynotecards.com)
  • What is the amino acid pool? (easynotecards.com)
  • Also, a wrong-handed amino acid disrupts the stabilizing helix in proteins. (ironmagazine.com)
Homeostasis1
  • Level constancy is accomplished primarily through negative feedback systems, which ensures that blood glucose concentration is maintained within the normal range (3.6 - 5.8 mmol/L). Negative feedback systems are extremely important in homeostasis as it sense changes in the body and activate mechanisms that reverse the changes in order to restore conditions to their normal levels. (myprojectwriters.com)
Accumulation4
Glucagon4
  • Hyperglucagonemia is a state of excess glucagon secretion. (medscape.com)
  • In glucagonoma syndrome, glucagon levels are well in excess of 500 pg/mL and are reported to increase even further with the administration of intravenous tolbutamide. (medscape.com)
  • Normally, in a healthy person, the blood glucose levels can easily be restored to normal levels through the actions of two pancreatic hormones: Insulin and glucagon. (myprojectwriters.com)
  • That article also cites evidence that the insulin-to-glucagon ratio (I/G) is an accurate predictor (and perhaps even cause) of glucose regulation. (ketotic.org)
Bloodstream3
Deposition3
  • This situation leads to fat deposition in other tissues. (cambridge.org)
  • Intrahepatic fat deposition has been demonstrated in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). (wjgnet.com)
  • Most processed food contains highly refined carbohydrates that alter insulin physiology and promote adipose tissue deposition [17,18] . (diabeets.com)
Muscle3
  • It secretes RBP4 which increases insulin resistance by blocking the action of insulin in muscle and liver. (wikipedia.org)
  • La résistance à l'insuline du tissu adipeux (en particulier viscéral) et du muscle, qui se répercute sur le métabolisme hépatique, et les altérations des flux de substrats métaboliques entre ces tissus jouent un rôle majeur dans sa physiopathologie. (erudit.org)
  • In these patients increased endogenous glucose production, decreased muscle glucose uptake and rising blood glucose levels are observed. (diabetestalk.net)
Trans fatty3
  • decreasing consumption of saturated fats and trans fatty acids while replacing them with unsaturated fats may decrease the risk. (wikipedia.org)
  • An example that's becoming well known is trans-fatty acids. (ironmagazine.com)
  • Found in large quantities in most margarines, but also sprinkled throughout the processed food universe, synthetic trans-fatty acids are really just unnatural isomers of natural polyunsaturated fats. (ironmagazine.com)
Pancreas1
  • New studies will focus on the question of whether glucose levels in other tissue types, such as the pancreas, activate LXR, Saez added. (scripps.edu)
Type 2 diabet1
  • It is characterized by a cluster of risk factors of atherosclerosis including insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and coagulation abnormalities. (erudit.org)
Endogenous glucose1
  • In a new study, scientists at The Scripps Research Institute and the Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF) have described for the first time a glucose activated sensor that acts as a switch to decrease production of endogenous glucose in the liver, and increase conversion of glucose to fat for storage in adipose tissue. (scripps.edu)
Cholesterol6
  • Excess energy/calorie intake results in the overproduction of the LDL as a result of INCREASED FFA UPTAKE by the liver causing elevated triglycerides (TG) and low HDL cholesterol. (thepmc.org)
  • In addition to its role in energy storage, adipose tissue also accumulates cholesterol. (jci.org)
  • Increased OLR1 expression, resulting either from TZD treatment or adenoviral gene delivery, significantly augments adipocyte cholesterol content and enhances fatty acid uptake. (jci.org)
  • Since LXR acts as the body's sensor of a buildup of pathogenic cholesterol, its ability to bind both glucose and oxysterols suggests that LXR may be a link between hyperglycemia and atherosclerosis. (scripps.edu)
  • The trial included 60 overweight or obese participants from the ages of 22-72 years with known hypertension, high cholesterol, or high blood glucose levels. (aopa.org)
  • Prospective studies have confirmed that lower endogenous androgens predict central adiposity in men (Rosmond et al, 2003) and that these low testosterone levels are significantly inversely associated with levels of blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, and body mass index and positively correlated with HDL-cholesterol (Zmuda et al, 1997). (bhma.org)
Organs3
  • Even excess level of glucose can lead to further complications such as diabetes or damage to organs. (myprojectwriters.com)
  • Fat also plays a structural role in the body, as it provides insulation and cushioning to organs and tissues, and helps to maintain healthy skin and hair. (peptiko.gr)
  • Androgen excess can affect different tissues and organs, causing variable clinical features such as acne, hirsutism, virilization and reproductive dysfunction. (medscape.com)
NAFLD2
High blood glucose levels1
Adipocyte1
  • Therefore, adipocyte-speci﫿c remain in adipose tissues. (deepdyve.com)
Levels14
  • Low HDL occurs because of increased TG infiltration into HDL resulting in increased HDL catabolism & also by down regulated HDL production in adipose tissue because Apo A1, HDL's main building block, is controlled by insulin levels which have become either less effective &/or eventually decreased. (thepmc.org)
  • Cardiovascular disease rose progressively as fasting plasma glucose and post-load glucose levels rose above 75 mg/dL = 4.2 mmol/liter (Coutinho M, Gerstein HC, Wang Y, Usuf S. The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events. (thepmc.org)
  • That prompted the scientists to look more closely at glucose levels as the LXR activating mechanism in the liver. (scripps.edu)
  • Aim:- To measure blood sugar levels in human subjects following the ingestion of different volume of glucose , sucrose depending on the subject's body weight and pure water (control). (myprojectwriters.com)
  • and blood glucose levels (variable). (myprojectwriters.com)
  • Despite a modest body weight change relative to placebo-treated mice, GW-501516 treatment also improved diabetes as revealed by the decrease in blood glucose and blood insulin levels in genetically obese animals. (umbrellalabs.is)
  • Plasma glucose levels have a major influence on insulin release and hyperglycemia is known to cause an immediate rise in blood levels of insulin. (elisakits.co.uk)
  • Excess protein probably results in lower ketone levels. (ketotic.org)
  • Objective Indole‐3‐carbinol (I3C), a naturally occurring compound found in cruciferous vegetables, and its metabolite 3,3′‐diindolylmethane (DIM) reduce body mass and serum glucose levels in high‐fat‐diet‐induced obese mice. (researchgate.net)
  • In states of insulin resistance, the same amount of insulin does not have the same effect on glucose transport and blood sugar levels. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are multiple ways to measure insulin resistance such as fasting insulin levels or glucose tolerance tests, but these are not often used in clinical practice. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the adipose tissue mass (45 %) and leptin plasma levels (2-fold) were significantly greater in apoCIII mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transgenic mice overexpressing human apoCIII have marked elevated TG and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels [ 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There are, however, many forms of carbs, and pathway of digestion that leads to glucose is what can affect our energy levels, mental acuity, physical functioning, and even performance. (mountaindogdiet.com)
Inflammation2
  • Over time, the liver damage and the associated inflammation can lead to the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which impacts more than 9 million patients in the United States alone. (linbioscience.com)
  • While omega-6 fatty acids are important for the body, consuming too much of them relative to omega-3 fatty acids can lead to inflammation and an increased risk of chronic diseases. (peptiko.gr)
Primarily1
Conversion of glucose1
Hypertriglyceridemia2
  • Mice lacking lipin-1 ( fld or fatty liver dystrophy) develop fatty livers and hypertriglyceridemia in the pre-weaning period, and are also devoid of mature adipose tissue [reviewed in 1]. (aocs.org)
  • The integration of glucose sensing and control of lipogenesis by LXR may explain why low-fat/high-carbohydrate diets induce hypertriglyceridemia [an elevated level of triglycerides in the blood],' Saez said. (scripps.edu)
Pathway1
  • Conclusions Our findings suggest that DIM may improve insulin sensitivity through the activation of the insulin signaling pathway, leading to enhanced glucose uptake. (researchgate.net)
Production2
  • But when they fed synthetic LXR ligands to mice to induce activation, they discovered that the mice metabolized glucose more effectively and that activation suppressed new production of glucose in the liver. (scripps.edu)
  • It is already widely believed and asserted that excess protein reduces ketone production. (ketotic.org)
Regulation2
Transporters1
Hyperinsulinemia1
Peripheral tissues1
  • However, peripheral tissues such as fat and skin also play roles in converting weak androgens to more potent ones. (medscape.com)
Obese1
Pancreatic1
Protein2
  • What we want to know is whether excess protein leads to using a higher total amount of glucose as fuel. (ketotic.org)
  • Which of the following is a consequence of excess protein intake? (easynotecards.com)
Postprandial1
Inversely1