Larger biological transport. Medical search. Frequent questions

The lipid bilayer of cell membranes is impermeable to large and polar molecules but permeable to water molecules and other small uncharged molecules like O 2 and CO 2 . (wikibooks.org)
Understanding free energy is the heart of understanding how molecules are transported and/or behave in a concentration gradient. (wikibooks.org)
When ΔG is positive the transport is active, an input of energy is needed to move a molecule up a concentration gradient, contrary to ΔG being negative the transport is passive, which means that such molecules will pass through a membrane down their own gradient, simple diffusion. (wikibooks.org)
They are impermeable to organic solutes (i.e. large molecules) but are permeable to water and small uncharged solutes. (wikibooks.org)
Delivering beneficial macromolecules across the cellular membrane is a significant challenge since these molecules are too large to shuttle into cells through the nanochannels. (tudelft.nl)
Other uncharged but polar molecules, such as water, and larger ones, like glucose, will pass through, although at a much slower rate. (jove.com)
Nucleocytoplasmic transport of large molecules, including proteins and RNAs, require transport receptors. (nii.ac.jp)
Electron flow through biological molecules: does hole hopping protect proteins from oxidative damage? (caltech.edu)
Tunnels and channels facilitate the transport of small molecules, ions and water solvent in a large variety of proteins. (plos.org)
Besides many tiny cavities, this empty internal spa`ce may form cavities of specific functions, as well as tunnels and channels (or pores), representing potential transport pathways for small molecules, ions and water molecules [1] . (plos.org)
A bilayer of lipid molecules makes up the double sheet that makes up biological membranes. (alliedacademies.org)
Many small, fat soluble molecules, like oxygen, can pass through the membrane thanks to the fatty acid chains, but they are repelled by large, water soluble molecules, like sugar and electrically charged ions, like calcium. (alliedacademies.org)
Refsum disease and the hepatic porphyrias are rare inherited neurodegenerative conditions with exacerbations and remissions due to abnormal metabolism of large tetrapyrrole molecules. (medscape.com)
Two common examples of large tetrapyrrole molecules are chlorophyll a, the photosynthetic pigment of green plants, and heme, the prosthetic group of hemoglobin (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Tetrapyrrole molecules are large-ringed structures developed from 4 pyrrole groups and used in energy metabolism in both plants and animals. (medscape.com)
This possibility opens up a new window for characterizing the motions of individual internal water molecules as well as the large-scale protein conformational fluctuations that govern the exchange rates of structural water molecules. (lu.se)

Diffusion plays an integral role in biological processes such as respiration, the process by which organisms exchange gases with their environment. (jove.com)
More physicists should be encouraged to become active in research and development in the growing application fields of biophysics including molecular genetics, biomedical imaging, tissue generation and regeneration, drug development, prosthetics, neural and brain function, kinetics of nonequilibrium open biological systems, metabolic networks, biological transport processes, large-scale biochemical networks and stochastic processes in biochemical systems to name a few. (aps.org)
This, and many other copepod-driven processes, help transport carbon down into the deep sea, where it may be locked away from the atmosphere for hundreds, or even thousands of years - thereby helping to regulate global climate. (exeter.ac.uk)
In turn, geomorphological processes have large impacts on ecological processes and biogeochemical fluxes by shaping topography and affecting water availability, which determines biological diversity and succession. (copernicus.org)
Understanding these feedbacks between biological and geomorphological processes is becoming increasingly important as new 'building with nature' projects emerge and also increasingly find its way into management (i.e. restoration projects, nature based solutions). (copernicus.org)
The ability to sense and modify intracellular processes is important for, among other things, bettering our understanding of biological processes, developing drugs and evaluating their effectiveness, and modifying cell function. (nanowerk.com)
CNPs are promising nanoscale, multifunctional probes that have the potential of assisting us in demystifying and modifying biological processes as well as serving as tools for injecting large numbers of cells for diagnostics, drug discovery, and therapeutics. (nanowerk.com)
Ubiquitin signals play a significant role in many biological processes. (edu.au)
Large-scale protein conformational motions on nanosecond-microsecond time scales are important for many biological processes, but remain largely unexplored because of methodological limitations. (lu.se)
On the atomic scale level, we can describe these photo-chemical reactions, through a multitude of elementary processes occurring on the ultrafast time scale (from sub femtosecond to picosecond) where the initial energy/light harvesting process is followed by energy conversion and transport processes. (lu.se)
Despite the ever-increasing need to understand these energy conversion and transport processes in many fields of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, many challenges must be addressed due to the multiscale nature of the problem - from atomic to nanoscopic length and time scale. (lu.se)

The cytoplasmic regions of SNARE found on transport vesicles and target membranes interact, then a four-helix coiled coil forms. (wikipedia.org)
Passive transport is the moving of biochemicals across membranes of cells without the use of chemical energy. (wikibooks.org)
Osmosis is very important in biological systems because many membranes are semipermeable. (wikibooks.org)
Ions are also involved in transport phenomena, for example across biological membranes. (cecam.org)
Organization of biological membranes: fundamentals and applications. (alliedacademies.org)
Membrane proteins and sugars are important structural elements of biological membranes [ 1 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
Membrane proteins are essential for maintaining the structural integrity, molecular structure, and material transport through biological membranes. (alliedacademies.org)

The transport may be active transport by carrier proteins with an energy source, or it may be facilitated diffusion or passive transport via channels. (wikibooks.org)
Characteristics of individual transport pathways, including their geometry, physico-chemical properties and dynamics are instrumental for understanding of structure-function relationships of these proteins, for the design of new inhibitors and construction of improved biocatalysts. (plos.org)
Transport pathways play an essential role in the functioning of a large number of proteins. (plos.org)
Analysis of the proteins encoded on LPP-1 also showed that these plasmids contribute to a wide range of Pantoea phenotypes, including the transport and catabolism of various substrates, inorganic ion assimilation, resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals, colonization and persistence in the host and environment, pathogenesis and antibiosis. (uni-bielefeld.de)
LPP-1 encodes a large array of proteins that have played a major role in the adaptation of the different Pantoea spp. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Large proteins that transport ions and water soluble compounds across the membrane are embedded in the lipid bilayer. (alliedacademies.org)
The inhibition of influx is due in large part to the binding of metal ions to sulphydryl groups on transport proteins (ATPases), while the stimulation of efflux appears to be governed by the displacement of calcium from the intercellular tight junctions of the epithelial cells. (astm.org)
Native proteins adopt unique three-dimensional structures, slower motions, from tens of microseconds and into the but their biological functions usually rely on structural flexibility. (lu.se)

Fowler, S. W. & Knauer, G. A. Role of large particles in the transport of elements and organic compounds through the oceanic water column. (nature.com)
In this study we analyzed microbial cells and biological ice nucleating particles (INPs) in smoke emitted from eight prescribed wildland fires in North Florida. (nature.com)
They have a large role for forming electrical double layers around surfaces and thus they contribute to long range effective potentials between nano- and mesoscale particles. (cecam.org)
The nano size of these particles means they are easily transported into biological systems, thus, raising the question of their effects on the susceptible systems. (cdc.gov)
The subeuphotic layers are ultimately replenished in approximately equal contributions by this mesoscale eddy transport and the remineralization of sinking particles. (mit.edu)

The protein domain Syntaxin 6 N terminal protein domain is a soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) found in endosomal transport vesicles. (wikipedia.org)
Their exact function has not been determined, though it is known that they regulate the SNARE motif, as well as mediate various protein-protein interactions involved in membrane-transport. (wikipedia.org)
Herein we present a new version of CAVER enabling automatic analysis of tunnels and channels in large ensembles of protein conformations. (plos.org)
These genes participate in biological functions such as cellular growth, movement, assembly and organisation, as well as in fatty acid and protein metabolism. (bmj.com)
The ATP6V1B1 gene provides instructions for making a part (subunit) of a large protein complex known as vacuolar H + -ATPase (V-ATPase). (medlineplus.gov)
This is essential for molecular recognition, binding, gating, signal the case in protein (micro-)crystals and precipitates, which are transduction, transport, and chemical transformation in all living increasingly being studied with solid-state NMR techniques.5 systems. (lu.se)
Formulation is a large challenge in development of biopharmaceuticals due the lack of fundamental understanding of protein behavior beyond the Hoffmeister series first presented in 1888. (lu.se)

Twenty-nine of these genes were significantly regulated in UC-in-remission subjects compared with non-IBD controls, including a large number of epithelial cell-expressed genes such as REG4, S100P, SERPINB5, SLC16A1, DEFB1, AQP3 and AQP8, which modulate epithelial cell growth, sensitivity to apoptosis and immune function. (bmj.com)

Biological electron transfers often occur between metal-containing cofactors that are separated by very large molecular distances. (caltech.edu)
Aerobic respiration has four stages: Glycolysis, formation of acetyl coenzyme A, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. (livestrong.com)
The final step in aerobic respiration is the electron transport chain. (livestrong.com)
Changes in the ambient temperature can cause rapid changes to surface or interface electron transport, and also ion valence. (actionext.com)

CAVER 3.0 paves the way for the study of important biochemical phenomena in the area of molecular transport, molecular recognition and enzymatic catalysis. (plos.org)
Logically organized from small-scale (molecular) to large-scale (cellular) systems, the text first defines life, discussing the scientific controversies between mechanists and vitalists, the characteristics of living things, and the evolution of life. (routledge.com)

In this project I will develop the first mechanically-adaptable nanopores for size-selective biomolecule transport across cell membrane by uniquely combining DNA origami nanotechnology, machine-inspired design and synthetic biology. (tudelft.nl)

Ζ: Electrical charge of the transported species. (wikibooks.org)
Results and discussion: The Large Pantoea Plasmids (LPP-1) of twenty strains encompassing seven different Pantoea species, including pathogens and endo-/epiphytes of a wide range of plant hosts as well as insect-associated strains, were compared. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Therefore we changed our objectives and we performed new experiments using maize as biological system because this species has economical importance to U.S. and Brazil. (usp.br)
Selenium requirements in plants differ by species, with some plants requiring relatively large amounts, and others apparently requiring none. (cdc.gov)

Heme is an iron-containing tetrapyrrole essential for diverse biological functions, including gas transport and sensing, oxidative metabolism, and xenobiotic detoxification. (medscape.com)

In the first case study, we observed that the real biological networks were most sensitive to overexpression/state-flip and edge-addition/-reverse mutations among node-based and edgetic mutations, respectively. (researchgate.net)
While real biological systems often depend upon many diffusing things (lots of signaling factors for cell-cell communication, growth substrates, drugs, etc.), most solvers only scale well to simulating two or three. (mathcancer.org)

It is also possible to send biological laboratory consignments as letter mail. (post.ch)
Exceptions are biological laboratory consignments . (post.ch)
Studies on implementation of drag-reducing fluids in industrial applications such as HVAC or fluid transport are conducted through laboratory and large-scale field tests. (ucsb.edu)

Experimentally characterized genetic interaction networks in model organisms provide important insights into relationships between different biological functions. (researchgate.net)
Of interest also are biological fluids and organisms, such as natural marine polymers among others. (ucsb.edu)
Selenium salts are toxic in large amounts, but trace amounts are necessary for cellular function in many organisms, including all animals. (cdc.gov)

This includes small gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as larger substances like vitamins. (jove.com)
At one, five, 10 and 30 minutes, three paper points were removed from the contact substances, transported individually, immersed in 7 mL Letheen broth and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. (bvsalud.org)

Despite the varied roles of bioaerosols in environmental health, biological dispersion, and the land-atmosphere system, their ecological sources and emission mechanisms remain poorly understood [ 13 ]. (nature.com)
are frequently isolated from a wide range of ecological niches and have various biological roles, as plant epi- or endophytes, biocontrol agents, plant-growth promoters or as pathogens of both plant and animal hosts. (uni-bielefeld.de)

As such, freshwater bodies serve as conduits for the transport of plastic litter to the ocean. (frontiersin.org)
Next to the hospital were refrigerated trucks transporting bodies from the site. (cdc.gov)

These results represent a clear example of morphodynamic interactions-(a) as waves cross the intertidal bar the onshore mean and oscillatory components transport sediment shoreward, (b) the presence of the runnel reduces the offshore component of oscillatory transport by channeling the flow alongshore, (c) the runnel rapidly infills due to the strong transport asymmetry, (d) once the runnel has infilled, the mean cross-shore current and mean sediment flux reverse direction. (bioone.org)

Another area of research is transport phenomena in manufacturing and materials processing, which includes investigations of rapid solidification of molten metals and shape-controlled deposition of organic materials. (ucsb.edu)

With the great number and complexity of materials involved spanning microbiological, chemical and biological analyses, dedicated project management was vital to ensure a smooth process. (rssl.com)
Air pollution - one of the 1 Environmental risks to health, in the framework of this strategy, are defined as all the physical, chemical, biological and work-related factors external to a person, and all related behaviours, but excluding those natural environments that cannot reasonably be modified. (who.int)
Light is indisputably at the origin of life on earth, driving all photo-chemical reactions in atmosphere, biological systems, and "man-made" energy related materials. (lu.se)

The biological pump-the transfer of atmospheric carbon dioxide to the ocean interior and marine sediments as organic carbon-plays a critical role in regulating the long-term carbon cycle, atmospheric composition and climate. (nature.com)
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), and N 2 O all have large and uncertain natural sources and sinks that obscure the signals from anthropogenic emissions. (nationalacademies.org)
The oceans also see photosynthesis and respiration, just like the biological carbon cycle on land, which means carbon dioxide is both absorbed and emitted. (lu.se)

However, the impact of zooplankton on the biological carbon pump is still relatively minor when compared with environmental drivers. (nature.com)
The fate, transport and bioaccumulation of SWCNT are essential information for risk assessment and making environmental regulations for nanomaterials. (duke.edu)
But as I learned on a recent trip to Chilean Patagonia, intensive aquaculture practices can produce large negative environmental effects. (motherjones.com)
Dr Patrick Rigot-Muller of Maynooth University's School of Business is among the guest editors for the special issue of Marine Policy, which aims to compile papers that consider the environmental and sustainability policies related to maritime transport such as emission taxation, speed limitation, containers lost overboard, emission control areas and others. (afloat.ie)
A large fraction of malaria cases and other vector-borne diseases are closely linked to aquatic environments that are amenable to environmental management. (who.int)
Nonetheless, uneven development has left behind large parts of the global population, who still lack access to basic environmental services, such as sanitation and clean household energy. (who.int)
Diagram adapted from U.S. DOE, Biological and Environmental Research Information System. (lu.se)

Transport of sediments in geophysical flows occurs in mountainous, fluvial, estuarine, coastal, aeolian and other natural or man-made environments on Earth and has been shown to play important formative roles in planets and satellites such as Mars, Titan, and Venus. (copernicus.org)
It is important to study both cycles so that we can understand how coal is transported in the short term (biologically) and over millions of years (geologically), and how this affects our climate. (lu.se)

Fig. 3: The impact of ocean temperature and atmospheric oxygen abundance on the ocean biological carbon pump. (nature.com)
The objectives of this study were to determine if wildland fire smoke is an atmospheric source of viable microbes and biological INPs and estimate the scale of their emissions. (nature.com)
Inverse modeling combines atmospheric and oceanic measurements with a model for atmospheric transport and mixing and models of the natural sources and sinks. (nationalacademies.org)
The emissions of the greenhouse gases covered in this report are small compared to the large atmospheric background. (nationalacademies.org)
Incomplete understanding of atmospheric transport. (nationalacademies.org)
Errors in the atmospheric transport model will cause errors in the inferred location and magnitude of emissions. (nationalacademies.org)

Flagella and cilia are remarkably versatile: they transport mucus and expel pathogens from our airways, they establish the left-right asymmetry in developing vertebrate embryos, and transport human eggs through the Fallopian tube. (cam.ac.uk)

Climate change is increasing the occurrence of heat waves, droughts, extreme rainfall, storms and severe cyclones in many areas, and modifying the transmission of infectious diseases, resulting in large impacts on health. (who.int)

A significant barrier to studying toxicity of SWCNT to animal models is the lack of in vivo techniques to track and quantify SWCNT for assessing their distribution, transport and bioaccumulation. (duke.edu)
Uranium Toxicity: What Is the Biological Fate of Uranium in the Body? (cdc.gov)
United States and Brazil possess large areas with Al toxicity and great area of forests growing under these conditions. (usp.br)

Aerobic respiration is a biological process that takes energy from glucose and other organic compounds to create a molecule called Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP). (livestrong.com)
The large convection requirement for respiration in water and the extensive areas of exposed membrane on the branchial epithelium, ensure that the gill is also a major site of interaction with waterborne contaminants. (astm.org)

In contrast, the evolution of large zooplankton capable of vertical movement in the water column would have enhanced carbon transfer into the ocean interior. (nature.com)
Surging global demand for water - especially in industry and households - requires ever more and larger water treatment systems and plants which have to work efficiently. (ksb.com)
Obtaining drinking water or process water often requires mechanical and biological water treatment. (ksb.com)
In many cases, large masses of water need to be transported as energy-efficiently as possible. (ksb.com)
Away from the simple picture that ion solvation in water can be understood as the embedding of a charged sphere in a dielectric medium, a large range of situations and specific effects have been encountered. (cecam.org)
The nearshore region (between the dry land above the beach and the relatively deep water in the coastal ocean) is continually subjected to large waves, strong winds, and vigorous currents that stir up and transport massive amounts of sand-creating and destroying dunes on the beach and sandbars in the surf, or changing their shapes and positions. (whoi.edu)

Although the tip diameters of these CNPs can be decreased to tens of nanometers, the scientists used relatively large pipettes (with tip outer diameters ranging from 200 to 400 nm) for this study in order to facilitate fluid transport and manipulation under light microscopy. (nanowerk.com)

In this phase, the NADH and FADH donate their electrons to make large amounts of ATP. (livestrong.com)

This nutrient relay, involving both vertical and lateral transport, ultimately fuels biological production and sustains an associated sequestration of carbon in the subtropics. (mit.edu)
In Europe, the first quarter saw the emergence of the delegated act for renewable fuels of non-biological origin (RFNBO), ultimately setting the rules for producing renewable hydrogen. (icis.com)

Tight control of pH is necessary for most biological reactions to proceed properly. (medlineplus.gov)

Biological age is based in large part to the "physiological development of the various organs and systems in the body" (Bompa, 2000). (iyca.org)
Although advances have been made and insights have been gained on the effect of transitional metals on susceptible biological systems, there still is much ground to be covered, particularly with respect to our knowledge on the genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. (cdc.gov)
This is particularly inopportune at a time when the needs for quantitative thinking about biological systems are exploding. (aps.org)
After looking at these smaller systems, the author probes the larger cellular structures. (routledge.com)

During the sample dilution step, a small volume of whole blood is extracted from a larger whole blood patient specimen after the entire specimen is mixed (vortexed) to create a uniform distribution of cellular components. (cdc.gov)
Pb) are known to be associated mostly with the red blood cells in the specimen and a uniform distribution of this cellular material must be produced before a small volume extracted from the larger specimen will accurately reflect the average metal concentration of all fractions of the larger specimen. (cdc.gov)
These clots prevent the uniform distribution of cellular material in the blood specimen even after rigorous mixing, making a representative sub-sample of the larger specimen unattainable. (cdc.gov)

Despite this abundance, Al is not considered an essential element and so far no experimental evidence has been put forward for a biological role. (frontiersin.org)
The primarily role of TF is to transport the iron and supply the growing cells. (lu.se)

Here, we solved crystal structures of a transport receptor and transport receptor complex with the high accuracy measurement using a improved synchrotron beamline for the cell structural biological research. (nii.ac.jp)
CAVER is a software tool widely used for the identification and characterization of transport pathways in static macromolecular structures. (plos.org)

Structural basis for nuclear transport mechanism by the nuclear transport receptor and improvement of a synchrotron beamline. (nii.ac.jp)
Journal Article] Structural and functional analysis of Hikeshi, a new nuclear transport receptor of Hsp70s. (nii.ac.jp)

Here we use a mechanistic model of the biological carbon pump to revisit the factors controlling the transfer efficiency of carbon from surface waters to the ocean interior and marine sediments. (nature.com)
We demonstrate that a shift from bacterioplankton-dominated to more eukaryote-rich ecosystems is unlikely to have considerably impacted the efficiency of Earth's biological pump. (nature.com)

From these data, we estimate each fire aerosolized an average of 7 ± 4 × 10 9 cells and 2 ± 1 × 10 8 biological INPs per m 2 burned and conclude that emissions from wildland fire are sources of viable microbial aerosols to the atmosphere. (nature.com)

The biological carbon cycle has a very fast circulation rate compared to the geological cycle. (lu.se)
Whereas the biological cycle is complete with the life span of a living organism, the geological cycle regards the formation and weathering of rocks - a very slow process - and so the circulation rate of the geological carbon cycle can take around 600 million years! (lu.se)
This means that there is much more carbon bound within the geological cycle, but also that changes in the carbon distribution can be noticed much faster in the biological cycle. (lu.se)

ATP is then used as energy by nearly every cell in the body -- the largest user being the muscular system. (livestrong.com)
What Is a Biological Cell? (routledge.com)

At 25° (298K), ΔG is +11.4 kJ mol −1 (+2.7 kcal mol −1 ), indicating that this transport process requires an input of energy. (wikibooks.org)

Inhaled uranium deposits in the various portions of the respiratory tract and the lungs based on particle size ( i.e. , larger particle size deposited higher in respiratory tract). (cdc.gov)
Research is currently focused on the development of bioceramic materials which simulate biological functions, artificial intelligence, and soft tissues such as artificial lungs. (actionext.com)

We then modeled plastic transport to resolve spatial and temporal variability of plastic distribution in one of the Great Lakes, Lake Erie. (frontiersin.org)

The risk for lead exposure is disproportionately higher for children who are poor, non-Hispanic black, living in large metropolitan areas, or living in older housing. (cdc.gov)
The antibacterial effect of 0.13% benzalkonium chloride against the biological indicators was observed after five minutes in direct exposure, while cetylpyridinium chloride and chlorhexidine gluconate had an antibacterial effect against all the microorganisms after 10 minutes. (bvsalud.org)

Although, in principle, tracer-transport inversion could provide independent estimates of anthropogenic emissions from individual countries for time scales of several days to a year, uncertainties using state-of-the-art methods are too high for this purpose. (nationalacademies.org)
For CO 2 , the instantaneous flux into and out of the terrestrial biosphere varies with time of day and season and can be an order of magnitude larger than fossil-fuel emissions. (nationalacademies.org)

Improvement of food products conservation, transport, and marketing practices. (who.int)

Dangerous goods that are not permitted in the parcel channel can, under certain conditions, be transported as small consignments . (post.ch)
Dangerous goods prohibited as letters or parcels are often permitted for small consignments transport . (post.ch)
Furthermore, these collaborative research efforts span the widest possible range in terms of company size, from small-size high-tech companies, over mid-size companies with a strong local base, to large, multinational enterprises. (lu.se)

largest risks to health - alone causes 7 million preventable deaths per year, with more than nine out of 10 people breathing polluted air, and almost 3 billion people still depending on polluting fuels such as solid fuels or kerosene for lighting cooking and heating. (who.int)

The transport receptors recognize cargo molecule and the receptor-cargo complexes are translocated through the nuclear pore complex. (nii.ac.jp)

Our study demonstrated that, from the biological point of view, the CNPs have reproduced loyally results obtained with the commonly used glass pipettes' Bau tells Nanowerk. (nanowerk.com)
The client hopes to progress to a larger study before moving to commercialisation. (rssl.com)
39,000 students and 6,000 employees make the University a large and inspiring place to work and study, with a continuous flow of new knowledge and ideas. (lu.se)

KSB pumps and valves ensure efficient transport to treatment facilities. (ksb.com)

Anatomy5

Organisms1

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs15

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Phenomena and Processes13

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science5

Health Care1

Molecules16

Processes11

Membranes7

Proteins8

Particles5

Protein7

Genes1

Electron4

Molecular2

Nanotechnology1

Species4

Oxidative1

Real biological2

Laboratory3

Organisms3

Substances2

Ecological2

Bodies2

Sediment1

Phenomena1

Chemical3

Carbon dioxide3

Environmental7

Important2

Atmospheric6

Asymmetry1

Infectious diseases1

Toxicity3

Respiration2

Water6

Fluid transport1

Amounts1

Ultimately2

Reactions1

Systems4

Cellular3

Role2

Structures2

Structural2

Efficiency2

Atmosphere1

Geological3

Cell2

Process1

Lungs2

Spatial1

Exposure2

Emissions2

Practices1

Small3

Risks1

Complexes1

Study3

Pumps1