• See 8 reference sequence protein isoforms for the NEIL2 gene. (nih.gov)
  • See 40 reference sequence protein isoforms for the FANCC gene. (nih.gov)
  • The specificity of translated isoforms is derived by the protein's structure/function, as well as the cell type and developmental stage during which they are produced. (wikipedia.org)
  • Determining specificity becomes more complicated when a protein has multiple subunits and each subunit has multiple isoforms. (wikipedia.org)
  • When expressed in fibroblasts, the ED isoform exhibited restricted neurotrophin specificity compared with that of the FL receptor. (jneurosci.org)
  • Because of these profound effects on ligand specificity, reverse transcription-PCR was used to understand the expression of the FL and ED receptor isoforms at the level of single neurons. (jneurosci.org)
  • In this study, comparison of the ligand specificity of the full-length (FL) and ED receptor isoforms revealed that ED trkB exhibits a more restricted neurotrophin specificity than does FL trkB. (jneurosci.org)
  • Available GH isoforms structurally related to the pituitary GH-N form will be flown across for the determination of specificity, cross-reactivity and to determine kinetic parameters. (wada-ama.org)
  • Recent studies have demonstrated that organophosphate insecticides containing this moiety are potent inhibitors of the metabolism of both xenobiotics and endogenous substrates by human liver microsomes and by specific human cytochrome P450 isoforms. (cdc.gov)
  • The predominant isoform in the brain, which we name rCdkl5_1, is orthologous to the human hCDKL5_1 and mouse mCdkl5_1 isoforms and is the most highly expressed isoform across all brain regions tested. (nih.gov)
  • Alpha and beta myosin isoforms and human atrial and ventricular contraction. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Notably, the ventricle expresses predominantly β-cardiac myosin while the atrium expresses mostly the α-isoform. (cam.ac.uk)
  • In recent years exploration of the properties of pure α- & β-myosin isoforms have been possible in solution, in isolated myocytes and myofibrils. (cam.ac.uk)
  • This allows us to consider the extent to which the atrial vs ventricular mechanical characteristics are defined by the myosin isoform expressed, and how the isoform properties are matched to their physiological roles. (cam.ac.uk)
  • This allowed us consider what features of contraction can and cannot be ascribed to the myosin isoforms present in the atria and ventricles. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Myocardial performance is likely affected by the relative expression of the two myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms, namely {alpha}-MyHC and ß-MyHC. (umsystem.edu)
  • In the case of dot blot analysis, quantification of each isoform was performed by using as standards RNA transcripts obtained from cloned human alpha-actin sequences, and the total amount of sarcomeric actin mRNA was evaluated as a function of total poly(A+)RNA. (jci.org)
  • There is currently a lack of protocols for the accurate quantification of A-to-I-edited microRNA isoforms using qPCR. (lu.se)
  • Allele-specific quantification of human leukocyte antigen transcript isoforms by nanopore sequencing. (bvsalud.org)
  • This application note discusses a method that uses an ACQUITY UPLC H-Class Bio System and a Waters Protein-Pak Hi Res Q strong anion-exchange column to separate and quantify plasmid isoforms. (selectscience.net)
  • Here, we describe a protocol to quantify microRNA editing isoforms using two-tailed RT-qPCR, with either SYBR Green or hydrolysis probes. (lu.se)
  • We describe a simple bioinformatic workflow to quantify allele -specific expression of HLA transcript isoforms . (bvsalud.org)
  • Observations were made with and without inhibition of constitutive (endothelial constitutive NOS (ecNOS) and COX‐1) and inducible isoforms (iNOS and COX‐2) of NOS and COX. (ersjournals.com)
  • These findings may lead to therapeutic strategies for selective isoform inhibition in non-small cell lung cancer. (nih.gov)
  • The discovery of isoforms could explain the discrepancy between the small number of protein coding regions of genes revealed by the human genome project and the large diversity of proteins seen in an organism: different proteins encoded by the same gene could increase the diversity of the proteome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many human genes possess confirmed alternative splicing isoforms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although ~95% of multi-exonic genes are thought to be alternatively spliced, one study on noisy splicing observed that most of the different low-abundance transcripts are noise, and predicts that most alternative transcript and protein isoforms present in a cell are not functionally relevant. (wikipedia.org)
  • Their differential transcript usage analysis between the cell types/clusters for each of the samples revealed a number of genes with different isoform expression patterns. (nanoporetech.com)
  • The protein diversity of mammalian cells is determined by arrays of isoforms from genes. (elifesciences.org)
  • In the present work, five genes encoding different Na(+),K(+) ATPase (NKA) α-isoforms in the teleost Solea senegalensis are described for the first time. (ualg.pt)
  • Phylogenetic analysis clustered the five genes into three main clades: α1 (designated atp1a1a and atp1a1b), α2 (designated atp1a2) and α3 (designated atp1a3a and atp1a3b) isoforms. (ualg.pt)
  • Isoforms at the RNA level are readily characterized by cDNA transcript studies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Objective -To investigate whether protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms are expressed in equine skeletal muscle and determine their distribution in various types of fibers by use of immunofluorescence microscopy. (avma.org)
  • Here we report a new level of regulation wherein LCFA-CoA esters per se allosterically activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) β1-containing isoforms to increase fatty acid oxidation through phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. (mcmaster.ca)
  • Three-dimensional protein structure comparisons can be used to help determine which, if any, isoforms represent functional protein products, and the structure of most isoforms in the human proteome has been predicted by AlphaFold and publicly released at isoform.io. (wikipedia.org)
  • Haplotype And Functional Analysis Of Four Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase Isoform 2 (FMO2) Polymorphisms In Hispanics. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Lung cancer osteopontin isoforms exhibit angiogenic functional heterogeneity. (nih.gov)
  • Many pathophysiological states are associated with small shifts in the relative expression of each MyHC isoform, yet the functional consequence of these shifts remains unclear. (umsystem.edu)
  • Isoform-specific AMPK activity was measured in skeletal muscle in response to insulin, contraction, or hypoxia. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • In conclusion, obesity-related insulin resistance is associated with an isoform-specific impairment in AMPKα1 in response to contraction. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The cryo-electron microscopy structure reveals domain organization and structural details of the Nf1 exon 23a splicing 3 isoform 2 in a closed, self-inhibited, Zn-stabilized state and an open state. (nature.com)
  • Inclusion of exon 23a is found in most human tissues but predominately skipped in neurons of the central nervous system 3 , and variation of the isoform 1/2 splicing ratio leads to disturbed neuronal differentiation 11 . (nature.com)
  • and ' because we have full-length isoform information, we are not just restricted to only looking for mutations in the final exon' . (nanoporetech.com)
  • In other words, the identification of true orthology relationships between gene products now should progress beyond primary sequence and "splicing orthology", consisting in ancestrally shared exon-intron structures, is required to define orthologous isoforms at transcript level. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Allele -specific exon utilization was calculated as the proportion of reads aligning to each allele containing known exons , and transcript isoforms were quantified based on patterns of exon utilization within individual reads. (bvsalud.org)
  • We used q-RT-PCR and exon-exon spanning assays to analyze the expression of four alternatively spliced CD44 isoforms as well as the total expression of CD44 in 187 breast tumors and 13 cell lines. (lu.se)
  • Transcript abundance is often used as a proxy for the abundance of protein isoforms, though proteomics experiments using gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry have demonstrated that the correlation between transcript and protein counts is often low, and that one protein isoform is usually dominant. (wikipedia.org)
  • These results, combined with a lack of correlation between transcript and protein abundance for both Rca isoforms and Rubisco throughout the entire diel cycle, suggest that the abundance of these photosynthetic enzymes is post-transcriptionally regulated. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • Conclusions and Clinical Relevance -Results indicated that PKC isoforms are expressed in equine skeletal muscle in a fiber type-specific manner. (avma.org)
  • This most likely occurs from defects in postreceptor insulin signal transduction at the level of insulin receptor substrate-1 and phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase ( 6 - 9 ) as well as defects in trafficking and/or function of GLUT4 ( 10 , 11 ), the major insulin-regulated GLUT isoform expressed in skeletal muscle ( 12 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • SiR-Kaufmann and colleagues (March 11, p 615) assessthe expression of CD44 isoforms in breast cancer andcorrelate the data with outlook. (unibas.ch)
  • With antibodies againsthuman CD44 variant isoforms (CD44v), they showsignificant correlations between presence of v6 epitopes andoverall survival. (unibas.ch)
  • CD44 isoforms are heterogeneously expressed in breast cancer and correlate with tumor subtypes and cancer stem cell markers. (lu.se)
  • We aimed to investigate potential associations between alternatively spliced isoforms of CD44 and CSCs as well as to various breast cancer biomarkers and molecular subtypes. (lu.se)
  • Breast cancer cell lines showed a heterogeneous expression pattern of the CD44 isoforms, which shifted considerably when cells were grown as mammospheres. (lu.se)
  • Tumors characterized as positive for the CD44+/CD24- phenotype by immunohistochemistry were associated to all isoforms except the CD44 standard (CD44S) isoform, which lacks all variant exons. (lu.se)
  • Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis of CD44 isoform expression data divided tumors into four main clusters, which showed significant correlations to molecular subtypes and differences in 10-year overall survival. (lu.se)
  • We demonstrate that individual CD44 isoforms can be associated to different breast cancer subtypes and clinical markers such as HER2, ER and PgR, which suggests involvement of CD44 splice variants in specific oncogenic signaling pathways. (lu.se)
  • Efforts to link CD44 to CSCs and tumor progression should consider the expression of various CD44 isoforms. (lu.se)
  • The biophysical properties and the effects of allosteric modulators were similar for spontaneous and evoked GABAR currents, suggesting that a single GABAR isoform was responsible for both currents. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Most GABAR isoforms require binding of GABA to initiate entry into open states. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The primary mechanisms that produce protein isoforms are alternative splicing and variable promoter usage, though modifications due to genetic changes, such as mutations and polymorphisms are sometimes also considered distinct isoforms. (wikipedia.org)
  • New exonic regions, splice sites and UTRs are described, confirming the presence of four distinct transcript isoforms. (nih.gov)
  • We specifically focus on distinct roles of isoforms and splice variants across the mTOR network. (nih.gov)
  • The aim of this proposal is the characterisation of distinct antibodies that specifically recognise growth hormone isoforms. (wada-ama.org)
  • this process is regulated by the alternative splicing of mRNA, though it is not clear to what extent such a process affects the diversity of the human proteome, as the abundance of mRNA transcript isoforms does not necessarily correlate with the abundance of protein isoforms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alternative splicing is the main post-transcriptional modification process that produces mRNA transcript isoforms, and is a major molecular mechanism that may contribute to protein diversity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Skeletal actin mRNA increases in the human heart during ontogenic development and is the major isoform of control and failing adult hearts. (jci.org)
  • Through Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) analysis, we identified a panel of mutation mRNA isoforms highly specific to HCC cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • While protein expression is dictated by the level of gene expression, the structure and function of the protein is largely determined by the isoforms of the mRNA of a given gene and are impacted by mutations or other structural alterations to the amino acids ( Faustino and Cooper, 2003 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • To understand the role of each cell in an organism, broad spectrum mRNA isoform and mutational gene expression analyses at the single-cell level is necessary. (elifesciences.org)
  • We examined mRNA expression using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction primers for 3 osteopontin isoforms in non-small-cell lung cancer and immortalized bronchial epithelial cell lines, and correlated expression with osteopontin secretion into media detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. (nih.gov)
  • Molecular characterization and transcriptional regulation of the Na +/K+ ATPase α subunit isoforms during development and salinity challenge in a teleost fish, the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). (ualg.pt)
  • However, these previous studies did not determine the relative contributions of COX (COX‐1 and COX‐2) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms (endothelial constitutive (ecNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS)) to the abnormal acinar microvessel response to HA 4 , 7 . (ersjournals.com)
  • We propose potential mechanisms underlying transcriptional induction of endothelial MT isoforms. (go.jp)
  • We hypothesize that osteopontin isoforms (OPNa, OPNb, and OPNc) have divergent roles in non-small-cell lung cancer angiogenesis and divergent impact on vascular endothelial growth factor secretion. (nih.gov)
  • Angiogenic properties conferred by osteopontin isoforms were evaluated by transfecting cDNA plasmids specific to each isoform and controls into non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines, H153 and H358 (low endogenous osteopontin) and A549 and H460 (high endogenous osteopontin), analyzing conditioned media on a bovine capillary endothelial platform, and measuring vascular endothelial growth factor levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. (nih.gov)
  • We demonstrated divergent effects of osteopontin isoforms on non-small-cell lung cancer angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor secretion. (nih.gov)
  • Matt Ritchie (The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne) outlined the goal of his project, which was to obtain full-length cDNA for sequencing on the Oxford Nanopore PromethION platform, to explore isoform heterogeneity at the single-cell level. (nanoporetech.com)
  • With this method they have profiled cell lines (n=2), mouse stem cells (n=1), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from an individual with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) (n=1), in order to investigate isoform heterogeneity in a variety of systems. (nanoporetech.com)
  • To demonstrate the utility of this methodology, we analyzed the isoforms of over 440 transcriptomes from the cells originating from a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patient. (elifesciences.org)
  • We show that an incomplete annotation catalog can have a detrimental effect on the ability to detect differential transcript usage in transcriptomes with few isoforms per gene and that isoform-level prefiltering can considerably improve false discovery rate control. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While many perform the same or similar biological roles, some isoforms have unique functions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although HDACs share redundant functions and common substrates, the unique isoform-specific roles of different HDACs in GBM remain unclear. (jci.org)
  • The ubiquitous Nf1 isoform-2 splice variant Nf1-23a (2839aa) is, together with Nf1 isoform 1, which lacks the 23a insertion (2818aa), one of the two biologically relevant alternative Nf1 isoforms. (nature.com)
  • The predominant expression pattern of either FL or ED isoforms in single embryonic DRG neurons establishes the existence of two subpopulations exhibiting differential responsiveness to trkB ligands, indicating that regulated splicing of the extracellular domain of trkB may serve as a mechanism to restrict neuronal responsiveness to the neurotrophins. (jneurosci.org)
  • The benefit of our long-read data though is that now we have isoform-specific counts' , and Matt demonstrated how differential expression of the four RBS24 isoforms was apparent between the normal PBMCs and cancerous cells. (nanoporetech.com)
  • Similar to the differential isoform expression analysis, Matt was looking for variants that had different distribution between the cell clusters. (nanoporetech.com)
  • and thus may be most suited for the mutational isoform expression analyses. (elifesciences.org)
  • Differences in the relative expression of these isoforms between tissues and species occur naturally between cell types and allow cells to adapt to the environment, but aberrations from this normal splicing pattern can have detrimental consequences for the organism [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The relative expression of each isoform is regulated developmentally and in pathophysiological states. (umsystem.edu)
  • Together, these results suggest that the regulated expression of both N-cadherin and NCAM isoforms including their polysialylation, is an essential mechanism for the normal separation of secondary myotubes from primary myotubes. (rupress.org)
  • A high expression of the CD44v2-v10 isoform, which retain all variant exons, was correlated to positive steroid receptor status, low proliferation and luminal A subtype. (lu.se)
  • The CD44v3-v10 isoform showed similar correlations, while high expression of CD44v8-v10 was correlated to positive EGFR, negative/low HER2 status and basal-like subtype. (lu.se)
  • Akt Isoform Specific Antibody Sampler Kit provides an economical means of distinguishing between the three Akt isoforms, Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3, as well as a pan-Akt antibody. (cellsignal.com)
  • Each isoform-specific antibody recognizes endogenous levels of the specified Akt isoform independent of its phosphorylation state. (cellsignal.com)
  • Neither antibody cross-reacts with the two other isoforms. (cellsignal.com)
  • Akt Antibody recognizes endogenous levels of all three Akt isoforms. (cellsignal.com)
  • A protein isoform, or "protein variant", is a member of a set of highly similar proteins that originate from a single gene or gene family and are the result of genetic differences. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our high-resolution single particle cryo-electron microscopy (EM) structures reveal the domain organization and structural details of the full-length Nf1-23a isoform 2 dimer (Fig. 1a-c , Extended Data Figs. 1 - 3 ). (nature.com)
  • In keeping with the idea that multiple development factors donate to PVR pathogenesis, PDGFR could be triggered by many PDGF isoforms as well as development factors beyond the PDGF family members (non-PDGFs) (39, 40, 44). (woofahs.com)
  • We describe an approach to screen large sets of MALDI-MS mass spectra for protein isoforms separated on two-dimensional electrophoresis gels. (lu.se)
  • Here, we tested the hypothesis that the relative abundance of the redox-sensitive and redox-insensitive Rca isoforms could be differentially regulated throughout light-dark diel cycle in wheat. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • Isoforms at the protein level can manifest in the deletion of whole domains or shorter loops, usually located on the surface of the protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alternative splicing of the avian trkB receptor generates an extracellular deletion (ED) isoform missing 11 amino acids from the neurotrophin-binding domain of the full-length (FL) receptor. (jneurosci.org)
  • Cryosections of equine muscle were stained with PKC isoform (α, β1, β2, δ, ξ, or ζ)-specific polyclonal antibodies and examined by use of a fluorescence microscope. (avma.org)
  • Constitutive, but not inducible, isoforms of cyclo-oxygenase and nitric oxide synthase play an important role in abnormal microvessel responses to carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in hyperoxia-injured lungs. (ersjournals.com)
  • specific enzyme tests are required if the transferrin isoform pattern is suggestive of an abnormal pattern. (icnapedia.org)
  • Regulation and activity-dependence of N-cadherin, NCAM isoforms, and polysialic acid on chick myotubes during development. (rupress.org)
  • A typical human gene, then, produces multiple transcript isoforms (ten per gene, on average), that can differ both in their coding and untranslated regions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We show that oMAP4 is expressed upon muscle cell differentiation and is the only MAP4 isoform essential for normal progression of the myogenic differentiation programme. (elifesciences.org)
  • For some PKC isoforms, distribution was specific for fiber type. (avma.org)
  • Our study highlights the importance of HDAC1 in GBM and the need to develop isoform-specific drugs. (jci.org)
  • Specific platelet-derived growth element (PDGF) isoforms are connected with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), a sight-threatening complication that develops inside a subset of individuals dealing with retinal reattachment surgery. (woofahs.com)
  • Thus the effect of the PKC blockers on glucose uptake is either nonspecific working on other parts of contraction-induced signaling or the remaining cPKC isoforms are sufficient for stimulating glucose uptake during contractions. (ku.dk)
  • This analysis pipeline identifies and quantifies isoforms from the input sequencing data, and detects genetic variation, and then with integrated short-read data, joint analysis of splicing is performed. (nanoporetech.com)
  • In this report, we developed a strategy to integrate Element Biosciences' LoopSeq intramolecular barcoding technique with 10x Genomics' cell barcoding scheme to create a single-cell long-read isoform analysis vehicle. (elifesciences.org)