Iraq impact mustard gas. Medical search. Frequent questions

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the analytical methods that are available for detecting, measuring, and/or monitoring sulfur mustard, its metabolites, and other biomarkers of exposure and effect to sulfur mustard. (cdc.gov)
The most common currently used method of analyzing for the presence of sulfur mustard and its metabolites in biological and environmental samples is gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Prior to 1987, however, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with a colorimetric detection system and gas chromatography with either flame ionization detector (FID), electron capture detector (ECD), or flame photometric detector (FPD) were the most frequently used methods. (cdc.gov)
Sodium chloride is sometimes added to improve sample stability and prevent sulfur mustard breakdown to thiodiglycol and other metabolites. (cdc.gov)
Table 7-1 summarizes several representative analytical methods for detecting sulfur mustard and its metabolites in biological samples. (cdc.gov)
Little information was found on the direct detection of sulfur mustard in biological tissues or fluids. (cdc.gov)
However, in two cases of suspected exposure, sodium chloride was first added to the urine samples to stabilize any sulfur mustard that might be present. (cdc.gov)
A semi-quantitative analysis by GC/MS detected low ppb levels of sulfur mustard in these samples compared to none detected in a control sample of a definitely unexposed person (Vycudilik 1985, 1987). (cdc.gov)
Sulfur mustard has also been detected in body tissues and fluids of an alleged victim (Drasch et al. (cdc.gov)
1987). In this analysis, abdominal fat samples were first qualitatively analyzed by GC/MS. Sulfur mustard is generally metabolized rapidly in biological systems. (cdc.gov)
The primary method of analyzing for sulfur mustard exposure is by detecting the presence of its hydrolysis metabolites in biological fluids. (cdc.gov)
Two years later, the same battlefields saw the first deployment of sulfur mustard. (medscape.com)
Sulfur mustard was the major cause of chemical casualties in World War I. CWAs have been used in at least 12 conflicts since, including the first Persian Gulf War (Iraq-Iran War). (medscape.com)
In the waning days of the war, Iraq resorted more frequently to bombarding soldiers and civilians with sulfur mustard and nerve agents. (pulitzercenter.org)
According to information obtained by Human Rights Watch, the JNA conducted extensive research on a wide variety of military chemical agents, and produced the nerve agent sarin, the blister agent sulfur mustard, and the incapacitating agent BZ before the Bosnian war, and turned these chemical agents into weapons. (unexplainable.net)
The yellow smoke produced from the rocket is most likely HD, or "sulfur mustard", a class one chemical agent. (libertynewsnow.com)
This compound, also known as sulfur mustard, however, has not ceased to be used in various conflicts, for example the Iran-Iraq war or more recently in Syria. (symmes.fr)
Biomarkers of exposure to sulfur mustard are already available but they are either detectable for a short period of time or require tedious protocols. (symmes.fr)
Researchers at our laboratory have undertaken the task of validating novel biomarkers of exposure to sulfur mustard in a project associating the NRBC program of the CEA, a thesis co-financing from the Agence d'Innovation de Défense and the Institut de Recherches Biomédicales des Armées. (symmes.fr)
Since the handling of sulfur mustard is authorized in only two laboratories in France, the first experiments were carried out with CEES (2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide), an analog of sulfur mustard. (symmes.fr)
Based on these results, the team is now working on extending this technique to sulfur mustard metabolites. (symmes.fr)
Glutathione conjugates of the mercapturic acid pathway and guanine adduct as biomarkers of exposure to CEES, a sulfur mustard analog. (symmes.fr)
World War I is often associated with mustard gas, also known as sulfur mustard and by its proper name 1-chloro-2-((2-chloroethyl)sulfanyl)-ethane. (raci.org.au)
The macabre purpose of sulfur mustard was to incapacitate soldiers, as well as overload an opponent's medical facilities in treating both military and civilian casualties. (raci.org.au)
Sulfur mustard was first synthesised almost a century before World War I, but its hazardous nature was only established in 1913, when English biochemist Hans Clarke, while working with German chemist Emil Fischer, was hospitalised after being exposed to a concentrated form in the laboratory in Berlin. (raci.org.au)
Sulfur mustard as a vapour cannot be readily dispersed, and hence to increase the effectiveness it was delivered as an aerosol, in which the sulfur mustard is contained within a fine solvent drop. (raci.org.au)
The stability of sulfur mustard also meant the active agent could persist in the soil and water of contested areas for extended periods of time, and hence have continual impact on soldiers and military personnel long after the initial attack had ceased. (raci.org.au)

The regulations and inspection regimes focus on certain types of chemicals owned by states in large quantities - both chemical weapons, such as sarin and mustard gas, and the chemicals, including phosgene (carbonyl dichloride) and thionyl chloride, that are used to prepare them. (nature.com)
The Syrian government is believed to possess one of the biggest stockpiles of chemical weapons in the world, including nerve agents Sarin and VX, as well as mustard gas, though it has repeatedly said it would never use such weapons against its own people. (time.com)
Since sarin was removed in 2013 following a UN resolution that aimed to avoid a US-led attack on the Syrian regime, there have been 126 cases of gas being used in Syria, and 125 of them were chlorine used by the regime, Saket claims. (herokuapp.com)
As a result of the openings created by Rumsfeld's (1983-84) diplomatic triumphs, U.S. companies were recruited and encouraged, both covertly and overtly, to ship poisonous chemicals and biological agents to Iraq, by the administrations of both Reagan and George Bush Sr. Care packages to Saddam included sample strains of anthrax and bubonic plague, and components which would be used to develop nerve poisons like sarin gas and ricin. (humorgazette.com)

The attack involved the use of chemical weapons, specifically mustard gas and nerve agents. (wmd-free.me)

It conquered much of eastern Syria and western Iraq in 2014, territory it lost finally only in 2019. (wikipedia.org)
They have also deployed chemical weapons in Iraq and Syria. (wikipedia.org)
All these men spent time detained in Camp Bucca during the American occupation of Iraq Abu Omar al-Shishani, who was a sergeant in the Georgian Army before leading an ISIL unit in Syria, also became a prominent commander. (wikipedia.org)
Between 2013 and 2017, we again experienced the deliberate use of chemical weapons on civilian targets in Iraq and Syria, impacting the civilian population, and in 2017, the deliberate use of toxic chemicals at the Kuala Lumpur international airport, followed one year later by the use of another chemical agent in the United Kingdom. (unicri.it)
Former FBI intelligence agent Timothy Gil said ISIS is using laboratories in Iraq, Syria and Libya to constantly improve and perfect its dirty bombs so that they can cause the maximum possible casualties. (islamedianalysis.info)
Former FBI intelligence officer Timothy Gil said the ISIS is using safe havens in Syria, Iraq and potentially Libya as laboratories to learn how chemical agents impact the battlefield, with the goal of sharing their expertise via social media with ISIS followers worldwide. (islamedianalysis.info)
There is no other factory in Syria that can make this gas, and now it is under opposition control," he says. (time.com)
This remote possibility increases the longer the Islamic State controls large swaths of land in Syria and Iraq. (thesoufancenter.org)
This is the first time that [mustard] gas has been used [in Syria]. (herokuapp.com)
Jerry Smith, the former head of operations of the Organisation for the Prevention of Chemical Weapons/UN mission to Syria, said: "The photographs of the injuries and the unexploded projectile, along with the outline description of the events, are consistent with the characteristics and damaging properties of mustard chemical warfare agent. (herokuapp.com)
After the 2013 assention there were as yet concoction weapon assaults in Iraq and Syria and the Assad government was constantly associated with doing some of them yet there was no indisputable confirmation. (newsmonitors.blog)
It is trusted that the Syrian Army utilized mustard gas in July 2015 yet there was insufficient confirmation that Syria had made that specific assault. (newsmonitors.blog)
If we recognise what took place in Iraq as genocide against the Kurdish people, we will send a clear message to all leaders in the region that they should think twice before deciding to attack their own people, as we are seeing currently in Syria. (parliament.uk)
ISIS has been setup in Iraq in 2006 while the United States was in Iraq - not Syria was in Iraq, so it was growing under the supervision of the American authority in Iraq, and they didn't do anything to fight ISIS at that time. (sociable.co)
The UN issued a report yesterday saying that its research panel "found what it described as 'sufficient evidence' of three cases of chemical weapons use - two chlorine gas attacks on civilians by the Syrian air force, and another use of 'sulphur-mustard' gas by the terrorist group ISIL, or Daesh - in Syria between 2014 and 2015. (sociable.co)
There is a suspicion that the HD came from Syria who, in 2013, admitted to having large quantities of mustard gas upon giving up its cache of chemical weapons. (libertynewsnow.com)
While for now the attacks have been isolated to Iraq and Syria, questions remain about the transportation of these weapons and their proliferation as well as the ability for ISIS to produce more sophisticated weapons and conduct more sophisticated attacks. (libertynewsnow.com)
Soldiers fire an M777A2 howitzer while supporting Iraqi security forces near al-Qaim, Iraq, Nov. 7, 2017, as part of the operation to defeat the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. (dupuyinstitute.org)

The declining effectiveness of chlorine gas led to the use of phosgene (COCl 2 ) as a weapon, given it is colourless. (raci.org.au)
The tragedy of both of these chemicals is that neither was developed for military purposes - chlorine gas has been known to chemists since Sir Humphry Davy reported it in 1810, while phosgene was developed as a precursor for a range of chemical syntheses. (raci.org.au)
The use of mustard gas in warfare represented a change in weaponisation of chemicals compared to chlorine and phosgene. (raci.org.au)

The greater part of alternate assaults were clearly the work of ISIL, which seems to have utilized mustard gas amid August 2016. (newsmonitors.blog)

The use of chemical weapons is prohibited under the 1925 Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol). (unexplainable.net)
In 1925, the Geneva Protocol was established to prohibit using poisonous or other gases, asphyxiating, and any other bacteriological methods of warfare during the war. (essays.io)

The chemical attacks have a lasting genetic impact (which some believe this being the main objective) on the Kurdish population and that is evident through major birth defects in the cities attacked. (kurdishrights.org)
This is hardly surprising, given that Del has had experience of discrimination against Kurds in Iraq and that his parents and siblings were survivors of attacks with mustard gas and other chemical agents. (dlawer.info)
Reports that the so-called Islamic State may have used mustard gas in several recent attacks against Kurdish Peshmerga units in northern Iraq have generated concern that the group has acquired and used chemical weapons of mass destruction. (thesoufancenter.org)
Meanwhile, 3,500 troops stationed in Iraq are being prepped for encounters with chemical weapons due to the attacks. (libertynewsnow.com)
Kurdistan Regional Government officials in Northern Iraq have cited three chemical attacks in 2015 so far. (libertynewsnow.com)
It is also a threat to the population, which may be in contact with old munitions or could be the target of terrorist attacks, since mustard is relatively easy to synthesize. (symmes.fr)
In the beginning, chlorine gas attacks had devastating consequences, most notable in the second battle of Ypres, because gas masks and protective equipment had yet to be widely distributed. (raci.org.au)
During the First World War, "successful" gas attacks would use tons of gas and produce hundreds to thousands of deaths and thousands of injured" (Macfarlane, 2005). (essays.io)

Western intelligence officials monitoring ISIS in Iraq have expressed concern that the terrorist group could use its suicide bombers to release the undetectable poisonous chemicals in public venues to kill thousands. (islamedianalysis.info)
Kurdish poison gas survivors have revealed that they were caught unaware that they had been subjected to chemical attack by ISIS militants since they neither saw nor smell the poisonous fumes. (islamedianalysis.info)
He said the ISIS jihadis were using Peshmerga fighters as "lab rats for weapons of mass destruction," adding that he had seen cases of "mustard gas, precursors and neurotoxic acids being tested. (islamedianalysis.info)
The rebels have resisted Isis attempts to return, bringing with them an increasing amount of heavy weapons, some looted from Iraq, others from Syrian bases, and yet more bought on a buoyant black market across the chaotic north. (herokuapp.com)
To further back up his claim, Assad pointed out that ISIS began under the watch of the United States in 2006 when the group began to foment in Iraq. (sociable.co)
Just last week, the Kurdish media reported that a rocket suspected of carrying chemical weapons was fired by ISIS at Kurdish forces guarding the largest dam in Iraq. (libertynewsnow.com)
The International Business Times reports that a team of from the Iraqi government plans to visit the Kurdish region of Iraq for a formal investigation regarding the allegations that ISIS has been using chemical weapons. (libertynewsnow.com)

They launched a large-scale attack of poisonous gas against the French troops during the battle of Ypres. (essays.io)

A doctor working on the Kurdish frontline told Fox News that the group's latest dirty bombs emitted gases which are "odorless, colourless and absorbed through the clothing," often only causing burns or illness hours after they were breathed in. (islamedianalysis.info)
As early as October 2006, when the group had just reorganized as the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI), it used chlorine in massive truck bombs. (thesoufancenter.org)
The bombings ranged from car bombs that contained chlorine tanks to massive tanker trucks filled with the gas. (thesoufancenter.org)
In a single day, four chemical bombs containing mustard gas were dropped on the city of Sardasht, located in northwest Iran near the border with Iraq. (wmd-free.me)

To put this in its proper context, until not so long ago the (now deposed) president of Iraq, Saddam Hussein, was engaged in 'systematic genocide of the Kurdish people, as well as wanton denials of human rights in Iraq,' as Del puts it. (dlawer.info)
He tells me that he had to leave Iraq through the mountains on the Kurdish-Iranian borderusing smugglers' routes-without his family. (dlawer.info)
One must also remember that a lot of Kurdish workers were involved in the Turkish rolling General Strike which took place during the war build-up and which certainly had a big impact on the strong anti-war movement within Turkey. (theanarchistlibrary.org)
In late August Kurdish troops in neighbouring Iraq were also affected by mustard gas , a substance first used in the first world war, and sporadically in wars across the world in the century since. (herokuapp.com)
Today's debate is an important milestone towards persuading this House, the wider public and the international community to recognise the attempted genocide of the Kurdish people in Iraq by Saddam Hussein. (parliament.uk)
The targeting of the Kurdish people living in northern Iraq was designed to remove any possibility of opposition to the vile regime. (parliament.uk)
One need only remember the Kurdish town of Halabja, where several thousand civilians were killed in an Iraqi chemical attack in 1988, to realize the terrible impact chemical weapons can have. (unexplainable.net)

They are using CEES, an analogue of this gas, and have just obtained unambiguous biological validation by detecting conjugates of CEES with glutathione (a molecule that binds to many chemicals to facilitate their elimination) as well as some of its metabolites. (symmes.fr)

The signatory countries have been concerned with chemical warfare on a massive scale, such as the Iran-Iraq war (1980-88). (nature.com)
The Iran-Iraq War was characterized by its brutality, trench warfare, and the use of chemical weapons. (academicblock.com)
In the modern warfare era, CWAs were first used in World War I in 1915 when the German military released 168 tons of chlorine gas at Ypres, Belgium, killing an estimated 5000 Allied troops. (medscape.com)
For those unfamiliar with HD, it is a chemical warfare agent most widely known by the name "Mustard Gas" and its use in the Vietnam Conflict. (libertynewsnow.com)

Approximately 50,000 tons of mustard shells were disposed of in the Baltic Sea following World War I. Since then, numerous fishermen have been burned accidentally while hauling leaking shells aboard boats. (medscape.com)
[ 5 ] Leaking mustard shells also have injured collectors of military memorabilia and children playing in old battlefields. (medscape.com)
When the artillery shells whistled overhead, Ahmed Latouf hid in his kitchen with his wife and children and waited for their impact. (herokuapp.com)
The gas was loaded into artillery shells and fired from about 8km away, from an area controlled by Islamic State. (herokuapp.com)
Artillery shells were filled with chlorine gas (a pulmonary agent) and fired into the opposition lines, though in only limited instances. (raci.org.au)

Despite Baghdad's protestations, Iraq does have a small but very lethal operational arsenal of WMD and platforms capable of delivering them throughout the Middle East and even beyond. (cro.net)
While the image of a terrorist group armed with chemical weapons (whether chlorine gas or more lethal forms) makes for vivid imagery and reporting, it is improbable when compared to other threats. (thesoufancenter.org)
The greater part of these assaults utilized lethal mechanical chemicals (generally chlorine) instead of stuff intended to be a weapon (like mustard or nerve gas). (newsmonitors.blog)
According to reports, thousands of people were exposed to the lethal gases and more than 134 people lost their lives. (wmd-free.me)

In the garage, south of the city of Sirte, the Libyan government keeps about 10 tons of mustard gas in about a half-dozen large canisters. (blackagendareport.com)

He goes on to explain: 'I wanted to go back to Iraq, especially Kurdistan, and help rebuild it once Saddam was overthrown-who would have known he would bein power for so long? (dlawer.info)
From Kurdistan to southern Iraq the poor rose up against the Baathist/Fascist regime and against the consequences of the war created by both this regime and the coalition allies. (theanarchistlibrary.org)
Over the past five years I have been involved with the all-party group on the Kurdistan region in Iraq, which I am now proud to co-chair with my hon. (parliament.uk)

Researchers at our laboratory aim to find biomarkers of mustard gas exposure that are long-lasting and simply detectable in urine or plasma. (symmes.fr)

Saddam's leadership took Iraq through periods of relative stability, brutal oppression, international conflict, and ultimate downfall. (academicblock.com)

The story going around was that this substance weapon was a piece of some mystery supply of mustard gas that the Assad government did not surrender and that ISIL caught. (newsmonitors.blog)

Although Iraq has been subjected to an unprecedented regimen of UN inspection and destruction of strategic military programs since the end of the Gulf War in the Spring of 1991, the international community has proven incapable of learning the entire scope of the Iraqi programs for fielding weapons of mass destruction, let alone eliminate these programs as mandated by the Security Council. (cro.net)
Moreover, during 1997, Iraqi military units conducted several simulated deployments and launching of ballistic missiles of the type and range Iraq is not permitted to have. (cro.net)
During the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq conflict, Iraqi forces pummeled Iranians with some of the world's deadliest chemical agents. (pulitzercenter.org)
Destruction of the dam could impact millions of Iraqi citizens and the dam's instability has been a point of concern for almost ten years. (libertynewsnow.com)

The indiscriminate and uncontrollable nature of poison gas renders no one safe-which indeed is often the case, even without the gas. (thesoufancenter.org)
Obama definitely took a page out of the Bush administration recipe book," including "peddling scary stories of poison gas stockpiled at a remote desert location. (blackagendareport.com)
The administration had already begun peddling scary stories of poison gas stock piled at a remote desert location. (blackagendareport.com)

The 21 August attack left as many as 25 people in the northern Syrian village of Marea contaminated by a substance that has since been confirmed as mustard gas, a chemical weapon banned under the 1925 Geneva protocol. (herokuapp.com)

This religious divide played a significant role in the conflict, with Iraq portraying itself as a defender of the Arab world against the Persian, Shia-dominated Iran. (academicblock.com)
Chlorine gas was used throughout the conflict. (raci.org.au)

Saddam Hussein, the former President of Iraq, is a figure who looms large in modern history. (academicblock.com)
Iraq, ruled by Saddam Hussein, had a Sunni Muslim majority, while Iran, under the leadership of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, had a Shia Muslim majority. (academicblock.com)
Iraq, under Saddam Hussein, aimed to expand its influence and assert itself as a dominant power, while Iran, following the 1979 Islamic Revolution, sought to export its revolutionary ideals and challenge the status quo. (academicblock.com)
There are also rumors of the agents coming from Iraq and being part of the much debated and elusive WMD program that took place under the regime of Saddam Hussein. (libertynewsnow.com)

Blisters on a victim of the mustard gas attack. (herokuapp.com)
Mustard gas is a blistering agent because its absorption into the body through the lungs, eyes and skin causes severe chemical burns and thus large blisters form across the body. (raci.org.au)

On the other side of Gaziantep, which has been a hub throughout the war for Syria's war wounded and refugees who have escaped the fighting, a former general in the Syrian army's chemical weapons division said he had received biological samples from the attack in Marea, which had been proven to be mustard gas. (herokuapp.com)
The Syrian government is blamed for utilizing nerve gas in a current assaults on a revolt town in Idlib region. (newsmonitors.blog)

The reason the group uses chlorine is less for its impact on the battlefield (if one can view markets and neighborhoods as battlefields ) than for its impact on the psyche. (thesoufancenter.org)

The Iran-Iraq War, one of the longest and deadliest conflicts of the 20th century, occurred from September 1980 to August 1988 and had a profound impact on both countries and the wider region. (academicblock.com)

In the meantime, he has no idea what has happened, if anything, to the 400 or so steel barrels of chlorine gas he had stored in the compound. (time.com)

The Sardasht chemical attack occurred on June 28, 1987, during the Iran-Iraq War. (wmd-free.me)

Today, roughly 56,000 surviving victims still cope with lingering effects from mustard gas alone, including skin lesions, failing corneas, chronic obstructive lung disease, and possibly cancer. (pulitzercenter.org)

However, one of the most significant events during his rule was the Iran-Iraq War. (academicblock.com)
This war between Iraq and Iran, two neighboring Middle Eastern countries, resulted in immense human suffering, economic devastation, and lasting geopolitical consequences. (academicblock.com)
Roots of the Iran-Iraq War can be traced back to a complex web of historical, religious, and geopolitical factors. (academicblock.com)
The border between Iraq and Iran had been disputed for many years, particularly in the Shatt al-Arab waterway. (academicblock.com)
The Iran-Iraq War officially began on September 22, 1980, when Iraq, under Saddam Hussein's leadership, launched a surprise invasion of Iran. (academicblock.com)
An Iranian soldier wearing a gas mask during the Iran-Iraq War. (pulitzercenter.org)

The Islamic State might not possess mustard gas, but it certainly would use such a weapon if it did. (thesoufancenter.org)

It is a non-binding high-level guidance document with considerations across key elements associated with the deliberate use of chemical and biological agents and toxins and the impact of these elements on the prosecutorial process. (unicri.it)

Despite some hiccups along the way-Qaddafi reportedly was dissatisfied with the benefits that he had received and had yet to disgorge the last of his stockpiles of mustard gas before the West's current bombing campaign-Libya is a far less fearsome international player as a result. (nspm.rs)
Almost exactly eight years after Bush invaded Iraq, Obama's Euro-American military alliance swooped down on Libya to enforce a western world order. (blackagendareport.com)

The international context also played a role, with Western countries, particularly the United States and the Soviet Union, providing support to Iraq as a counterbalance to Iranian revolutionary fervor. (academicblock.com)

In January 1996, the assessment of the Israeli Military Intelligence was that within the next four years, Iraq would have ten SCUD launchers and some 150 SCUD-type missiles. (cro.net)
The impact of the killing continues and will continue for many, many years to come. (parliament.uk)
But when Hussein was spraying his foes with mustard gas 20 years ago, Rummy kept his yap shut. (humorgazette.com)

Putin said that Russia has no information about possible links between Iraq and Al-Qaeda but is checking data provided by the United States. (rferl.org)
In the same interview, President Putin called the 11 February joint statement by Russia, France, and Germany on Iraq 'the first brick in the construction of a multipolar world,' RIA-Novosti and other Russian news agencies reported. (rferl.org)
The joint statement signed in Paris says 'there is an alternative to war with Iraq' and that Russia, France, and Germany are determined to work together toward that alternative. (rferl.org)

The United States used several types of defoliants like Agent Orange and tear gas during the Vietnam War. (essays.io)

In the interim Turkey, which has additionally been unfriendly to the United States since 2000, bolstered the American air strike, if simply because the nerve gas assault occurred around a hundred kilometers from the Turkish outskirt and the Turks won't miss the Assads, who have brought about issues for Turkey in the past and were viewed as untrustworthy. (newsmonitors.blog)
Turkey is effectively tending to the setbacks of the nerve gas assault. (newsmonitors.blog)

Organisms1

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs10

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Health Care2

Geographicals2

Sulfur mustard26

Sarin4

Nerve agents1

Syria18

Phosgene3

20161

Bacteriological Methods of Warfare2

Attacks8

ISIS7

Poisonous1

Bombs4

Kurdish7

Metabolites1

Warfare4

Shells5

Lethal4

Tons1

Kurdistan3

Exposure1

Stability1

ISIL1

Iraqi4

Poison gas3

Substance1

Conflict2

Saddam Hussein4

Blisters2

Syrian2

Battlefields1

19881

Compound1

19871

Victims1

Iran6

Weapon1

Biological agents1

Libya2

Iranian1

Years3

Russia3

Agent1

Turkey2