• It is presently unknown whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ activation prevents inflammation in adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS AND RESULTS- First, we examined whether the PPARβ/δ agonist GW501516 prevents lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine production in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Here we report that antidiabetic thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and other ligands for the nuclear receptor PPARγ dramatically upregulate oxidized LDL receptor 1 (OLR1) in adipocytes by facilitating the exchange of coactivators for corepressors on the OLR1 gene in cultured mouse adipocytes. (jci.org)
  • These data identify OLR1 as a novel PPARγ target gene in adipocytes. (jci.org)
  • While the physiological role of adipose tissue in cholesterol and oxLDL metabolism remains to be established, the induction of OLR1 is a potential means by which PPARγ ligands regulate lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. (jci.org)
  • 2003). Selective Cellular uptake of fatty acids and following storage in the form of disruption of Pparγ2 or adipocyte-speci﫿c Pparγ knockout leads TGs in adipocytes are key steps in lipid storage. (deepdyve.com)
  • The protein expression levels of adipocyte differentiation markers PPARγ and C/EBPα in the back and abdominal adipose tissues were lower in dead piglets compared to live piglets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A recent study has elucidated the significant differences in the metabolomes of adipocytes, serum and an adipocyte cell line after activation of two nuclear receptors, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) and PPARγ. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Interestingly, although PPARβ/δ and PPARγ agonists both increase insulin sensitivity, their cellular effects are different: administration of PPARγ agonists is known to be associated with accumulation of lipids in adipocytes, and administration of PPARβ/δ agonists is associated with oxidation of lipids in skeletal muscle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the latest issue of Genome Biology , Julian Griffin and colleagues [ 3 ] extend these findings and report the effect of activating PPARβ/δ or PPARγ in adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Griffin and colleagues [ 3 ] examined the adipocytes from an obese ( ob / ob ) mouse model of insulin resistance and obesity that had been treated with an agonist of either PPARβ/δ or PPARγ (GW0742 or GW7845, respectively). (biomedcentral.com)
  • this effect was not found in PPARβ/δ agonist (GW7845)-treated mouse adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Comparable changes in fatty acids were also detected in 3T3-L1 cell line adipocytes following treatment with the PPARβ/δ or PPARγ agonist. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Further studies using stable isotopic labeling of glucose and palmitate (a substrate for measuring fatty acid metabolism) and microarray analysis showed that activation of PPARβ/δ also caused an increase in fatty acid β-oxidation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle rate and the oxidation of some amino acids in adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This was in contrast to increased synthesis, elongation and storage of lipids observed in adipocytes following ligand activation of PPARγ. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Combined, these new complementary studies examining the metabolomic profile in adipocytes reveal that the changes induced by activating PPARβ/δ or PPARγ are unique to each receptor and reflect either causally related metabolism or an effect that directly reflects the metabolic consequences that contribute to the mechanisms by which these nuclear receptors modulate tissue and serum glucose levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Analyses of exosomes revealed the presence of transcription factors in the form of RNA and protein for osteoblasts (RUNX2 and OSX) and adipocytes (C/EBPα and PPARγ). (exosome-rna.com)
  • Using a combination of three-dimensional coculture and conditioned media experiments, they showed that the secretome of inflamed human visceral adipocytes induces atrophy in human skeletal muscle cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Thus, adipocytes may produce peptide and/or lipid factors that are secreted into the systemic bloodstream and negatively influence skeletal muscle mass. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • However, it is still unclear if adipocytes from other depots, such as intramuscular adipocytes, also emerging in the context of obesity and aging ( 6 ) can influence skeletal muscle metabolism, function, and mass. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Future studies should also focus on identifying the molecular triggers of this adipocyte-skeletal muscle cross talk. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • WAT is characterised by its capacity to adapt and expand in response to surplus energy through processes of adipocyte hypertrophy and/or recruitment and proliferation of precursor cells in combination with vascular and extracellular matrix remodelling. (springer.com)
  • Obesity can be viewed as a state of long-term lipid disequilibrium that is marked by massive adipocyte hypertrophy and is a major risk factor for developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. (jci.org)
  • Therefore, growth of adipose tissue includes the hypertrophy of already existing adipocytes and the proliferation and differentiation of new ones from MSCs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Obesity is characterized by the expansion of fat mass, through adipocyte size increase ( hypertrophy ) and, to a lesser extent, cell proliferation ( hyperplasia ). (ipfs.io)
  • Our results demonstrated that HCC cell HepG2-derived exosomes could be actively internalized by adipocytes and caused significant transcriptomic alterations and in particular induced an inflammatory phenotype in adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Readers may recall last week's Hindsight post on our paper in which we described our finding that angiotensin II inhibits the adipogenic differentiation of fat cells, and conversely, blocking the AT 1 receptor resulted in an accelerated differentiation of adipocyte precursor cells. (drsharma.ca)
  • This, at least, was the main tenor of a 'hypothesis' paper, we published in HYPERTENSION in 2002, in which we proposed the notion that blockade of the renin-angiotensin system may prevent the development of diabetes by promoting the recruitment and differentiation of adipocytes. (drsharma.ca)
  • We have previously shown that fish primary preadipocytes differentiate into mature adipocytes in vitro and that these cells represent a very helpful model system to study adipose tissue development in fish [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In vitro, conditioned medium from exo-adipocytes promoted HepG2 cell migration and increased tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, we investigated the effect of insulin and differentiation on Angptl8mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro. (phoenixpeptide.com)
  • 05). Furthermore, Angptl8 mRNA expression was induced by insulin and during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro. (phoenixpeptide.com)
  • If the capacity of the adipocyte to store lipids is exceeded, it can no longer regulate the release of FFAs into the circulation, which ultimately leads to the abnormal accumulation of lipid in nonadipose depots. (jci.org)
  • This was based on our reasoning that the increased formation of adipocytes would counteract the ectopic deposition of lipids in other tissues (muscle, liver, pancreas), thereby improving insulin sensitivity and preventing the development of type 2 diabetes. (drsharma.ca)
  • Inhibition of CRABP-1 impairs the production of retinoic acid, leading to decreased fat storage and adipocyte apoptosis, with the subsequent release of lipids into the circulation. (medscape.com)
  • The sympathetic nervous system regulates this function through β-adrenergic stimulation of brown mature adipocytes' dissipation of energy in the form of heat mediated by mitochondrial uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) activation. (springer.com)
  • Mature adipocytes are known to play an important role controlling energy balance in mammals by storing fatty acids in the form of triglycerides in periods of excess of energy and by releasing fatty acids when are needed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Adipogenesis has been described as a two-step developmental process consisting on the commitment of undifferentiated MSCs into preadipocytes and the further development of these cells into fully functional mature adipocytes [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In conclusion, this is the first report that Ang II regulates adipocyte FAS gene transcription via insulin response sequences in a glucose-dependent manner and that this regulation is mediated at least in part via the ADD1 transcription factor. (ttu.edu)
  • Interestingly, individuals who become obese as adults, rather than as adolescents, have no more adipocytes than they had before. (ipfs.io)
  • 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM)-a natural compound produced from indole-3-carbinol, found in cruciferous vegetables-enhances glucose uptake by increasing the activation of the insulin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (researchgate.net)
  • As a proof-ofconcept test, we applied cyclic stretch loading to the adipocyte model, differentiated adipocytes from 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, and evaluated stretch-induced activation of key insulin signaling molecules. (unl.edu)
  • On the other hand, interestingly, one of the key downstream insulin signaling molecules, protein kinase-B (PKB, or Akt) and its phosphorylation (pAkt) were significantly increased for cyclically stretched adipocytes relative to unstretched control. (unl.edu)
  • Since it is known that adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin can instigate their insulin signaling sensitizing effect via AMPK and Akt, we propose a mechanism that mechanical stretching of adipocytes may induce the secretion of insulin sensitizing adipokines like leptin and/or adiponectin, which in turn activates AMPK and Akt phosphorylation and, ultimately, improves insulin signaling in the adipose tissue. (unl.edu)
  • Insulin signaling experiments revealed that IL-10 secreted by TACI-deficient Mϕs is responsible for maintaining adipocyte insulin sensitivity. (nih.gov)
  • Overall, our study demonstrates the coordinated expression of functionally related genes during proliferation and differentiation of rainbow trout adipocyte cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although less fat stor- adqcKO pose lipid storage in adipocyte-speci﫿c Senp2 knockout mice fed age was shown in Senp2 adipose tissues, the increased with high-fat diets (HFD). (deepdyve.com)
  • Therefore, adipocyte-speci﫿c remain in adipose tissues. (deepdyve.com)
  • The platform's capability to maintain long-term viability and functionality of white adipocytes was confirmed by real-time monitoring of fatty acid uptake, by quantification of metabolite release into the effluent media as well as by an intact responsiveness to a therapeutic compound. (nature.com)
  • Increased OLR1 expression, resulting either from TZD treatment or adenoviral gene delivery, significantly augments adipocyte cholesterol content and enhances fatty acid uptake. (jci.org)
  • Adipocyte-derived factors involved in tumor progression include proteins such as adiponectin, leptin, TNF-α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-6, and ECM components that control tumor cell behavior within the tumor microenvironment. (jci.org)
  • Results DIM, but not I3C, increased adipocyte differentiation through upregulation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein α. (researchgate.net)
  • Interestingly, VIP21 was isolated as an integral membrane protein component of transport vesicles derived from the trans-Golgi network in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, suggesting that Cav-1/VTP21 may have a role in molecular trafficking as well as oncogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Endocrine functions of white adipocytes, and other WAT-resident cells in the stromal vascular fraction, are performed by the release of a variety of adipokines (adipose-associated cytokines) which affect the functioning of the brain, liver, pancreas and immune system 9 . (nature.com)
  • Concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides are strongly correlated in the adipocyte, but little is known about mechanisms regulating cholesterol metabolism in fat cells. (jci.org)
  • In this study, with the assumption that adipose tissue can be mechanically responsive (as is the case for well-known musculoskeletal tissues), we hypothesized that mechanical loading applied to the adipose tissue and its component cells, such as adipocytes, may play a role in the exercise control of insulin sensitivity. (unl.edu)
  • Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are the ideal source to study fat formation as they are the progenitors of adipocytes. (mdpi.com)
  • They demonstrated that OPN3 is also present in both human and mouse fat cells, or adipocytes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In order to understand the development of adiposity, it is crucial to identify the factors and mechanisms that regulate the recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of the vascular stromal fraction of the adipose tissue and its transformation into lipid-filled adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Given the global prevalence of NAFLD, a better understanding of the interplay between HCC cells and adipocytes is urgently needed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we explore the role of HCC-derived exosomes in the cellular and molecular conversion of adipocytes into tumor-promoting cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the interplay between the HCC cells and adjacent adipocytes remains poorly understood so far. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Adipocytes , also known as lipocytes and fat cells , are the cells that primarily compose adipose tissue , specialized in storing energy as fat . (ipfs.io)
  • Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into adipocytes, connective tissue , muscle or bone . (ipfs.io)
  • Approximately 10% of fat cells are renewed annually at all adult ages and levels of body mass index without a significant increase in the overall number of adipocytes in adulthood. (ipfs.io)
  • Interestingly, perivascular adipose tissue (pVAT) and adventitial infiltration with macrophages and T cells precedes atherosclerotic plaque or the impairment of endothelium-dependent NO bioavailability as a measure of endothelial function. (gla.ac.uk)
  • The highest levels of caveolin-1 (also called caveolin, Cav-1 and VIP2I) are found in terminally-differentiated cell types, such as adipocytes, endothelia, smooth muscle cells, and type I pneumocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 5 , - , 9 This loose connective tissue is composed of extracellular matrix and various types of cells: fat cells-named adipocytes, and the non-fat cells of the stromal vascular fraction that contains preadipocytes, capillary endothelial cells, infiltrating leucocytes and multipotent stem cells. (bmj.com)
  • Researchers from the West Virginia University School of Medicine demonstrate that osteoblasts-derived (Os-Exo) and adipocytes-derived (Ad-Exo) exosomes contain instructive factors that regulate the lineage specification of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). (exosome-rna.com)
  • Adipocytes represent a major cell type in the mammary tumor microenvironment and are important for tumor growth. (jci.org)
  • Hence, the adipocyte, as a major constituent of the mammary tumor stroma ( 3 ), is a likely contributor to tumor growth. (jci.org)
  • Interestingly enough, this mechanism of diabetes prevention and treatment was harnessed by the use of thiazolidinediones also known as glitazones, a class of medications used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. (drsharma.ca)
  • The WAT-on-a-chip is a multilayer device that features tissue chambers tailored specifically for the maintenance of 3D tissues based on human primary adipocytes, with supporting nourishment provided through perfused media channels. (nature.com)
  • UCP-1-expressing multilocular adipocytes, termed 'beige' or 'brite' (brown-in-white) adipocytes, can also be found interspersed among white adipocytes within SAT under conditions requiring increased heat production (e.g. chronic cold exposure). (springer.com)
  • Browning of WAT can stimulate the process of non-shivering thermogenesis as a potential strategy to facilitate the animal's heat generation, and the beige adipocytes among WAT can be induced to produce heat while cold expose play key roles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most recently, the presence of beige adipocytes with a gene expression pattern distinct from either white or brown adipocytes has been described. (ipfs.io)
  • Our results provide new insights into the concept that tumor cell-derived exosomes can educate surrounding adipocytes to create a favorable microenvironment for tumor progression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Better understanding of the cellular and molecular pathophysiological mechanisms regulating adipocyte size, number and depot-dependent expansion has become a focus of interest over recent decades. (springer.com)
  • Recent studies shed light into potential molecular mechanisms in the fate determination of pre-adipocytes although the exact lineage of adipocyte is still unclear. (ipfs.io)
  • Exosomes were isolated from HCC cell line HepG2 and added to adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mechanistically, we found HepG2 exosomes activated several phopho-kinases and NF-κB signaling pathway in exo-adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Kinetic and differentiation analyses indicate that both osteoblast and adipocyte exosomes augment ECM-mediated differentiation of hMSCs into the respective lineage. (exosome-rna.com)
  • The combination of osteoblast/adipocyte ECM and exosomes turned-on the lineage specific gene expressions at earlier time points of differentiation compared to the respective ECM or exosomes administered individually. (exosome-rna.com)
  • Interestingly, the hMSCs differentiated on osteoblast ECM with adipogenic exosomes showed expression of adipogenic lineage genes, while hMSCs differentiated on adipocyte ECM with osteoblast exosomes showed osteogenic lineage genes. (exosome-rna.com)
  • Transcriptomic alterations of exosome-stimulated adipocytes were analyzed using gene expression profiling, and secretion of inflammation-associated cytokines was detected by RT-PCR and ELISA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The fat deposition and adipocyte differentiation in the dead piglets are insufficient compared to the surviving piglets, which may attenuate the thermogenic ability of white adipose tissue (WAT). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we report the development of a novel OoC that integrates functional mature human white adipocytes. (nature.com)
  • In contrast to the upper body fat cell response, the number of lower-body adipocytes did significantly increase during the course of experiment. (ipfs.io)
  • Analysis of their adipose tissue morphology revealed increases in both adipocyte size and number in most depots. (ipfs.io)
  • Adipocyte Senp2 de﫿ciency resulted in less adipose lipid storage accompanied by an ectopic fat accumulation and insulin resistance under high-fat diet feed- ing. (deepdyve.com)
  • This mouse also showed an ectopic lipid in﫿ammation indicates that HFD induced adipocyte death would distribution and insulin resistance. (deepdyve.com)
  • adqcKO Mechanistically, adipocyte Senp2 de﫿ciency caused the downregula- Senp2 mice exhibit an ectopic lipid accumulation and tion of Pparg and Cebpa as well as their downstream target genes insulin resistance related to lipid storage. (deepdyve.com)
  • Adipocytes are an important component of hepatic microenvironment in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is a significant risk factor for HCC. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In adipocyte Senp2-de﫿ciency mice, accumulation of the SUMOylated Setdb1 suppressed the expression of Pparg and Cebpa genes as well as lipid metabolism-related target genes, which would decrease the ability of lipid storage in adipocytes. (deepdyve.com)
  • Interestingly, the transferred TACI-deficient Mϕs not only home to host VAT but also trigger the accumulation of host M2 Mϕs and eosinophils in VAT. (nih.gov)
  • Using adenoviral overexpression of a dominant-negative form of adipocyte determination and differentiation factor 1 (ADD1), a transcription factor that binds to the insulin-responsive E box, we demonstrated that ADD1 was required for Ang II regulation of the FAS gene in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (ttu.edu)
  • We demonstrate that Ang II increased luciferase activity by 3-fold in 3T3-L1 adipocytes transfected with fusion constructs linking the FAS promoter to the luciferase reporter gene. (ttu.edu)
  • We have previously shown that angiotensin II (Ang II) increases the expression of the gene encoding adipocyte fatty acid synthase (FAS). (ttu.edu)
  • Interestingly, CD109 expression was induced in lung conventional DC2s (cDC2s), but not lung cDC1s, upon allergic challenge. (nagoya-u.ac.jp)
  • In their experiments, the scientists used genetically engineered mice that lack the gene coding for OPN3, called Opn3 , in their adipocytes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • When the researchers exposed mice lacking Opn3 in their adipocytes to cold temperatures of 39.2ºF (4ºC), their response to the cold was impaired. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Interestingly, when the researchers deprived these mice of food, they did not burn off as much fat under cold conditions as normal mice. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The tumor exosome-treated adipocytes, named exo-adipocytes, promoted tumor growth, enhanced angiogenesis, and recruited more macrophages in mouse xenograft model. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There is also evidence that the deleterious effects mediated by dysfunctional white adipocyte-induced lipid overspill can be halted by the pro-oxidative anti-lipotoxic effects mediated by brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation. (springer.com)
  • The present study discusses the efficacy of Aloe emodin-8-O-glycoside (AEG), a plant derived anthroquinone, on alleviating insulin resistance and augmenting glycogen synthesis in L6 myotubes and 3T3L1 adipocytes. (wiley.com)
  • Conversely, brown adipose tissue (BAT) and browning of WAT represent potential therapeutic approaches, since dysfunctional white adipocyte-induced lipid overspill can be halted by BAT/browning-mediated oxidative anti-lipotoxic effects. (springer.com)