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Adipose TissueFatty AcidsFatty Acids, NonesterifiedDietary FatsGlycolysisDietTriglyceridesGlucoseInsulinFatty Acids, Omega-3Fatty Acids, UnsaturatedAdipose Tissue, BrownFish OilsFatty Acids, Omega-6Adipose Tissue, WhiteSafflower OilLiverBlood GlucoseDocosahexaenoic AcidsLinoleic AcidReceptor, InsulinInsulin ResistanceAdipocytesLipidsPlant OilsDietary Fats, UnsaturatedGlucose Transporter Type 4DeoxyglucoseAnimal FeedFatty Acid SynthasesGlucose Tolerance TestObesityPhospholipidsMuscle, SkeletalGlucose Transporter Type 1Subcutaneous FatLipid MetabolismMonosaccharide Transport ProteinsLipolysisGlycogenHypoglycemic AgentsEnergy MetabolismBiological Transport3T3-L1 CellsLactic AcidLactatesIntra-Abdominal FatGlycerolGlucose IntoleranceFatty Acid DesaturasesGlucose Clamp TechniqueFatty Acids, EssentialBody WeightDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Insulin Receptor Substrate ProteinsFastingLeptinFatty LiverKineticsRNA, MessengerMice, ObeseFatty Acids, MonounsaturatedGlucagonHyperinsulinismHexokinasePalmitic AcidCells, CulturedRats, WistarMice, Inbred C57BLAdiponectinOleic AcidPalmitatesTime FactorsSignal TransductionAdipogenesisIslets of LangerhansDiet, High-FatOleic AcidsGluconeogenesisInsulin AntagonistsRats, Sprague-DawleyGene Expression RegulationAMP-Activated Protein KinasesSubcutaneous Fat, AbdominalOxygen ConsumptionBody CompositionPalmitic AcidsMuscle ProteinsThermogenesisAdiposityGlucose Transporter Type 3Glucose-6-PhosphateRats, Inbred StrainsChromatography, GasLipoprotein LipasePhosphorylationRats, ZuckerGlucose Transporter Type 2HomeostasisAdipokines
OxidationMetabolismFree fattyLiverLipolysisMetabolicGlycerolResistanceWhite adiposStimulatesSkeletal musclePancreaticGlycogenHepaticSynthesisRegulationMuscle and adipose tissueProteinsLipogenesisPathwayDiabetesHomeostasisUtilizationGlucagonInducesRegulatePathwaysIncreasesTriglyceridesHormonesConcentrationsGluconeogenesisOxidative phosphorylationTransporterTriglyceride lipaseAmino acids are absorbedTriacylglycerolPromotesLipidsMitochondriaPostprandialSCFATransportersSuppressesModulateEnzymesOrgansNutrientsSubstrateConcentrationMoleculesAcetateKetone bodiesEnzymePPARSubstrates
Oxidation27
  • AdPLA deficiency also led to higher oxygen consumption due to the upregulation of genes involved in oxidative metabolism, increasing fatty acid oxidation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fatty acid oxidation was also found to increase to levels of wild-type mice that were deficient in non-AdPLA deficient obese mice. (wikipedia.org)
  • Diabetes causes suppressed glucose oxidation leading to inefficient energy production, enhanced fatty acid metabolism, and increased susceptibility to myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Accordingly, mechanism of enhancing myocardial energetic efficiency by stimulating glucose availability and utilization has led to the vigorous pursuit of therapeutic approaches designed to augment glucose uptake and oxidation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The breakdown of fats is termed beta-oxidation, or "fatty acid" oxidation because the triglycerides are being oxidized into their most basic functional parts. (imingo.net)
  • Fatty acid uptake, peroxisomal and mitochondrial beta-oxidation, and omega-oxidation of fatty acids were all increased. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Quantitative real time PCR, and -in a second animal experiment- intestinal fatty acid oxidation measurements confirmed significant gene expression differences and showed in a dose-dependent manner significant changes at biological functional level. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We show that marine n-3 fatty acids regulate small intestinal gene expression and increase fatty acid oxidation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Additionally, high circulating level of the endocannabinoid-like compound N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) in winter could favor lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation in peripheral tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DNA microarray expression profiling indicated that dietary administration of NDGA upregulated the expression of certain genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and their transcription regulator, PPARα, decreased the expression of a number of lipogenic genes and relevant transcription factors, and differentially impacted the genes of fatty acid transporters, acetyl CoA synthetases, elongases, fatty acid desaturases and lipid clearance proteins in liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These findings suggest that NDGA ameliorates hypertriglyceridemia and steatosis primarily by inhibiting lipogenesis and enhancing fatty acid catabolism in three major insulin responsive tissues by altering the expression of key enzyme genes and transcription factors involved in de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fasting also promotes lipolysis in adipose tissue to release nonesterified fatty acids which are converted into ketone bodies in the liver though mitochondrial oxidation and ketogenesis. (irjs.info)
  • NEFAs are oxidized in hepatic mitochondria through fatty acid oxidation and generate ketone body (ketogenesis). (irjs.info)
  • The heart efficiently extracts these fatty acids and transports them into cardiomyocytes, where they undergo beta-oxidation in the mitochondria. (vijayamarakala.com)
  • Similarly, during prolonged fasting or in states of increased fatty acid oxidation, ketone bodies (acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate) can serve as alternative substrates for energy production in the heart. (vijayamarakala.com)
  • In addition to fatty acid beta-oxidation and glucose metabolism, the mitochondria are also involved in metabolizing lactate and ketone bodies to sustain energy production. (vijayamarakala.com)
  • Under normal aerobic conditions, the heart predominantly relies on fatty acid oxidation, which is more efficient in generating ATP. (vijayamarakala.com)
  • Analysis of rat L6 myotubes (skeletal muscle cells) treated with the PPARδ activator, GW-501516, by gene expression studies revealed that PPARδ controls fatty acid oxidation by regulating genes involved in fatty acid transport, β-oxidation, and mitochondrial respiration. (umbrellalabs.is)
  • Accordingly, GW-501516 treatment caused fatty acid β-oxidation in L6 myotubes as well as in skeletal muscles. (umbrellalabs.is)
  • Aniamls fed GW-501516 along with a calorie-dense diet showed reducded obesity and improved insulin resistance, effects that were accompanied by enhanced metabolic rate and fatty acid β-oxidation, proliferation of mitochondria (the powerhouses of cells), and a significant reduction of lipid fat droplets in skeletal muscles. (umbrellalabs.is)
  • These results strongly suggest that PPARδ activated by GW-501516 is pivotal to control the program for fatty acid oxidation in the skeletal muscle, thereby protecting against body fat increases and insulin resistance. (umbrellalabs.is)
  • We found that ligand activation of PPARγ dramatically induced de novo lipid synthesis as well as fatty acid beta (β)-oxidation in lung cancer both in vitro and in vivo . (oncotarget.com)
  • Among the peripheral signals that are generated to regulate the uptake of food, signals from adipose tissue are of major relevance and involve the maintenance of energy homeostasis through processes such as lipogenesis, lipolysis, and oxidation of fatty acids. (wjgnet.com)
  • Leptin and adiponectin can augment the oxidation of fatty acid in liver by activating the nuclear receptor super-family of transcription factors, namely peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α. (wjgnet.com)
  • Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. (lookformedical.com)
  • A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis. (lookformedical.com)
  • Expression of phosphorylation-defective PLIN5 S155A in Plin5 null cells resulted in decreased rates of lipolysis and triglyceride-derived fatty acid oxidation. (uci.edu)
Metabolism27
  • The aim of this review was to summarize and discuss current knowledge on the impact of dietary fibre as modulator of the relationship between glucose metabolism and microbiota composition in humans. (springer.com)
  • More specifically, we analysed evidence from observational studies and randomized nutritional intervention investigating the relationship between gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids and glucose metabolism. (springer.com)
  • Indeed, it may influence multiple physiological mechanisms related to human health, i.e. synthesis of micronutrients, defence against pathogens, regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, and immune function [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
  • Therefore, in this review, we summarized current evidence from observational and intervention studies performed in humans investigating the relationship between the composition of the gut microbiota, concentration of SCFA and glucose metabolism. (springer.com)
  • c Somatostatin's effects on metabolism are indirect via suppression of secretion of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and thyroid hormone and by effects on gastric acid secretion, gastric emptying time, and pancreatic exocrine secretion (see text). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • However, larger, adequately powered, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials examining multiple measures of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and insulin homeostasis are needed. (lww.com)
  • Fatty acid metabolism plays a central role in energy homeostasis and related disorders such as the metabolic syndrome, obesity or type-II diabetes. (123dok.net)
  • References: [6] Fatty acid metabolism. (imingo.net)
  • Key difference: Aerobic Glycolysis is the metabolism of glucose, whereas, Aerobic Lipolysis is the metabolism of fat. (imingo.net)
  • We hypothesized that, using long-term dietary intervention studies, dietary fatty acid composition may modulate gene expression and lipid metabolism in the intestine, and that especially EPA and DHA may stimulate expression of genes involved in lipid catabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The observed reduction in ECS tone may promote fatty acid mobilization from body fat stores, and favor carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscle of hibernating bears. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Aberrant energy rate of metabolism in the liver promotes insulin resistance, diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD). (irjs.info)
  • Multiple nutrient, hormonal, and neuronal signals have been recognized to regulate glucose, lipid, and amino acid rate of metabolism in the liver. (irjs.info)
  • Dysfunction of liver signaling and rate of metabolism causes or predisposes to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and/or type 2 diabetes. (irjs.info)
  • This study will be of high interest to those in the adipose tissue biology and metabolism fields. (elifesciences.org)
  • Glucose is another crucial substrate for myocardial metabolism. (vijayamarakala.com)
  • Glycolysis, the initial step of glucose metabolism, takes place in the cytosol of cardiomyocytes. (vijayamarakala.com)
  • Various hormones, such as insulin and catecholamines, play critical roles in regulating myocardial metabolism. (vijayamarakala.com)
  • Insulin signaling affects multiple downstream pathways including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which controls growth, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), which stimulates the synthesis of lipid and cholesterol as well as the family of Forkhead (FOXO) transcription factors regulating metabolism and autophagy [ 9 ] [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Ever plays a major role in cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism and is the major site of production and removal of cholesterol rich lipoproteins and bile acids. (nihatodabasi.com)
  • It is an amino acid derivative and an essential cofactor for fatty acid metabolism. (lookformedical.com)
  • It is important to note that, fructose is actually more easily metabolized than glucose, because it bypasses the rate-limiting enzyme of the glycolytic pathway, and its metabolism is not controlled by insulin ( Samuel, 2011 ). (peerj.com)
  • Acetate is themost beneficially associated with glucose metabolism and cardiovascular health. (metabiom.org)
  • #High fibre plant protein-rich diet ] - The plant protein-rich version had the strongest effect on acetate , the short chain fatty acid most beneficially associated with glucose metabolism and cardiovascular health. (metabiom.org)
  • Mitochondrial stress can affect tissue metabolism independent of AMPK. (cyberleninka.org)
  • Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) is a lipid-droplet-associated protein that coordinates intracellular lipolysis in highly oxidative tissues and is thought to regulate lipid metabolism in response to phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). (uci.edu)
  • In addition, FXR is critical in regulating lipid metabolism and reducing inflammation, processes critical in the development of cholestasis and fatty liver diseases. (aspetjournals.org)
Free fatty7
  • Its primary enzymatic function is to catalyze the preferential hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholines at the sn-2 position, generating free fatty acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lipolysis is the metabolic process through which triacylglycerols (TAGs) break down via hydrolysis into their constituent molecules: glycerol and free fatty acids (FFAs). (imingo.net)
  • Role of Free Fatty Acids in Physiological Conditions and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. (imingo.net)
  • SCIRP: Food and Nutrition Sciences, Vol. In this process, both in vivoand in cultur… This binding will likewise lead to the cAMP/PKA-led phosphorylation of hormone sensitive lipase, that will ultimately drive the release of free fatty acids and glycerol. (imingo.net)
  • Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), the main metabolite of Creosote Bush, has been shown to have profound effects on the core components of metabolic syndrome, including lowering of blood glucose, free fatty acids and triglyceride levels, attenuating elevated blood pressure in several rodent models of dyslipidemia, and improving body weight, insulin resistance, diabetes and hypertension. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In hepatocytes, free fatty acids are esterified with glycerol-3-phosphate to generate triacylglycerol (TAG). (irjs.info)
  • They are derived from circulating free fatty acids in the blood, which are released from adipose tissue through the action of lipases. (vijayamarakala.com)
Liver19
Lipolysis10
Metabolic18
  • Among microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are modulators of different metabolic pathways. (springer.com)
  • On the other hand, several studies suggested that diet might influence gut microbiota composition and activity thus modulating the risk of metabolic disease, i.e. obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. (springer.com)
  • The injured myocardium develops an evolving dependence on glucose as its preferred metabolic substrate while development of myocardial insulin resistance is associated with the progression of heart failure and increased incidence as well as severity of the damaged hearts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Insulin, glucose and potassium (GIK) are touted as useful metabolic adjuvant, associated with improvement of cardiac function in acute myocardial function, but the general acceptance of this therapeutic approach is limited by requirements for concomitant infusion of glucose and concerns regarding hypoglycemia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While the metabolic pathways involved in fatty acid homeostasis are quite well understood and referenced, the genetic regulations are much less accurately described. (123dok.net)
  • Ketone bodies provide a metabolic fuel for extrahepatic tissues. (irjs.info)
  • The favorable metabolic phenotype resulted from activation of energy expenditure, in part via BAT activation and beiging of white adipose tissue. (elifesciences.org)
  • This study introduces a valuable paradigm in the field of adipose tissue biology: blocking triglyceride storage in adipose tissue does not lead to lipodystrophy and impaired glucose homeostasis but instead improves metabolic health. (elifesciences.org)
  • Because energy sources are not always available from the environment, many metazoan organisms have evolved the ability to store large amounts of metabolic energy as triglycerides (TG) in adipose tissue. (elifesciences.org)
  • GW-501516 SARM studies were famously pioneered by world-class biologist Ronald Evans at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, CA. He regarded GW-501516 as the long sought-after molecule to confer metabolic protection, calling it "a multifaceted therapeutic for metabolic syndrome with the potential to control weight gain, enhance physical endurance, improve insulin sensitivity, and ameliorate atherosclerosis" [1]. (umbrellalabs.is)
  • Free circulating insulin activates insulin receptors on the surface of target cells eliciting a signaling cascade initiated by the activation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS 1-4) followed by phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), which manages metabolic response including PDK1 and Akt stimulation by phosphorylation. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The insulin resistance/metabolic syndrome is characterised by the variable coexistence of hyperinsulinaemia, obesity, dyslipidaemia, and hypertension. (nihatodabasi.com)
  • A new theory suggests that gut microbiota contribute to the regulation of energy homeostasis, provoking the development of an impairment in energy homeostasis and causing metabolic diseases, such as insulin resistance or TDM2. (frontiersin.org)
  • Diabetes mellitus is the collective name of metabolic abnormalities primarily caused by a defect in the secretion of insulin hormone by the pancreatic islets. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • The primary role of insulin is to manage circulating concentrations of nutrients (principally glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids, the body's three main fuels), keeping them within an optimal range, and coordinating the shift between metabolic fuels that is required when a person consumes more of one or the other. (blogspot.com)
  • Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. (lookformedical.com)
  • In the case of cancer-associated metabolic reprogramming, cancer cel s preferentially metabolize glu- cose through glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation, even in the presence of oxygen [11-13]. (who.int)
  • AMPK is a highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase composed of a catalytic a subunit and two regulatory p and y subunits, and is activated by an increased AMP : adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ratio in metabolic stress conditions, such as hypoxia or glucose depriva-tion5. (cyberleninka.org)
Glycerol4
Resistance6
  • In particular, animal studies support a causal role between the composition of the gut microbiota and development of obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). (springer.com)
  • Since this organ contributes significantly to whole organism energy use, this effect on the small intestine may well contribute to the beneficial physiological effects of marine PUFAs under conditions that will normally lead to development of obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These changes mimic those observed in diabetes and insulin resistance and, if sustained, may result in mitochondrial dysfunction in the prediabetic/insulin-resistant state. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • At the ultra-structural level, a reduction in the number, location, and morphology of mitochondria is strongly associated with insulin resistance ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Poorly controlled diabetes can lead to the damage of multiple organs, including the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and cardiovascular system [1] Among the two most common types of diabetes, Type 1 occurs when the insulin producing cells in the pancreas are destroyed by the immune system and there is usually no cure, while in Type 2 diabetes there is insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency [2]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • Evidence suggests that obesity and insulin resistance are the major factors that contribute to the development of NAFLD. (wjgnet.com)
White adipos2
Stimulates3
  • It also stimulates the synthesis of proteins in tissues such as muscle. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Furthermore, insulin also stimulates the expression of G0G2. (imingo.net)
  • Insulin secreted upon refeeding-after-fasting stimulates Per2 and reduces Rev-erbα expression in hepatocytes [ 18 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Skeletal muscle2
  • It functions like a hub to metabolically connect to numerous cells, including skeletal muscle mass and adipose cells. (irjs.info)
  • In certain situations, such as during intense exercise or under conditions of limited oxygen availability, lactate produced in other tissues, like skeletal muscle, can be taken up by the heart and used as an additional energy source. (vijayamarakala.com)
Pancreatic1
Glycogen1
  • An essential pathologic finding is the accumulation of normally structured glycogen in most tissues. (medscape.com)
Hepatic3
  • Dietary administration of NDGA decreased plasma levels of TG, glucose, and insulin, and attenuated hepatic TG accumulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • however, deletion of does not impact hepatic glucose production in the fasted state (231), suggesting that glucose is able become released from hepatocytes through additional transporters (e.g. (irjs.info)
  • This hormone is secreted by adrenal cortex which increases gluconeogenesis, protein catabolism, hepatic uptake amino acids. (gpatindia.com)
Synthesis4
  • Strikingly, adipose ACC1 KO induces a strong iWAT thermogenic response similar to FASN KO while also blocking malonyl-CoA and palmitate synthesis. (biomed.news)
  • A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems. (lookformedical.com)
  • Thus, citric acid cycle intermedi- ates are not used for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and are shuttled out of the mitochondria, providing precursors for nucleotide, amino acid, and lipid synthesis path- ways for the dividing cell [13]. (who.int)
  • Insulin increases protein synthesis and decreases the catabolism of protein which in turn increases the release of amino acids. (gpatindia.com)
Regulation2
  • Evidence from human and animal studies indicates that taurine is involved in conjugation of bile acids and regulation of blood pressure and has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesogenic properties. (jomes.org)
  • The goal of this minireview is to provide an update on the regulation of bile acid (BA) homeostasis by the nuclear receptor Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the effects on this regulation by exposure to environmental or therapeutic agents. (aspetjournals.org)
Muscle and adipose tissue2
Proteins2
  • Amino acids are metabolized to provide energy or CC-5013 novel inhibtior CC-5013 novel inhibtior used to synthesize proteins, glucose, and/or additional bioactive molecules. (irjs.info)
  • Covalent attachment of LIPIDS and FATTY ACIDS to other compounds and PROTEINS. (lookformedical.com)
Lipogenesis1
Pathway2
  • Furthermore, a genome-wide RNAi screen for genes that regulate cellular clock functions in human cells identified the insulin signaling pathway as the most overrepresented pathway [ 15 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • We have developed a model of insulin signalling in rodent adipocytes that includes both transcriptional feedback through the Forkhead box type O (FOXO) transcription factor, and interaction with oxidative stress, in addition to the core pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
Diabetes8
  • GLP-1 has insulinotropic, insulinomimetic, and glucagonostatic effects, thereby exerting multiple complementary actions to lower blood glucose in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Heart failure and myocardial infarction are insulin-resistant states that are associated with a significant risk for either concurrently having or subsequently developing newly-onset diabetes [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One potential benefit of fenugreek is improving elevated blood glucose and lipid levels associated with chronic conditions such as diabetes and obesity. (lww.com)
  • Human investigations suggest that fenugreek can be beneficial as an adjunct in controlling high blood glucose and lipid levels in people with diabetes. (lww.com)
  • At the molecular and structural level, mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial function are altered in diabetes, as well as in insulin-resistant relatives of type 2 diabetic subjects ( 1 , 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Despite a modest body weight change relative to placebo-treated mice, GW-501516 treatment also improved diabetes as revealed by the decrease in blood glucose and blood insulin levels in genetically obese animals. (umbrellalabs.is)
  • Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1). (lookformedical.com)
  • In conclusion, these results support the hypothesis that thiazolidinediones enhance insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes by promoting increased insulin sensitivity in peripheral adipocytes, which results in lower plasma fatty acid concentrations and a redistribution of intracellular lipid from insulin responsive organs into peripheral adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
Homeostasis1
Utilization3
Glucagon5
  • In healthy individuals, insulin has a suppressive effect on alpha-cell function and on glucagon secretion. (medscape.com)
  • The most common cause of hyperglucagonemia is an absence or deficiency of the restraining influence of insulin on glucagon production. (medscape.com)
  • Improvements have been noted with tumor resection and normalization of the glucagon levels, as well as with amino acid therapy and zinc supplementation. (medscape.com)
  • glucagon counteracts insulin action. (irjs.info)
  • Glucagon produces the opposite effect to that of insulin. (gpatindia.com)
Induces2
  • A Fatty Diet Induces a Jejunal Ketogenesis Which Inhibits Local SGLT1-Based Glucose Transport via an Acetylation Mechanism-Results from a Randomized Cross-Over Study between Iso-Caloric High-Fat versus High-Carbohydrate Diets in Healthy Volunteers. (gu.se)
  • Rapid proliferation and Warburg effect make cancer cells consume plenty of glucose, which induces a low glucose micro-environment within the tumor. (peerj.com)
Regulate2
  • According to literally thousands of publications spanning nearly two centuries, the brain is the only organ that is known to regulate body fat mass in humans and other animals-- neither fat tissue itself, nor the insulin-secreting pancreas have the ability to regulate body fat mass as far as we currently know. (blogspot.com)
  • They regulate signalling though inhibition of phosphatases and induction of the activity of Stress Activated Protein Kinases, which themselves modulate feedbacks to insulin signalling and FOXO. (biomedcentral.com)
Pathways3
  • The main molecular pathways affected by CR include mTOR, insulin signaling, AMPK, and sirtuins. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • Our model therefore shows the complexity of the interaction between the two pathways and highlights the need for such integrated computational models to give insight into the dysregulation of insulin signalling along with more data at the individual level. (biomedcentral.com)
Increases5
  • Thyroid hormone also must be classified as an insulin counterregulatory hormone because it increases the rate of fuel consumption and also increases the sensitivity of the target cells to other insulin counterregulatory hormones. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Glucose is definitely phosphorylated by glucokinase in hepatocytes to generate glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), CC-5013 novel inhibtior leading Rabbit Polyclonal to B4GALT1 to a reduction in intracellular glucose concentrations which further increases glucose uptake (Fig. 1). (irjs.info)
  • Any time insulin suppresses fat burning, it increases carbohydrate and/or protein burning by an equivalent amount. (blogspot.com)
  • Increases in acetate were associated with decreases in insulin and glucose. (metabiom.org)
  • Increased level of glucose increases the release of insulin. (gpatindia.com)
Triglycerides1
Hormones2
Concentrations3
  • In adipose and muscle tissues of hibernating bears, we found significant lower concentrations of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), a major ligand of cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Blood samples were taken and analyzed for glucose, insulin, triacylglycerol (TAG) and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In general, it is accepted that RS consumption lowers postprandial glucose concentrations marginally and postprandial insulin concentrations markedly. (biomedcentral.com)
Gluconeogenesis1
Oxidative phosphorylation2
Transporter4
  • Blood glucose enters hepatocytes via GLUT2, a plasma membrane glucose transporter. (irjs.info)
  • Akt signaling prompts glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to translocate to the cell membrane where it initiates cellular glucose uptake. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Indeed, we observed that a main transporter of fructose, GLUT5, was highly expressed in breast cancer cells and tumor tissues but not in their normal counterparts. (peerj.com)
  • GSD type Id is deficiency in a transporter that translocates free glucose molecules from microsomes into the cytosol. (medscape.com)
Triglyceride lipase1
  • FLIM-FRET analysis of protein-protein interactions showed that PLIN5 S155 phosphorylation regulates PLIN5 interaction with adipose triglyceride lipase at the lipid droplet, but not with α-β hydrolase domain-containing 5. (uci.edu)
Amino acids are absorbed1
Triacylglycerol1
  • WAT is responsible for releasing fatty acids from stored triacylglycerol as energy sources for other tissues which is regulated predominately by AdPLA over other phospholipase A2 enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
Promotes2
  • In the ischemic myocardium, an increase in glucose uptake and subsequent ATP generated through glycolysis helps to sustain myocardial electric and mechanical performance, maintains cellular ultrastructure, promotes myocardial recovery. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Efferocytosis not only prevents tissue necrosis and inflammation caused by secondary necrosis of dying cells, but it also promotes pro-resolving signaling in macrophages, which is essential for tissue resolution and repair following injury or inflammation. (biomed.news)
Lipids3
  • We explored circulating lipids in serum and the ECS in plasma and metabolically active tissues in free-ranging subadult Scandinavian brown bears when both active and hibernating. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. (lookformedical.com)
  • A group of compounds that are derivatives of octadecanoic acid which is one of the most abundant fatty acids found in animal lipids. (lookformedical.com)
Mitochondria1
Postprandial3
SCFA1
  • 1.13 ] [ #Neuromyelitis optica ] [ #Short Chain Fatty Acid ] - lower faecal SCFA levels in these patients, and a negative correlation between acetate and #Butyrate levels and disease severity. (metabiom.org)
Transporters2
  • Moreover, G6P is unable to become transported by glucose transporters, so it is definitely retained within hepatocytes. (irjs.info)
  • Dietary sugars trigger the production of insulin or insulin-like peptides which are sensed by Insulin receptors at the cell surface and initiate a kinase cascade, leading to the activation of the downstream kinase Akt (PKB), the translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters to the cell surface, and ultimately glucose uptake. (biomedcentral.com)
Suppresses1
Modulate1
  • One such area of interest is the ability to modulate myocardial glucose uptake and its impact on cardioprotection. (biomedcentral.com)
Enzymes1
Organs1
  • Taurine exists in free form in the cytoplasm in various organs and tissues such as the heart, retina, developing brain, and blood. (jomes.org)
Nutrients3
  • The heart is a remarkable organ responsible for tirelessly pumping blood throughout the body to supply oxygen and nutrients to every tissue. (vijayamarakala.com)
  • Hypoxia and genetic defects that chronically drive proliferation leave such tumors dependent on a steady supply of nutrients, especially glucose. (springer.com)
  • To survive in micro-environment of glucose insufficiency, cancer cells could utilize other nutrients to substitute for glucose to promote their growth ( Scharping & Delgoffe, 2016 ). (peerj.com)
Substrate1
  • Fasting (nutrient withdrawal) and weak oxidative stress upregulate antioxidant defences while stronger oxidative stress leads to a short term activation of insulin signalling but if prolonged can have other effects including degradation of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS1) and FOXO. (biomedcentral.com)
Concentration3
  • A major advantage over conventional insulin is the fact that the insulinotropic actions of GLP-1 are dependent upon ambient glucose concentration, mitigating the risks of hypoglycemia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In winter bear serum, in addition to a 2-fold increase in total fatty acid concentration, we found significant changes in relative proportions of circulating fatty acids, such as a 2-fold increase in docosahexaenoic acid C22:6 n-3 and a decrease in arachidonic acid C20:4 n-6. (biomedcentral.com)
  • it can easily increase or decrease the concentration of blood glucose according to the need of the body. (gpatindia.com)
Molecules2
  • Cells and organisms use lipoproteins to move hydrophobic lipid molecules, which are not water soluble, through the aqueous blood and tissue lymph environment. (nihatodabasi.com)
  • The apoptotic cell cargo contains amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids, and cholesterol that function as metabolites and signaling molecules to bring about this re-programming. (biomed.news)
Acetate1
Ketone bodies1
  • 5) increasing the intrinsic radioresistance of normal cells through ketone bodies but decreasing that of tumor cells by targeting glycolysis. (springer.com)
Enzyme1
  • In non-adipose tissues lacking perilipin-1 the role of HSL is less well characterized and the enzyme expression is low. (imingo.net)
PPAR1
  • Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), as selective PPARγ ligands, are insulin-sensitizing drugs widely prescribed for type 2 diabetic patients in the clinic. (oncotarget.com)
Substrates1
  • However, during situations of limited oxygen supply (e.g., ischemia), the heart shifts towards utilizing glucose and other anaerobic substrates to sustain energy production. (vijayamarakala.com)