Immune tolerance. Medical search. Frequent questions

Immune tolerance, or immunological tolerance, or immunotolerance, is a state of unresponsiveness of the immune system to substances or tissue that would otherwise have the capacity to elicit an immune response in a given organism. (wikipedia.org)
There are two mechanisms that maintain immunological tolerance denominated central and peripheral tolerance. (frontiersin.org)
Instigating and maintaining immunological tolerance within the intestine represents a unique challenge to the mucosal immune system. (ox.ac.uk)

During the past 20 years, major advances have been made in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of allergen tolerance in humans. (jci.org)
Induction of immunologic tolerance has been achieved and studied in numerous laboratory animal models, but it remains an elusive goal in clinical organ transplantation and in the management of autoimmune disease in humans. (medscape.com)

It is used to describe the phenomenon underlying discrimination of self from non-self, suppressing allergic responses, allowing chronic infection instead of rejection and elimination, and preventing attack of fetuses by the maternal immune system. (wikipedia.org)
Currently, the known essential components of allergen tolerance include the induction of allergen-specific regulatory subsets of T and B cells, the immune-suppressive function of secreted factors, such as IL-10 and TGF-β, the production of IgG4 isotype allergen-specific blocking antibodies, and decreased allergic inflammatory responses by mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils in inflamed tissues. (jci.org)
The next wave of truly transformative therapeutics should aspire to provide a cure by selectively suppressing pathogenic autoantigen-specific immune responses while leaving the rest of the immune system intact to control infectious diseases and malignancies. (frontiersin.org)
The mammalian immune system evolved to protect our bodies from foreign pathogens and intrinsic aberrant malignancies while concurrently preventing deleterious immune responses toward self ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
In situ immunization aims at generating antitumor immune responses through manipulating the tumor microenvironment. (aacrjournals.org)
In mice, this three-step therapy induced CD4- and CD8-dependent systemic immune responses that enhanced T-cell infiltration into distant tumors, leading to their eradication and significantly improving survival. (aacrjournals.org)
In particular we will examine the role of microbes in shaping mucosal and systemic immune responses. (medscape.com)
We will also outline how microbes, as well as other factors such as smoking, can trigger immune responses at mucosal sites and eventually lead to RA. (medscape.com)
Finally, we propose a research agenda for greater understanding of the role of mucosal immune responses in the initiation of autoimmunity and RA. (medscape.com)
Further, it has been shown that gut-associated lymphoreticular tissue (GALT) mediated immune responses are more susceptible to aging than are lymphoid tissues involved in peripheral immunity. (nih.gov)
Despite these studies, the precise mechanisms for impaired GI tract immune system responses remain unclear. (nih.gov)
Self-tolerance and of immune responses against tumour cells. (translateinthetownships.com)
It plays a part in various inflammatory ailments by initiating immune and inflammatory responses [35]. (translateinthetownships.com)
Regulatory T cells are critical for continued immune tolerance in the intestine through active control of innate and adaptive immune responses. (ox.ac.uk)
In order for stem cell therapies to proceed, it will be essential that the regulation of immune responses to the stem cell derived tissues be achieved. (ca.gov)
For this reason, the skin is often exposed to potentially hazardous agents, including chemicals, which may contribute to the onset of a spectrum of adverse health effects ranging from localized damage (e.g., irritant contact dermatitis and corrosion) to induction of immune-mediated responses (e.g., allergic contact dermatitis and pulmonary responses), or systemic toxicity (e.g., neurotoxicity and hepatoxicity). (cdc.gov)
This document provides the scientific rationale and framework for the assignment of multiple hazard-specific skin notations (SK) that clearly distinguish between the systemic effects, direct (localized) effects, and immune-mediated responses caused by skin contact with chemicals. (cdc.gov)
Currently, many of these strategies are focused on overcoming stromal barriers to anti-tumor immune responses such that men suffering from prostate cancer can share in the immense, revolutionary power of immunotherapy that is transforming care for many with advanced disease in other tumor types previously thought to be unmanageable using conventional approaches. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Unfortunately, prostate cancer has largely proven refractory to these powerful approaches thus far and requires novel mono- or combinatorial treatment strategies to unleash the full potential of the immune system and generate personalized anti-tumor responses with the capability of producing long-term durable responses or even cures in these men. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Our primary pursuits are discovering and elucidating new molecules that regulate immune responses, investigating the biology of regulatory T cells, and better understanding the specific biochemical signatures that allow a patient's T cells to selectively target cancer cells. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Little is known about the broad effects of the new class of mRNA vaccines, especially whether they have combined effects on innate and adaptive immune responses. (ssrn.com)
The response of innate immune cells to TLR4 and TLR7/8 ligands was lower after BNT162b2 vaccination, while fungi-induced cytokine responses were stronger. (ssrn.com)
In conclusion, the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine induces complex functional reprogramming of innate immune responses, which should be considered in the development and use of this new class of vaccines. (ssrn.com)
ImmTOR ® and ImmTOR-IL™ comprise an immune tolerance platform designed to give rise to antigen-specific immunity, mitigating unwanted immune responses. (selectabio.com)
Understanding the immune suppression in breast cancer patients may lead to insights into treatment responses, resistance mechanisms and novel treatment modalities aimed to hinder this phenomenon which would eventually encumber the devastating progression of breast cancer metastasis. (lu.se)

Thus, therapeutics that induce, restore, and maintain immune tolerance toward these autoantigens represent the "Holy Grail" of treatments for autoimmune diseases. (frontiersin.org)
This study focused on exploring sinomenine (SN) to promote differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into imDCs (SN-iPSCs-imDCs), and found SN-iPSCs-imDCs with worse donor-specific T-cell stimulatory function, and higher regulatory T-cell proliferative function in vitro and in vivo to induce high immune tolerance. (newswise.com)
However, during the study of achieving immune tolerance, ways in which to induce states of "partial tolerance" have been discovered, in which lower-than-conventional amounts of ongoing pharmacologic immunosuppression are needed. (medscape.com)
ImmTOR ® has the potential to induce adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-specific immune tolerance, reducing the severity of the body's immune response to AAV gene therapy and enabling repeat administrations. (selectabio.com)

The mechanisms by which these forms of tolerance are established are distinct, but the resulting effect is similar. (wikipedia.org)
Immune tolerance encompasses the range of physiological mechanisms by which the body reduces or eliminates an immune response to particular agents. (wikipedia.org)
Mechanisms of peripheral tolerance include inactivation of autoantigen-recognizing T and B cells by the induction of apoptosis, anergy or conversion into immunosuppressive regulatory cells. (frontiersin.org)
This endotoxin tolerance (ET) is mediated via epigenetic mechanisms. (uni-muenchen.de)
In the cells-followed-by-CP system, the sequential mechanisms of tolerance were clarified using the specific correlation between superantigens and certain T cell receptor (TCR) V beta segments. (nih.gov)
Mapping the epigenomic landscape of human monocytes following innate immune activation reveals context-specific mechanisms driving endotoxin tolerance. (ox.ac.uk)
The ITI is interested in understanding the underlying biology of those diseases and mechanisms that can be defined better by biomarkers predicting drug safety and efficacy, but we are also very much interested in those conditions where the immune system, properly mobilized, could play a major role as part of a therapeutic armamentarium. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
To study the mechanisms behind how the innate immune system in late stage cancer patients is suppressed, with consequences and how to restore it. (lu.se)
All these mechanisms are mediated by innate immune cells. (lu.se)

The development of antigen-specific immunotherapy for complete cure of allergies and autoimmune diseases, which artificially induces immune tolerance to antigens, has been studied. (elsevierpure.com)
Non-depleting anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody induces immune tolerance to ERT in a murine model of Pompe disease. (ox.ac.uk)

Immune tolerance co-evolved as a safety system that maintains a state of immune unresponsiveness to autoantigens and self-tissues ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
Immunologic tolerance is a state of immune unresponsiveness specific to a particular antigen or set of antigens induced by previous exposure to that antigen or set. (medscape.com)

Age-associated dysregulation of the immune system of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract has been well documented for both secretory (S)-IgA immunity and oral tolerance. (nih.gov)
Indeed, the frequencies of naive CD4+ T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) in Peyer's patches of aged mice were reduced and this led to a lack of essential cytokine synthesis for the induction of either S-IgA immunity or oral tolerance. (nih.gov)
BackgroundMonocytes are key mediators of innate immunity to infection, undergoing profound and dynamic changes in epigenetic state and immune function which are broadly protective but may be dysregulated in disease. (ox.ac.uk)

It is induced by prior exposure to that specific antigen and contrasts with conventional immune-mediated elimination of foreign antigens (see Immune response). (wikipedia.org)
One approach involves induction of tolerance with engineered dendritic cells (tolDCs) loaded with specific antigens. (guthyjacksonfoundation.org)
Allergies and autoimmune diseases caused by the breakdown of immune tolerance to harmless foreign antigens and self-antigens have been attracting attention in recent years as the number of patients increases. (elsevierpure.com)
Immune tolerance therapy requires efficient and specific delivery of antigens to target immune cells, followed by induction of immune cells into a tolerogenic phenotype or anergy. (elsevierpure.com)
Our approach to autoimmune disease is highly differentiated and designed to restore natural immune system balance in vivo by co-administering IL-2 and ImmTOR ® (ImmTOR-IL™) with nanoparticle-encapsulated self-antigens and avoid the need for chronic and systemic immune suppression. (selectabio.com)

Second, T cell therapies using Tregs (either polyclonal, antigen-specific, or genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to establish active dominant immune tolerance or T cells (engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to delete pathogenic immune cells. (frontiersin.org)
Strategies aimed at antigen-specific tolerance to these autoantigens are thus indicated for these diseases. (guthyjacksonfoundation.org)
Elicitation of specific IL-10 production by peptide-specific T cells in MS and NMOSD patients indicates that a key element in antigen specific tolerance is activated with this approach. (guthyjacksonfoundation.org)
In this process, drugs are required to perform three functions：evasion of the immune response to the antigen, targeting of the immune cells, and regulation of the immune cells. (elsevierpure.com)
In this review, strategies and drug design for inducing antigen-specific immune tolerance are outlined, examples of recent research are presented, and future prospects are discussed. (elsevierpure.com)
Liu, Y & Mori, T 2022, ' Drug design for induction of antigen-specific immune tolerance ', Drug Delivery System , vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 142-148. (elsevierpure.com)
Induction of antigen-specific immune tolerance would greatly enhance ERT for these patients. (ox.ac.uk)
Frequent loss of IRF2 in cancers leads to immune evasion through decreased MHC class I antigen presentation and increased PD-L1 expression. (umassmed.edu)
Li Z, Chen Z, Cheng X, Wu X, Li G, Zhen Y, Cai S, Poon M-, Wu R. Baseline VWF Antigen Level Is Associated with the Outcome of Immune Tolerance Induction Using pdFVIII/VWF Concentrate in Hemophilia A with Inhibitor [abstract]. (isth.org)

Transplantation tolerance could eliminate many of the adverse events associated with immunosuppressive agents. (medscape.com)
Nonetheless, immune tolerance remains the holy grail of transplantation immunology and clinical transplantation. (medscape.com)
This proposal focuses on the role of the immune system in transplantation of derivatives of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). (ca.gov)
Yet, while the ITN is focused on autoimmune diseases such as asthma, allergy and transplantation with a mission to identify markers of immune tolerance, Matis says ITI's mission is broader. (drugdiscoverynews.com)

Far from being an obscure immunology topic, knowledge about the IgG4 antibody subclass (intended by nature for allergens and such) being suboptimal for immune response to a replicating virus such as Sars-Cov-2 was well known in immunology. (igor-chudov.com)
The science of immunology has been familiar with how repeated immunizations produce IgG4 antibody subclass and create immune tolerance since at least 1989. (igor-chudov.com)
SAN FRANCISCO-With a stated goal of creating a new, more effective model for the development of immune disease-focused therapeutics, the Immune Tolerance Institute (ITI) announced at the end of March a collaboration with Beckman Coulter to establish a Center for Critical Path Immunology. (drugdiscoverynews.com)

The effect of Von Willebrand factor (VWF) on immune tolerance induction (ITI) in severe hemophilia A patients with inhibitor had not been clearly unveiled. (isth.org)
present important information on the value of heat treatment of specimens for inhibitor measurement in hemophilia A patients undergoing immune tolerance induction therapy (ITI). (cdc.gov)

CD4 + T helper (Th) cells play a central role in regulating the adaptive immune response associated with pathogen invasion. (nature.com)
The adaptive immune system is involved in tumor establishment and aggressiveness. (ox.ac.uk)
Lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system can eradicate tumor cells. (lu.se)

Peripheral tolerance is key to preventing over-reactivity of the immune system to various environmental entities (allergens, gut microbes, etc. (wikipedia.org)

Immune tolerance also does not usually refer to artificially induced immunosuppression by corticosteroids, lymphotoxic chemotherapy agents, sublethal irradiation, etc. (wikipedia.org)
Transplant tolerance is defined as a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness without a need for ongoing pharmacologic immunosuppression. (medscape.com)
We further use this to inform understanding of reported GWAS, for example involving FCHO1 and coronary artery disease.ConclusionThis study reports context-specific regulatory elements based on transcriptomic profiling and epigenetic signatures for enhancer-derived RNAs and chromatin accessibility in immune tolerant monocyte states, and demonstrates the informativeness of linking such elements and eQTL to inform future mechanistic studies aimed at defining therapeutic targets of immunosuppression and diseases. (ox.ac.uk)

The recent identification of a number of genes affecting MS susceptibility may provide a valuable avenue to finding out more about the role of vitamin D in MS. Nearly a third of these genes are predominantly expressed in messenger cells of the immune system known as dendritic cells. (msaustralia.org.au)
Immature dendritic cells (imDCs) play an important role in the induction of donor-specific transplant immune tolerance. (newswise.com)
Immune tolerance in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica with peptide-loaded tolerogenic dendritic cells in a phase 1b trial. (guthyjacksonfoundation.org)

[13] The biofilm bacteria can share nutrients and are sheltered from harmful factors in the environment, such as desiccation, antibiotics, and a host body's immune system. (wikipedia.org)
Other features of APECED result from the body's immune system attacking the network of hormone-producing glands (the endocrine system). (medlineplus.gov)

A fundamental role of the mammalian immune system is to eradicate pathogens while minimizing immunopathology. (ox.ac.uk)

Interestingly, however, the BNT162b2 vaccine also modulated the production of inflammatory cytokines by innate immune cells upon stimulation with both specific (SARS-CoV-2) and non-specific (viral, fungal and bacterial) stimuli. (ssrn.com)

Here, we aimed to advance understanding of epigenetic regulation following innate immune activation, acutely and in endotoxin tolerant states.MethodsWe exposed human primary monocytes from healthy donors (n = 6) to interferon-γ or differing combinations of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), including acute response (2 h) and two models of endotoxin tolerance: repeated stimulations (6 + 6 h) and prolonged exposure to endotoxin (24 h). (ox.ac.uk)
The endotoxin tolerance models showed distinct chromatin accessibility and transcriptomic signatures, with integrated analysis identifying genes and pathways involved in the inflammatory response, detoxification, metabolism and wound healing. (ox.ac.uk)

Japanese drugmaker Astellas and Swiss biotech Anokion have hooked up in a deal worth $760 million to create a new US-based firm focused on developing novel immune tolerance therapeutics. (borderless.net)

Excessive stimulation of the TLR4 axis through LPS reduces the expression of some cytokine genes in immune cells, while stimulating the expression of immune defense genes during a subsequent bacterial infection. (uni-muenchen.de)
In TET2-deficient mast cells, chronic activation via the oncogenic KITD816V allele associated with mastocytosis, selects for a specific epigenetic signature characterized by hypermethylated DNA regions (HMR) at immune response genes. (unipd.it)
H3K27ac and transcription factor binding is consistent with priming or more open chromatin at both HMR and non-HMR in proximity to immune genes in these cells, and this signature coincides with increased pathological inflammation signals. (unipd.it)
HMR are also associated with a subset of immune genes that are direct targets of TET2 and repressed in TET2-deficient cells. (unipd.it)
Repression of these genes results in immune tolerance to acute stimulation that can be rescued with vitamin C treatment or reiterated with a Tet inhibitor. (unipd.it)
This could help researchers figure out common genes that relate to the body's loss of immune tolerance to its own tissues and organs," she added. (medscape.com)
Recent advances have been made in the of host factors, polymorphisms, and candidate genes associated characterization of the immune response to low-molecular- with occupational asthma may improve our understanding of weight agents. (cdc.gov)

Overall, these findings suggest that induction of an imbalanced immune tolerance in monocytes by P. gingivalis LPS, which favors continued secretion of IL-8 but decreased TNF-a production, may be associated with enhanced migration of neutrophils to the site of infection but also with decreased apoptosis and may play a role in the chronic inflammatory state seen in periodontal disease. (elsevierpure.com)

In addition, inducing peripheral tolerance in the local microenvironment is a common survival strategy for a number of tumors that prevents their elimination by the host immune system. (wikipedia.org)
The cellular ratio of immune tolerance (immunoCRIT) is a definite marker for aggressiveness of solid tumors and may explain tumor dissemination patterns. (ox.ac.uk)
Tumors of the ovaries, an immune-privileged organ, spread via transceolomic routes and rarely to distant organs. (ox.ac.uk)
This is contrary to tumors of non-immune privileged organs, which often disseminate hematogenously to distant organs. (ox.ac.uk)
Contrarily, non-immune privileged tumors establish high immunoCRIT in an immunological environment equivalent to the bloodstream and thus spread hematogenously to distant organs. (ox.ac.uk)
It is clear however, that tumors skew the immune system towards a "tolerogenic" faith, leading to immune-paralysis. (lu.se)

First, tolerogenic vaccines aiming at robust, lasting autoantigen-specific immune tolerance. (frontiersin.org)

Overall, our data support a model where TET2 plays a direct role in preventing immune tolerance in chronically activated mast cells, supporting TET2 as a viable target to reprogram the innate immune response for innovative therapies. (unipd.it)
A critical roadblock to successful cell replacement therapies, no matter what the disease or injury, is the fact that the immune system's main function is to prevent the introduction of foreign substances into our bodies. (ca.gov)
Her team collaborates extensively with faculty at the Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and leads the BKI immunotherapy drug discovery core, aimed at developing new immune-targeting drug therapies for laboratory and clinical testing at Johns Hopkins. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
The intention is to provide a single lab with integrated, multiple assay platforms that can more effectively translate the identification of biomarkers into therapies to treat a broad range of diseases related to the human immune system. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
Therapies that alleviate persistent immune dysregulation may be a strategy to treat pain and other symptoms of GWI. (cdc.gov)

Central tolerance is the main way the immune system learns to discriminate self from non-self. (wikipedia.org)
Mucosa serves to educate the immune system, leading to a host that is more susceptible to autoimmunity through alteration of regulatory cells. (medscape.com)
A cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced tolerance system in mice that primarily consists of donor cell injection followed by CP-treatment was found useful for inducing a long-lasting allo- or xeno-tolerance to various solid organs. (nih.gov)
Matis points particularly to some forms of cancer which suppress the immune system and can be partially responsible for disappointing results in clinical trials of some cancer vaccines. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
ImmTOR ® and ImmTOR-IL™ have the potential to restore natural immune system balance by re-imagining immunotherapy for autoimmune disease, unlocking the potential of gene therapy and amplifying the efficacy of biologic therapy. (selectabio.com)
Aided by a protein in the offspring's gut lining and some immune cells, the food protein-antibody complexes are taken up and introduced to the offspring's developing immune system, triggering the production of protective cells that suppress allergic reactions to the food. (sciencedaily.com)
Humanized mice," in which some proteins of the mouse immune system have been replaced with human immune proteins, were protected from egg allergy by human breastmilk containing complexes of egg white protein and human antibody. (sciencedaily.com)
It is one of many autoimmune diseases, which are disorders that occur when the immune system malfunctions and attacks the body's own tissues and organs by mistake. (medlineplus.gov)
For this they need to be activated by cells of the innate immune system. (lu.se)

And immune tolerance in pregnancy is what allows a mother animal to gestate a genetically distinct offspring with an alloimmune response muted enough to prevent miscarriage. (wikipedia.org)
In their Nobel Lecture, Medawar and Burnet define immune tolerance as "a state of indifference or non-reactivity towards a substance that would normally be expected to excite an immunological response. (wikipedia.org)
Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the tissues supporting the teeth, is characterized by an exaggerated host immune and inflammatory response to periopathogenic bacteria. (elsevierpure.com)
At the same time, induction of immune tolerance and the clearance of neutrophils from the site of infection are essential in the control of the immune response, resolution of inflammation, and prevention of tissue destruction. (elsevierpure.com)
This cytokine response has functional consequences for other immune cells involved in the response to infection. (elsevierpure.com)
It is more likely that frequent vaccinations required by the childhood vaccine schedule make children's immune response worse as they get older. (igor-chudov.com)
This study focused on the comparison of autologous and allogeneic immune response to iPSC-derived cells and isogeneic parental somatic cells used for reprogramming. (biomedcentral.com)
In pursuit of understanding biomarkers or resistance and response, and regulatory molecules of immune response, we utilize artificial intelligence, immunogenomics, and spatial proteomics and transcriptomics in the laboratory and at the bedside using clinical trial correlative samples. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
For many patients that require biologic therapy, the development of an immune response to the drug itself coincides with a loss of efficacy, often forcing them to discontinue treatment. (selectabio.com)
When ImmTOR ® is co-administered with immunogenic therapeutic biologics, it has the potential to ameliorate an immune response to the treatment, which would allow patients to continue to respond to treatment and stay on therapy longer. (selectabio.com)
Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. (bvsalud.org)
In this state the immune response is suppressed by the tumor and even induces a wound healing processes stimulating tumor progression. (lu.se)

Deficits in central or peripheral tolerance also cause autoimmune disease, resulting in syndromes such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1), and immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked syndrome (IPEX), and potentially contribute to asthma, allergy, and inflammatory bowel disease. (wikipedia.org)
Here we aim to boost immune tolerance to the major cat allergen Fel d 1 by increasing the anti-inflammatory activity of AIT with the established immunomodulatory adjuvant CpG, but at a higher dose than previously used in AIT. (authorea.com)
The regulatory immune signature also suggests the involvement of the anti-inflammatory TNF/TNFR2 signaling cascade in NK and B cells at an early stage and in Tregs later during AIT. (authorea.com)

Conclusion Our results highlight the potential of CpG adjuvant in a novel formulation to be further exploited for inducing allergen-specific tolerance in patients with cat allergy or other allergic diseases in the future. (authorea.com)

Prospective registry study for children and young adults with severe immune cytopenias (persisting/chronic immune thrombocytopenia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and Evans syndrome) to improve the management, facilitate the differential diagnostic work-up, and document the clinical course under various treatments. (centerwatch.com)

Here we show that a short-course treatment with non-depleting anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody successfully induced long-term ERT-specific immune tolerance in Pompe disease mice. (ox.ac.uk)

These protective cells persist after antibodies from the mother are gone, promoting long-term tolerance to the food. (sciencedaily.com)

Using a human monocytic cell line, we demonstrate that Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is a major etiological factor in periodontal disease, induces only partial immune tolerance, with continued high production of interleukin-8 (IL-8) but diminished secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) after repeated challenge. (elsevierpure.com)
We postulate that non-pathological immunoCRIT values observed in peripheral blood of immune privileged ovarian tumor patients are sufficient to prevent hematogenous spread at primary diagnosis. (ox.ac.uk)

Mucosal sites might be targeted by systemic autoimmunity resulting in local immune-mediated injury. (medscape.com)
CD4 + T cells are involved in the development of autoimmunity, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Here we show that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) blocks experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS, by inducing immune homeostasis through CD4 + IFNγ + IL-10 + T cells and reverses disease progression by restoring tissue integrity via remyelination and neuroregeneration. (nature.com)

Loss of immune tolerance to autoantigens associated with a specific organ results in the activation of organ-specific T and B cells that in turn cause organ-specific inflammation and the development of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) ( 5 ), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) ( 6 ), psoriasis ( 7 ), and type 1 diabetes (T1D) ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
A strategy to develop tolerance would also be of value in autoimmune diseases, such as juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus , rheumatoid arthritis , and multiple sclerosis . (medscape.com)

The demonstration of T cell tolerance, particularly that mediated by the immune-suppressive functions of IL-10, led to a major conceptual change in this area. (jci.org)
Central tolerance occurs during lymphocyte development in the primary lymphoid organs (i.e. thymus and bone marrow), where T or B cell clones that recognize autoantigens with high-affinity are deleted. (frontiersin.org)
High dimensional CyTOF analysis of the immune cell signatures initiating and sustaining the AIT effect indicates the simultaneous engagement of both, the pDC-Treg and -B cell axis, with the emergence of a systemic GATA3+ FoxP3hi biTreg population. (authorea.com)
The disparity in phenotype and clinical presentation among these pathologies leads to questions regarding the role of TET2 mutation in promoting disease evolution in different immune cell types. (unipd.it)
Epigenetics-based immune cell quantification allows direct comparison of the immune status in benign and malignant tissues and in blood. (ox.ac.uk)
The peri-islet membrane, which encapsulates the islets, separates the endocrine cells from the exocrine pancreas and serves as a barrier from immune cell infiltration to the islets. (nature.com)

In addition, suppressor immune cells such as FOXP3 + regulatory T cells (Tregs) exert dominant immune suppression to control autoreactive T and B cells. (frontiersin.org)

Immune tolerance is important for normal physiology. (wikipedia.org)
Burnet and Medawar were ultimately credited for "the discovery of acquired immune tolerance" and shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1960. (wikipedia.org)
Though some pathogens can evolve to become less virulent in host-pathogen coevolution, tolerance does not refer to the change in the pathogen but can be used to describe the changes in host physiology. (wikipedia.org)

Regulatory T cells and immune tolerance in the intestine. (ox.ac.uk)
Here, we introduce the "cellular ratio of immune tolerance" (immunoCRIT) as defined by the ratio of regulatory T cells to total T lymphocytes. (ox.ac.uk)

Tolerance is classified into central tolerance or peripheral tolerance depending on where the state is originally induced-in the thymus and bone marrow (central) or in other tissues and lymph nodes (peripheral). (wikipedia.org)
Peripheral tolerance evolved to counteract autoantigen-recognizing T or B cells that escape central tolerance. (frontiersin.org)
Peripheral tolerance occurs in the secondary lymphoid organs (e.g. spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosal/gut associated lymphoid tissues) and peripheral tissues. (frontiersin.org)

The high levels of SALSA in AF and the infant intestine suggest a robust and important function for SALSA during the fetal development and in the mucosal innate immune defense of infants. (researchgate.net)

Aging also impairs oral tolerance, which may be of central importance for maintaining GI homeostasis. (nih.gov)

They aimed to prove that tolerance could be artificially induced. (medscape.com)

Trophoblast immune receptors in maternal-fetal tolerance. (bvsalud.org)

Hence, triggering immune functions via the TLR axis, but not through those histone modifiers, induced the beneficial phenomenon of ET in MEC. (uni-muenchen.de)

However, these discoveries, and the host of allograft experiments and observations of twin chimerism they inspired, were seminal for the theories of immune tolerance formulated by Sir Frank McFarlane Burnet and Frank Fenner, who were the first to propose the deletion of self-reactive lymphocytes to establish tolerance, now termed clonal deletion. (wikipedia.org)
Special care was taken to overcome the " hard" barriers of allo- or xeno-combinations by reducing the "split tolerance" produced through the clonal destruction mechanism. (nih.gov)

Anatomy37

Organisms16

Diseases18

Chemicals and Drugs78

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment44

Phenomena and Processes65

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science2

Health Care5

Immunological tolerance3

Humans2

Responses25

Induce4

Mechanisms9

Induces immune tolerance2

State of immune unresponsiveness2

Immunity3

Antigens5

Antigen9

Transplantation4

Immunology3

Hemophilia A patients2

Adaptive3

Allergens1

Immunosuppression3

Dendritic cells3

Body's immune system2

Mammalian immune system1

Innate immune cells1

Endotoxin tolerance2

Therapeutics1

Genes7

Monocytes1

Tumors6

Tolerogenic1

Therapies5

System9

Response12

Inflammatory3

Allergen-specific1

Chronic1

Antibody1

Antibodies1

Tumor2

Autoimmunity2

Multiple sclerosis2

Cell6

Tregs1

Physiology3

Regulatory2

Peripheral tolerance3

Defense1

Impairs1

Artificially induced1

Receptors1

Modifiers1

Clonal2