• Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a Gram-positive bacterium known globally to infect ruminants, horses, and rarely people. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Shortly after, it was sampled from abscesses in a sheep by Hugo von Preisz [hu], and the bacterium was named the "Preisz-Nocard" bacillus until further work by German microbiologists in the mid-1900s, when it was recategorized into the Corynebacterium genus. (wikipedia.org)
  • C. pseudotuberculosis is a Gram-positive bacterium that can be either coccoid or filamentous rods, which can be organized into palisades. (wikipedia.org)
  • This bacterium is grown at 37 °C under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, thus C. pseudotuberculosis is a facultative anaerobe. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pigeon fever Houseflies, stable flies, and horn flies can spread the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, the causative agent of pigeon fever. (equishopper.com)
  • Once a horse becomes infected with C. pseudotuberculosis, the bacteria release a toxin that ultimately spurs the body to build a thick-walled abscess around the pathogens. (equusmagazine.com)
  • Internal abscesses can develop when the bacteria are carried into the body and infect the liver, kidney, lungs or other internal organs. (equusmagazine.com)
  • Throughout the cortex, there are multiple abscesses containing abundant colonies of bacteria that often involve glomeruli (arrow). (avma.org)
  • C. pseudotuberculosis bacteria tend to localize and form abscesses in the pectoral region and ventral abdomen of the horse. (eliteequineks.com)
  • Ruminants-such as sheep, goats, and cattle-can also become infected with these bacteria, although cross-species transmission is rare and usually only occurs between horses and cattle because they can carry the same strain. (eliteequineks.com)
  • Affected horses should be isolated because drainage from their abscesses contains a high amount of bacteria that will contaminate the environment. (eliteequineks.com)
  • Flies are a major vector and can spread the bacteria, so spray affected and unaffected horses (especially ones with open wounds) with fly repellent if it is still fly season. (eliteequineks.com)
  • People can carry the bacteria on their shoes, hands, etc., so be sure to maintain good hygiene after handling your sick horse. (eliteequineks.com)
  • These bacteria are now known as Corynebacterium ammoniagenes, and are thought to be associated with diaper rash due to their ability to convert urine to ammonia. (microgeninc.com)
  • Culture of active lesions for Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is diagnostically definitive. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Strains of C. ulcerans were isolated during routine bacteriological investigations in conjunction with necropsies of wild animals that were found dead or that had suspicious lesions during 1997-2013. (cdc.gov)
  • Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis has been cultured from some cases (particularly of ulcerative lymphangitis, but in others, a bacterial culture is negative. (wikipedia.org)
  • In ulcerative lymphangitis, intravenous iodine salts may also be used, and abscesses should be poulticed or lanced. (wikipedia.org)
  • Infection most commonly leads to external abscesses, though some horses develop more serious forms including internal abscesses and ulcerative lymphangitis (infection of the limb). (equishopper.com)
  • A disease known as ulcerative lymphagenitis can also result from infection with C. pseudotuberculosis in the distal limbs of horses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Infection of domesticated sheep and goats has been found across the globe. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] In horses, arthropod vectors are considered a significant source of infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once found mainly in California, this bacterial infection has now been documented in 25 states across the country. (equusmagazine.com)
  • The infection, which usually causes abscesses in the chest or elsewhere in the horse's body, was first reported in horses in San Mateo County (San Francisco Bay Area) of California in 1915. (equusmagazine.com)
  • The incubation period-the time between the initial infection and the formation of the abscess-is about three to four weeks. (equusmagazine.com)
  • If the horse is systemically ill, it is helpful to run blood work to be sure he doesn't have overwhelming systemic infection and to monitor internal organ function. (eliteequineks.com)
  • and urinary tract infections and mastitis (affecting milk production) in cattle due to infection with Corynebacterium renale , Corynebacterium cystidis , Corynebacterium pilosum , and Corynebacterium bovis . (medscape.com)
  • Ideally, an abscess should only be lanced after it has matured well and has an obvious soft spot, or the procedure should be guided with ultrasound to find the best site for drainage that avoids important structures. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ultrasound may be needed to locate abscesses, assess their size and determine their maturity. (equusmagazine.com)
  • Your veterinarian can also ultrasound the abscesses and find the best place to drain them. (eliteequineks.com)
  • Equine lymphangitis is an inflammation or swelling associated with impairment of the lymphatic system , particularly in a limb, in horses . (wikipedia.org)
  • Some develop more severe infections where they acquire multiple abscesses and become systemically ill (inappetent, febrile, and lethargic). (eliteequineks.com)
  • certain localized infections Note: Categories for "late effects" of infectious and parasitic diseases are to be found at 137. (cdc.gov)
  • citation needed] Although few recent studies have been conducted into its prevalence, data from slaughterhouses in Australia in the late 1980s suggested that C. pseudotuberculosis was affecting 50-60% of sheep. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although prevalence of CL varies by region and country, it is found worldwide and is of major concern for small ruminant producers in North America. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • citation needed] It was finally renamed Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in 1948, to reflect that the clinical disease signs were similar to disease caused by M. tuberculosis species. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Corynebacterium species C. diphtheriae , C. ulcerans , and C. pseudotuberculosis form the C. diphtheriae group, as shown by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • C. ulcerans is a zoonotic pathogen and has been found in various animal species that have contact with humans ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • C. ulcerans is most closely related to C. pseudotuberculosis , and distinction between these species is often difficult when using standard bacteriological methods ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The genus contains the species Corynebacterium diphtheriae and the nondiphtherial corynebacteria, collectively referred to as diphtheroids. (medscape.com)
  • For much of the 20th century, pigeon fever was most commonly found in the Southwest and in California. (equusmagazine.com)
  • For these reasons, and more, it's a good idea to become familiar with pigeon fever-including what it looks like, how it occurs and when your horse is most likely to get it. (equusmagazine.com)
  • Only about a quarter of horses with pigeon fever will demonstrate fever. (equusmagazine.com)
  • Pigeon fever cases used to be found primarily in California, although within the last several years veterinarians have diagnosed cases in many areas of the western United States. (eliteequineks.com)
  • Hot, dry weather is the most common environment where the organism is found, and most pigeon fever cases appear in late summer/early fall (the author first diagnosed a case in August, and her number of cases has increased exponentially since that time). (eliteequineks.com)
  • Treating pigeon fever consists mainly of surgically opening the abscesses to allow drainage. (eliteequineks.com)
  • In some endemic locations, such as India, 44% of throat and nasal swabs tested positive for C diphtheriae and Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum . (medscape.com)
  • Many clinicians believe that antibiotics will delay the maturation of developing abscesses and might facilitate internal abscessation. (eliteequineks.com)
  • Hines MT, Heidel JR, Barbee DR: Bacterial endocarditis with thrombus formation and abscessation in a horse. (equineinfectiousdiseases.com)
  • The root of the mesentery contains a number of lymph nodes and is a common location for abdominal abscesses. (dvm360.com)
  • Whereas the peripheral form presents as abscesses of single or multiple peripheral palpable lymph nodes, internal CL typically manifests as chronic weight loss and ill thrift. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • The disease is characterized by abscess formation in or near major peripheral lymph nodes (external form) or within internal organs and lymph nodes (internal form). (msdvetmanual.com)
  • citation needed] Major bacterial spread occurs when superficial abscesses are broken open and release discharge that is then contacted by other animals during grooming, or contaminates feed, water, and bedding that other animals consume. (wikipedia.org)
  • It was named because the abscesses cause swelling and give the horse's chest a "pigeon-breast" appearance. (eliteequineks.com)
  • According to one large study Spier and colleagues published of 538 cases, 91 percent of the horses had external abscesses, and nearly 60 percent of the abscesses were in the chest. (equusmagazine.com)
  • Usually, a horse will develop one or more distinct hard and painful swellings, often on the chest or along the midline of the abdomen. (equusmagazine.com)
  • An affected animal might be sore at the walk, usually after swelling and abscess of his chest and abdomen have occurred. (eliteequineks.com)
  • Equine infectious anemia virus Horseflies and deerflies use their large piercing mouth parts to transmit this often-fatal virus from one horse to another. (equishopper.com)
  • These horses are typically treated with rifampin in addition to one of the previously mentioned antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)
  • This disease is spread between infected animals by vectors and through contamination of the environment with exudate from abscesses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most horses make a full recovery, but it can take weeks for the disease to run its course-time that can put a serious crimp in training and riding schedules. (equusmagazine.com)
  • It takes longer for horses with internal abscesses to show signs of disease, and those that appear tend to be fairly nonspecific, such as lethargy, decreased appetite, fever, colic, coughing and/or weight loss. (equusmagazine.com)
  • they not only transmit disease but also irritate horses (and us). (equishopper.com)
  • Horses contract this disease through open wounds or fly bites, and sometimes through their mucous membranes. (eliteequineks.com)
  • If the horses develop internal abscesses, their disease is more serious and carries a guarded prognosis. (eliteequineks.com)
  • As in the case of all infectious disease outbreaks, our goal is to limit the number of horses affected. (eliteequineks.com)
  • In addition, abnormal kidneys and ureteroliths can be palpated in some horses with chronic renal disease. (dvm360.com)
  • Abscesses form within lymph channels, causing marked swelling of a leg with abscesses that open along a chain or progress into cellulitis. (equusmagazine.com)
  • If the abscesses are deep and causing pain and discomfort to the horse, Banamine (flunixin meglumine) can be administered. (eliteequineks.com)
  • But the internal abscesses are more difficult to identify and treat, and so these cases accounted for 40 percent of all fatalities. (equusmagazine.com)
  • A small percentage of horses can develop internal abscesses, which are more serious. (eliteequineks.com)
  • In a group setting dominant horses may chase younger and less competitive horses away from feed and correction of weight loss may simply require separation of the group at feeding time or breaking the herd into smaller groups with less of a dominance hierarchy. (dvm360.com)
  • In this situation most of the horses in the herd are found to be thin, rather than a single individual. (dvm360.com)
  • Thus, when the horse in question is part of a herd, it is essential to look at the remaining horses to determine overall body condition of the group: more severe weight loss in an individual animal would support a medical condition while an overall decrease in condition of the herd would support a management problem. (dvm360.com)
  • These abscesses may break open spontaneously or be broken open on surfaces or during shearing. (wikipedia.org)
  • External abscesses develop just under the skin or within the muscles near the surface of the body. (equusmagazine.com)
  • Enter search terms to find related veterinary topics, multimedia and more. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Weight loss or ill thrift is a common presenting complaint for many medical problems of horses. (dvm360.com)
  • In addition, a standardized approach to horses with weight loss allows the practitioner a more realistic expectation of what services a referral hospital may or may not be able to provide for their clients. (dvm360.com)
  • During performance of the physical exam on horses with weight loss, it is important to collect a complete history while also attempting to document the magnitude and time course of weight loss. (dvm360.com)